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"Glaucoma affecting each crystalline lens": a long-lost manuscript by Dr. William Mackenzie.

Dr. William Mackenzie was one of the great pioneers of British ophthalmology in the 19th century. We present a newly-discovered manuscript in which Mackenzie described how he performed surgery for bilateral nuclear sclerosis of the lens, in 1842-1843. This case became the focus for a discussion of the nature of "cataract" and "glaucoma" in the fourth edition of Mackenzie's great work, A practical treatise on diseases of the eye. Mackenzie is generally remembered as a great compiler of knowledge, but the text Mackenzie built around this case shows him pursuing original arguments based on his own observation. This case report gives us a vignette of Mackenzie that illustrates aspects of Mackenzie's character and achievements in an intimate way, and it dramatizes in a lively manner how some of the most fundamental concepts in ophthalmology evolved.

Cataract↗

Manuscript evolution.

Frequently, letters, words and sentences are used in undergraduate textbooks and the popular press as an analogy for the coding, transfer and corruption of information in DNA. We discuss here how the converse can be exploited, by using programs designed for biological analysis of sequence evolution to uncover the relationships between different manuscript versions of a text. We point out similarities between the evolution of DNA and the evolution of texts.

Evolution, Molecular↗

Application of FT-Raman spectroscopy to the characterisation of parchment and vellum, I; novel information for paleographic and historiated manuscript studies.

Raman spectra of parchment and vellum have been recorded and used to characterise materials used in mediaeval (10th century) and later works. These studies support our work on the characterisation of pigments used in historiated manuscripts and provide the basis for future studies of the interaction between pigments, binders and parchment or vellum. Examination of the undecorated parts of the manuscripts or books has been undertaken to ascertain if there are traces remaining of the procedures used to prepare the materials; in several cases, there is spectroscopic evidence for the presence of sulphates and slaked lime, which were used in the preparations of vellums for scriptoria. In one 14th century cantoral, there is evidence for paper being used as backing on the verso side of the vellum, probably from an early repair.

Animals↗