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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Allergy and toxicodermia from shiitake mushrooms.

Skin and respiratory symptoms developed within 2 months of exposure in a patient involved in the commercial production of shiitake mushrooms. A diagnosis of contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis from shiitake mushrooms was confirmed by prick and patch tests. The respiratory symptoms, their timing, the presence of precipitating IgG antibodies to shiitake spores and increased amounts of inflammatory cells and T lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage indicated allergic alveolitis (mushroom worker's disease). A generalized exanthem developed in a second patient after eating raw shiitake mushrooms. Reactions to prick and patch tests with shiitake mushrooms were negative. The skin eruption in this patient corresponded to the previously reported shiitake-induced toxicodermia.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase encoded by the Drosophila dunce gene is concentrated in the mushroom body neuropil.

Drosophila dunce (dnc) flies are defective in learning and memory as a result of lesions in the gene that codes for a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE). Antibodies to the dnc PDE showed that the most intensely stained regions in the adult brain were the mushroom body neuropil--areas previously implicated in learning and memory. In situ hybridization demonstrated that dnc RNA was enriched in the mushroom body perikarya. The mushroom bodies of third instar larval brains were also stained intensely by the antibody, suggesting that the dnc PDE plays an important role in these neurons throughout their development. The role of the dnc PDE in mushroom body physiology is discussed, and a circuit model describing a possible role of the mushroom bodies in mediating olfactory learning and memory is presented.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1995

Functional dissection of the Drosophila mushroom bodies by selective feminization of genetically defined subcompartments.

Relatively little is known about the neural circuitry underlying sex-specific behaviors. We have expressed the feminizing gene transformer in genetically defined subregions of the brain of male Drosophila, and in particular within different domains of the mushroom bodies. Mushroom bodies are phylogenetically conserved insect brain centers implicated in associative learning and various other aspects of behavior. Expression of transformer in lines that mark certain subsets of mushroom body intrinsic neurons, and in a line that marks a component of the antennal lobe, causes males to exhibit nondiscriminatory sexual behavior: they court mature males in addition to females. Expression of transformer in other mushroom body domains, and in control lines, has no such effect. Our data support the view that genetically defined subsets of mushroom body intrinsic neurons perform different functional roles.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Compatibility of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter with mushroom compost preparation and production.

Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease ammonia levels. And mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated with PLT, Barn Fresh and Impact-P at 25.22 kg/100 m2, 40 kg/100 m2, and 0.49 kg/100 m2, respectively, during the poultry production process. In general, no significant differences (P>0.05) were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH, EC, ash, and moisture when compost or the headspace air was sampled during compost preparation throughout all stages. Nor were mushroom yields or counts significantly affected (P>0.05) by the presence of ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended with PLT, Impact-P, and Barn Fresh when used at the recommended rates.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Hen egg white lysozyme as an inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase.

We report a kinetics study on hen egg white lysozyme's (HEWL) inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase catalysis of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA) or L-tyrosine. For the first time, we demonstrate HEWL as a robust inhibitor against mushroom tyrosinase in catalysis of both substrates. The kinetics pattern matches a mixed (mostly non-competitive) partial inhibition. Ki and ID50 value of HEWL are more than 20-fold lower than that of kojic acid, a well-known chemical inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase. Ki, alpha value and beta value, are almost identical in both experiments (L-DOPA and L-tyrosine as substrates, respectively), which suggests this common inhibition mechanism affects both steps. The inhibitory effect increases as both proteins were mixed and pre-incubated for less than 1 h. HEWL-depletion only removed about half of the inhibitory effect. Here we propose a novel function of HEWL, which combines the reversible inhibition and the irreversible inactivation toward mushroom tyrosinase. Discovery of HEWL as an inhibitor to mushroom tyrosinase catalysis may be commercially valuable in the food, medical and cosmetic industries.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Evolution of the gene encoding mitochondrial intermediate peptidase and its cosegregation with the A mating-type locus of mushroom fungi.

The high level of DNA polymorphism at the mating-type loci of mushroom fungi has made the cloning of mating-type genes difficult. As an alternative to strategies that employ sequence conservation, an approach utilizing conserved gene order could facilitate the cloning of A mating-type genes from mushroom fungi. It has been shown that a gene encoding a mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (MIP) is very close ( < 1 kbp) to the A mating-type locus of two model mushroom species. In this study, the cosegregation of MIP and the A mating-type locus was studied by genotyping progeny of seven additional mushroom species using PCR and genetic crosses. No evidence of any recombination between MIP and the A mating-type locus was detected among all seven species. Phylogenetic analysis of MIP sequences from diverse mushroom species agrees with the current organismal phylogeny, suggesting the sequences are generally orthologous.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

The use of photooxidized, mushroom-structured osteochondral grafts for cartilage resurfacing--a comparison to photooxidized cylindrical grafts in an experimental study in sheep.

OBJECTIVE: This article addresses the problem of structural design with osteochondral grafts used for cartilage resurfacing. METHODS: Photooxidized cylindrical or mushroom-shaped grafts were surgically implanted in the weight bearing area of the medial and lateral femoral condyles of eight sheep (condyles: N=8/group). Both types of photooxidized grafts contained no viable chondrocytes at the time of implantation. Results were evaluated at 2 and 6 months after surgical implantation of the grafts. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the subchondral bone area was performed using plastic embedded sections of non-decalcified bone and cartilage specimens and placing emphasis on graft anchorage, cyst-like lesions at the base of the cartilage junction and at the base of the graft in the subchondral bone region. Cartilage morphology was studied qualitatively focusing on viability of the graft and adjacent host cartilage, while a score system was developed for semi-quantitative evaluation of the overall articular cartilage performance. The semiquantitative scores and histomorphometrical measurements were subjected to statistical analysis using a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA-test). RESULTS: The photooxidized mushroom-shaped grafts developed less fibrous tissue and cyst-like lesions in the subchondral bone area at 2 and 6 months compared to the cylindrical grafts. Areas of endochondral ossification and bone remodeling were noticeable in the mushroom structured grafts at 2 months, and also bone remodeling was more complete at 6 months than with the cylindrical grafts. Increased numbers of cells were seen in the basal remodeling zones of both graft types increased from the 2 months to the 6 months specimens, but mushroom structured grafts showed better results. In both graft types, however, the midzone of the cartilage matrix was still acellular at 6 months. Cells from the subchondral bone area started to penetrate the calcified cartilage zone and tide mark at 2 months and repopulated the old photooxidized cartilage matrix already at 6 months after implantation. Cartilage repopulation was dependent on a stable subchondral bone area in both types of grafts. Matrix degradation of the adjacent host cartilage was minimal at 2 and 6 months. At 6 months a junction between host and graft cartilage was already noticed in some of the mushroom-shaped grafts. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the importance of the subchondral bone area for osteochondral graft survival. In addition it demonstrated that the structure of the graft influences considerably the architecture of the subchondral bone, and with this the possibility for the repopulation of the old cartilage matrix including the junction between the host and graft cartilage matrix.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Interaction of human serum albumin with membranes containing polymer-grafted lipids: spin-label ESR studies in the mushroom and brush regimes.

The adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer membranes containing poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE) was studied as a function of content and headgroup size of the polymer lipid. In the absence of protein, conversion from the low-density mushroom regime to the high-density brush regime of polymer-lipid content is detected by the change in ESR outer hyperfine splitting, 2A(max), of chain spin-labelled phosphatidylcholine in gel-phase membranes. The values of 2A(max) remain constant in the mushroom regime, but decrease on entering the brush regime. Conversion between the two regimes occurs at mole fractions X(PEG)(m-->b) approximately 0.04, 0.01-0.02 and 0.005-0.01 for PEG-DPPE with mean PEG molecular masses of 350, 2000 and 5000 Da, respectively, as expected theoretically. Adsorption of HSA to DPPC membranes is detected as a decrease of the spin label 2A(max) hyperfine splitting in the gel phase. Saturation is obtained at a protein/lipid ratio of ca. 1:1 w/w. In the presence of polymer-grafted lipids, HSA adsorbs to DPPC membranes only in the mushroom regime, irrespective of polymer length. In the brush regime, the spin-label values of 2A(max) are unchanged in the presence of protein. Even in the mushroom regime, protein adsorption progressively becomes strongly attenuated as a result of the steric stabilization exerted by the polymer lipid. These results are in agreement with theoretical estimates of the lateral pressure exerted by the grafted polymer in the brush and mushroom regimes, respectively.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed2000

Fate of neuroblast progeny during postembryonic development of mushroom bodies in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus.

Mushroom bodies represent the main sensory integrative center of the insect brain and probably play a major role in the adaptation of behavioral responses to the environment. Taking into account the continuous neurogenesis of cricket mushroom bodies, we investigated ontogenesis of this brain structure. Using BrdU labeling, we examined the fate of neuroblast progeny during the postembryonic development. Preimaginal Kenyon cells survived throughout larval and imaginal moults and persisted during adulthood. Our results indicate that the location of labelled Kenyon cells in the cortex of the adult cricket mainly depends upon the period when they were produced during development. The present data demonstrate that cricket mushroom bodies grow from the inside out and that, at any developmental stage, the center of the cortex contains the youngest Kenyon cells. This study also allowed us to observe the occurrence of quiescent neuroblasts. Kenyon cell death during postembryonic and adult life seems to be reduced. Although preimaginal Kenyon cells largely contribute to adult mushroom body structure, a permanent remodeling of the mushroom body occurs throughout the whole insect life due to the persistence of neurogenesis in the house cricket. Further studies are needed to understand the functional significance of these findings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Bioactivation of mushroom hydrazines to mutagenic products by mammalian and fungal enzymes.

Agaritine (N2-[L-(+)-glutamyl]-4-(hydroxymethylphenyl)hydrazine), the principal hydrazine found in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus, as well as the N'-acetyl derivative of 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine and 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzene diazonium ion, as the tetraborate salt, considered as the putative proximate and ultimate carcinogens of agaritine, were all synthesised chemically. The mutagenicity of these compounds and of 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid, a precursor of agaritine biosynthesis in mushroom, was investigated in the Ames test, using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA104, in the absence and in the presence of either mushroom tyrosinase or rat hepatic cytosol as activation systems. In the absence of an activation system the diazonium ion was clearly the most mutagenic of the four compounds studied. When tyrosinase was used as activation system, the mutagenicity of N'-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine was enhanced; glutathione and superoxide dismutase markedly suppressed the mutagenic response. When the mutagenicity of the four compounds was evaluated in the presence of rat hepatic cytosol, an increase was seen only in the case of N'-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine; this was shown to be due to deacetylation releasing the more mutagenic free hydrazine. Collectively, the above data are compatible with an activation of agaritine that involves an initial loss of the gamma-glutamyl group followed by microsomal oxidation of the free hydrazine to generate the diazonium ion. Also of interest is the observation that mushroom tyrosinase can convert N'-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine to mutagenic product(s); whether these products contribute to the mutagenicity of mushroom extracts remains to be established.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1998

Effect of baking and freeze-drying on the direct and indirect mutagenicity of extracts from the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of baking and freeze-drying on the direct and indirect mutagenicity in the Ames test of ethanolic extracts from the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Direct mutagenicity was not influenced by baking for 10 min at 225 degrees C, but more prolonged baking, for example 4 hr at 100 degrees C reduced mutagenicity. Hepatic cytosol from Aroclor 1254-induced rats and mushroom tyrosinase potentiated the mutagenic response elicited by the mushroom extracts. Baking did not influence either of these processes. Finally, freeze-drying influenced neither the direct nor the indirect mutagenicity of the mushroom extracts. It is concluded that mutagenic and premutagenic compounds present in mushroom are generally not heat labile.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1997

Failure of the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) to induce tumors in the A/J mouse lung tumor model.

We studied whether the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) or 4-(carboxy)phenylhydrazine (CP) induce lung adenomas in the A/J mouse lung tumor model. For 26 weeks female mice were fed a semisynthetic diet where 11 or 22% of the diet was replaced by freeze-dried mushrooms. The intake of the mushroom diets was equivalent to an intake of agaritine, the major phenylhydrazine derivative occurring in the mushroom, of 92 or 166 mg/kg body weight per day. The intake of CP was 106 mg/kg body weight per day. Neither the freeze-dried mushroom nor CP induced statistically significant increased numbers of lung adenomas in female A/J mice in the administered dosages.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1999

Selenium-enriched Agaricus bisporus mushrooms suppress 7,12-dimethlybenz[a]anthracene bioactivation in mammary tissue.

The present studies compared dietary Se (1.0 microg/g) when provided as either fortified Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, or sodium selenite on the in vivo metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Dietary addition of Se unenriched A. bisporus mushrooms at 2% did not alter the occurrence of DMBA induced DNA adducts or the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). However, the addition of Se as enriched mushrooms, or as selenite, significantly increased both liver and mammary GST activity. Providing sodium selenite, or enriched mushrooms also significantly reduced total and anti-3,4-dihydrodiol-1,2-epoxide-deoxyguanosine adducts compared to feeding the basal diet (P < 0.05). These investigations provide evidence that Se enriched mushrooms can be used as an effective method to retard chemically induced tumors.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2003

Anticlastogenic effect of aqueous extracts of Agaricus blazei on CHO-k1 cells, studying different developmental phases of the mushroom.

The Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) mushroom, known as the sun mushroom, is native to Brazil and has become known for its medicinal properties. This study examined the anticlastogenic effect of Agaricus blazei in Chinese hamster ovary cells, CHO-k1, by means of a chromosome aberration test using methyl methanesulphonate (MMS, 10(-4)M) as the DNA damage inducing agent. Two mushroom lines were used, ABM 99/26 and ABM 97/11, and the latter was used in the young (Y) and sporulating (S) developmental phases. The cells were treated for 12 h with MMS alone or combined with aqueous extracts of A. blazei at a final concentration of 0.15%, which were prepared at three different temperatures: (a) hot (60 degrees C), (b) room temperature (25 degrees C) and (c) chilled (4 degrees C). Mushroom extracts showed a marked anticlastogenic effect against DNA damage, as evidenced by a decrease in the number of cells with breaks, regardless of the line used, or the developmental stage or the temperature at which the extract was prepared. Generally, the extracts were more effective in reducing the isochromatid type breaks. The data obtained suggest that extracts of A. blazei mushroom are anticlastogenic under the conditions tested, mainly during the G1 and S stages of the cell cycle, where chromosome breaks of the isochromatid type are produced by the MMS agent.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral functions of the insect mushroom bodies.

New methods of intervention in Drosophila and other insect species reveal that the mushroom bodies are involved in a diverse set of behavioral functions. The intrinsic Kenyon cells (those neurons with projections within the mushroom bodies) house part of the short-term memory trace for odors and are required for courtship conditioning memory. A pair of extrinsic mushroom body neurons (neurons with projections both inside and outside the mushroom bodies) provides a neuropeptide important for 1-hour olfactory memory. In addition, the mushroom bodies are necessary for context generalization in visual learning and for regulating the transition from walking to rest.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

enok encodes a Drosophila putative histone acetyltransferase required for mushroom body neuroblast proliferation.

Mushroom bodies in the Drosophila brain are centers for olfactory learning and memory. We have previously shown that the mushroom bodies comprise three types of neurons with distinct axonal projections. These three types of neurons are generated sequentially from common neuroblasts. We report here the identification of a gene that we have named enoki mushroom (enok), which when it is mutated gives rise to mushroom bodies with reduced axonal structures. enok encodes a putative histone acetyltransferase (HAT) of the MYST family, members of which have been implicated as important modulators of transcriptional activity. A single amino acid change in the zinc finger motif of the putative catalytic HAT domain gives the same phenotype as a null allele, and this finding indicates the importance of HAT activity to Enok's function. Further phenotypic analysis demonstrates that the mushroom body defect is due to an arrest in neuroblast proliferation rather than a failure of either cell fate switching or axon branching. Clonal analyses in the wing discs and the ovaries suggest that enok is essential for normal cell proliferation in some, but not all, tissues. Our results provide in vivo evidence for essential functions of a histone acetyltransferase in the construction of the Drosophila brain.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed2001

Antimutagenic effects of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill extracts on V79 cells.

Agaricus blazei Murrill, a native mushroom in Brazil, has been widely consumed in different parts of the world due to its medicinal power. Its anticarcinogenic activity has been shown in experimental animals, and antimutagenic activity has been demonstrated only in Salmonella. In this work, the mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of mushroom teas of strains AB96/07, AB96/09 and AB97/11 were evaluated in Chinese hamster V79 cells, using the comet assay and the micronucleus test. The cells were treated with three different concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) of teas prepared from a 2.5% aqueous solution, under three different temperatures: (1) room (20-25 degrees C); (2) ice-cold (2-8 degrees C); and (3) warm (60 degrees C). The teas were applied in co-, pre- and post-treatments in combination with the mutagen methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; 1.6x10(-4) and 4x10(-4)M). The duration of the treatment was 1h in the comet assay and 2h in the micronucleus test. The results showed that the mushroom was not mutagenic itself. Nevertheless, the mushroom is an efficient antimutagen against the induction of micronuclei by MMS in all concentrations and preparations tested. The observed reductions in the frequencies of micronuclei ranged from 61.5 (room temperature 0.1% tea in post-treatment) to 110.3% (co-treatment with warm and ice-cold 0.15% tea). In the comet assay, the antimutagenic activity was detected only when the cells were pre-treated with the following teas: warm 0.1 and 0.15%, room temperature 0.05% and ice-cold 0.1%. The results indicate that the mushroom A. blazei extracts are antimutagenic when tested in V79 cells.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2001

Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from several ear mushrooms.

Five kinds of ear mushrooms are commercially available in Taiwan, including black, red, jin, snow, and silver ears. Methanolic extracts were prepared from these ear mushrooms, and their antioxidant properties were studied. For all methanolic extracts from ear mushrooms, the antioxidant activities in the 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid method were moderate (38.6 approximately 74.6%) at 1.0-5.0 mg/mL. Methanolic extracts from red, jin, and snow ears showed excellent antioxidant activities in the conjugated diene method at 5.0 mg/mL. At 5.0 mg/mL, reducing powers of methanolic extracts were in the descending order of snow > black approximately red approximately jin > silver ears. The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts from ear mushrooms on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals was excellent except for that from silver ears. Ear mushroom extracts were not good scavengers for hydroxyl free radicals but were good chelators for ferrous ions. Naturally occurring antioxidants, including ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and total phenols, were found in the methanolic extracts. However, beta-carotene was not detected. Total antioxidant components were 15.69, 30.09, 27.83, 49.17, and 31.70 mg/g for black, red, jin, snow, and silver ears, respectively.

Agaricales↗