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216 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1969

The effects of in utero viral infection on embryonic, fetal, and neonatal survival: a comparison of SMEDI (porcine picorna) viruses with hog cholera vaccinal virus.

SMEDI and hog cholera viruses were shown to have marked effects upon the survival of the embryo (from conception to 30 days of gestation), the fetus (from 30 days of gestation until birth), and the neonatal pig (from birth until five days after birth). Embryonic infection was characterized by death and absorption of the embryo and in some instances the return to estrus after an irregular estrous cycle. Embryonic infection also may have been responsible for the development of some abnormal pigs. Fetal infection caused death with mummification of one or more fetuses and occasionally all fetuses in the uterus. Infection established in early gestation produced effects on the fetus which apparently persisted until after birth and varied from a persistent viremia (as in hog cholera infection) to an undefined lack of resistance in the newborn (as in SMEDI virus infection). Hog cholera vaccinal virus was the more virulent of the two virus types and reacted somewhat like rubella virus, in that infection apparently could be established in the fetus even in middle trimester of pregnancy, and possibly later. SMEDI viruses, in contrast, were less virulent and were most pathogenic when the dam was infected during the first 30 days of pregnancy. Immunity against either virus could be established in the nonpregnant gilt and was most effective in preventing intrauterine infections with that virus. However, with as many as 10 enteroviruses (five are known to cause intrauterine infection) it was believed that maintaining a closed breeding herd and introducing new stock into contact with the breeding herd at least 30 days before breeding time might be a safer means of control.

Abortion, Missed↗
PubMed1983

Experimental transplacental transmission of canine herpesvirus in pregnant bitches during the second trimester of gestation.

The effects of canine herpesvirus (CHV) on fetuses were studied after IV inoculation of pregnant bitches in the 2nd trimester of gestation. Cesarean sections were performed on 2 bitches that were inoculated with CHV on the estimated 30th day of gestation. Bitch M-1 had 2 mummified fetuses and bitch M-2 had 4 mummified and 2 dead fetuses and 3 live-born pups. Infection by CHV was confirmed histopathologically by the presence of focal areas of necrosis associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies in heart muscle sections of 1 dead fetus; CHV was not recovered from other organs. Abortion occurred between the 2nd and 3rd week after inoculation of another pregnant bitch inoculated with CHV on the estimated 30th day of gestation. Two bitches inoculated with CHV on the estimated 40th day of gestation gave birth prematurely to 10 pups. The detection of characteristic herpesviral lesions in various organs and the reisolation of CHV from the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs of premature pups indicated CHV infection. Transplacental infection of fetal pups by CHV resulted in their death and subsequent mummification. It appears that abortion and premature birth also may occur in pregnant bitches infected during the 2nd trimester of gestation.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1984

Comely Wenuhotep: computed tomography of an Egyptian mummy.

Computed tomography circumvents many of the problems encountered in the traditional radiographic investigation of mummies. This case report demonstrates that CT provides an improved evaluation of mummification techniques and bony pathology as well as a better capability of characterizing preserved soft tissue.

Egypt, Ancient↗
PubMed1984

[Reconstruction of grip function in cases of a fingerless or missing hand].

In two cases a grip reconstruction by double toe-to-hand transfer is demonstrated. In the first patient all fingers of the left hand were amputated at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint level. The second and the third finger were reconstructed by transplantation of the second toe from the left foot and the third toe from the right foot. The distal and middle phalanx of the transplanted third toe had to be re-amputated because of mummification two weeks after the transplantation and was covered with a groin flap. Good function of the newly formed grip could be demonstrated. The second patient was a 21-year old man with amputation of both hands. Grip reconstruction in the right lower arm was performed by transplantation of the second toe of each foot together with a metatarsal bone and a dorsalis pedis flap. One year after the operation the follow-up study demonstrated good function of the newly formed hand. The patient is able to use his two new fingers during daily life mainly to hold small objects. The sensation and the range of movement of the newly formed right hand are demonstrated and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Liquid embolization of the renal artery with absolute ethanol].

Absolute ethanol is a new agent for use in embolization which has demonstrated excellent efficacy, is simple to manage, and above all is innocuous in case of reflux into the aorta. A part from provoking irreversible occlusion of the complete renal artery circle, embolization with ethanol provokes direct cellular toxic necrosis comparable with a true mummification. This is of fundamental importance during palliative embolization for renal cancer or in all cases of medical nephrectomy for non-neoplastic disease. Results of the use of liquid embolization of the renal artery with absolute ethanol are presented, the technique, described, and mechanisms of action analyzed based on histologic findings.

Embolization, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1984

[Head hunting and hair witchcraft (Mummies 2)].

In this second essay on mummies and embalment, 1 of the most primitive, but nevertheless very interesting examples of artificial mummification is described: the Tsantsas or shrunken heads of the Jíbaro Indians of the basin of the High Amazon River. While the other head hunters dried, smoked or otherwise mummified the whole head of their victims, the Jíbaros shrink the tsantsa to the size of a human first, maintaining the original features as much as possible. The technique of this laborious process is discussed, as well as the ideological backgrounds of head hunting and skull worship which induced primitive men to practice such cruel customs. Another very important factor in this complicated ideological framework, is the concept of the existence of a material soul, seated in the head and especially in the hair. Therefore, the use of hair witchcraft all over the world must be mentioned too, as it implicates the "spiritual value" of the tsantsas, according to the quantity and beauty of their hair. Maybe, the relationship between the size of the head and the length of its hair, was the reason why the Jíbaros reduced the former to increase the latter. However, we can only admire these masterworks of the Indians whose motives for head hunting were not bloodthirst or cruelty, but deep spiritual concepts, as they are typical for primitive religions.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1983

Farm studies of porcine parvovirus infection.

Epizootics of reproductive failure associated with porcine parvovirus infection were investigated on 38 farms. Mummification was common to all epizootics. The mean number of mummified fetuses per affected litter was 3.1. Mean number of pigs born alive for gilts and sows farrowing litters with mummified fetuses was 5.0, but for sows without mummified litters on the same farms it was 9.0. Mummified fetuses were observed in aborted litters on 8 (21.1%) farms. Gilts and sows that appeared pregnant but "lost" their swollen abdomens and failed to farrow were observed on 12 (39.5%) farms. Delayed return to estrus was evident on only 3 (7.9%) farms with a continuous farrowing program. On 21 farms with a batch farrowing program, only 2 (10%) epizootics involved more than 1 batch. Up to 100% of the pregnant swine in the group farrowing together produced mummified pigs, but less than 20% of the breeding herd was affected in 26 (68.4%) cases. The prevalence of disease was not related to herd size, housing, or farrowing management.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Induction of abortion in feedlot heifers with a combination of cloprostenol and dexamethasone.

A field trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a combined prostaglandin F(2)alpha analogue (cloprostenol) and dexamethasone treatment as an abortifacient in feedlot heifers. Heifers were grouped according to stage of gestation as follows: Group I, one to four months, n = 37: group II, four to six months, n = 40: group III, six to eight months, n = 40: group IV, one to eight months, n = 29. Heifers in groups I, II and III received a simultaneous intramuscular injection of 500 mug cloprostenol and 25 mg dexamethasone at the time of rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis. Heifers in group IV were subjected to rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis but received no treatments. Heifers were observed daily for two weeks for abortion and rectal palpations were done 50 days after treatment to determine reproductive status. HEIFERS ABORTING AFTER TREATMENT WERE AS FOLLOWS: Group I, 37/37; group II, 37/40, group III, 37/40; group IV, 0/29. In each of groups II and III there was one pregnancy and two cases of fetal mummification. The numbers of abortions in groups I, II and III were significantly different from that in group IV (P</=0.01). Weight gains were satisfactory and there was no illness associated with treatment. Results indicate that a combination of prostaglandin F(2)alpha analogue and dexamethasone will induce abortion at all stages of pregnancy in feedlot heifers.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemistry: a new outlook in histopaleopathology.

To date, rehydration techniques on mummified tissues as well as the methods for histological specimen preparation with standard basic stains and with histochemical techniques are commonly known and well established. The application of immunohistochemical techniques is a further development in the study of mummified tissues. Similarly to what is done on fresh and fixed tissues, reaction sensitivity and specificity must be guaranteed. While reaction sensitivity depends on serum quality and the detection method employed, specificity is guaranteed by serum quality but also by method standardisation. Method standardisation is the most serious problem in the study of mummified tissues. Mummified tissues have different antigen preservation characteristics, varying from subject to subject, and even within the same subject, depending on the topographic region and the site. These changes are due to different mummification methods and to subsequent environmental conditions in which the mummy was preserved. The Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex (SABC) technique guarantees excellent detection sensitivity. However, the method accuracy and reliability can be ensured only through a rigorous case by case examination with internal controls on structures in which the antigens we are looking for are surely expressed. Today, with these artifices (technique optimisation), cell differentiation phenotype markers can be detected which are useful in paleopathological studies and in the diagnosis of morphologically doubtful lesions.

Antigens, Differentiation↗
PubMed1993

[The infectious causes of abortion and stillbirth in swine in Switzerland].

Fetuses and placentae of 171 cases of porcine abortion, stillbirth and mummification were examined for pathological lesions, bacterial infections and PPV (porcine parvovirus) infection. Furthermore IgG (immunoglobulin G) levels were determined in fetal body fluids. Selected maternal sera were tested for antibodies against Leptospira, Aujeszky's disease and hog cholera. PPV infection was diagnosed in 29.2% of all cases. Bacterial abortion was diagnosed in 8.2%. Indications for an infectious agent were demonstrated in about 10% of the cases. The etiology of the abortion could not be identified in 52%. Inflammatory alterations in association with the isolation of bacteria consisted of neutrophilic infiltration and necrosis and were of particular value to differentiate bacterial contamination from infection. Infiltrations of mononuclear leucocytes in brain, leptomeninx, kidney or myocard were observed in about 50% of the fetuses with PPV infection. IgG levels were consistently elevated in fetuses serologically positive for PPV, but also in two fetuses, where no infectious agent could be identified.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

[Simulation of an extrauterine pregnancy by a fatty tissue tumor in a Galloway cow].

In an eight-year old Galloway cow, an ectopic pregnancy with mummification of the fetus which had been assumed because of history and clinical examination of the animal was diagnosed as a "tumor of the adipose tissue" (steatitis) following exploratory laparotomy. Possible problems of obesity in cows of extensively kept breeds are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Viewing the criminal site in unusual cadaver evidence: concealment, identification, determining time of death and reconstruction].

The three cases presented here (Place of finding: bath tub.: [a] 19 year old, female, stabbed to death, detection six months pm, nearly airtight room--silicon rubber; [b] 56 year old, male, drowning, detection 1.5 months pm. [c] Place of finding: slope, 49 year old, female, polytrauma, detection 3 months pm) are characterized by incomplete mummification, skeletization and colliquation of soft-tissue. According to our experience medicolegal examiner's presence is necessary on the scene in order to secure in-situ-findings, to recover the human remains and to arrange a proper transport. The autopsy should be performed in the institute's autopsy-room because of access to better equipment e.g. light, air condition, x-ray, instruments. Under these conditions a high quality of forensic examination, improved training of students and police-officers and the dignity of the deceased can be maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Mercox-methylmethacrylic acid mixture penetrates into cells. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.

During preparation of vascular casts using mixtures of Mercox and methylmethacrylic acid for scanning electron microscopy, occasionally irregular structures were observed adhering to otherwise well prepared corrosion casts. These artifacts were further analyzed in sections of cast preparations. The bizarre-shaped structures varied in size and were often tightly connected to vascular casts; they withstood KOH maceration and cleaning with formic acid. The persistence of biological material, connective tissue fibers and cells or cellular fragments, became obvious in ultrathin sections. Transmission electron microscopy also showed inhomogeneity of the polymerized casting medium (Mercox-methylmethacrylate mixture; v/v: 4:1). An unidentified compound of this resin was found to penetrate into endothelial cells, blood cells, and even neighboring structures. In this way, biological material was infiltrated by a component of the resin, withstood maceration, and remained as mummified structure. This phenomenon was not generalized. Supposedly, phase separation occurring in a certain stage of resin polymerization provides an unidentified less hydrophobic component that is capable to infiltrate and mummify cells. In addition, polymerization leads to increased temperature which facilitates diffusion and reduces surface tension between this compound and the aqueous phase. The significance of higher temperature for tissue mummification becomes evident as pulmonary tissue most frequently revealed such artifacts. Alveolar air content serves as an isolating medium that reduces heat conduction from the polymerizing resin.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[African neurosurgery. 1: Historical outline].

This outline of the history of African Neurosurgery explains the role that North Africa has played in the Middle Ages in the development of Neurosurgery, the origins of the development of the latter in twentieth century, and the delay that African Neurosurgery still shows at the present time in the majority of African countries. On the papyrus of the pharaonic era, we have found the description of some neurosurgical procedures such as trephination and brain aspiration by a transphenoidal approach used before mummification. It is particularly trephination which summarizes the ancient history of African neurosurgery, as it was widely used throughout the continent, practised and taught by healers in African tribes. The technical concepts of trephination are based, to a great extent, on the descriptions of Arab physicians of the Middle Ages. It was at that time (Middle Ages) that several Arab physicians such as Avicenne, Rhazes, and Avenzhoer described many types of nervous system diseases and the techniques to treat them. But it was mainly Abulkassim Al Zahraoui (Abulkassis) who was the pioneer of neurosurgery as he devoted one volume of his treatise (made up of 30 volumes) to neurosurgery, a precise description of many aspects of neurosurgical pathology, its treatment, instruments and neurosurgical techniques. We have reported in this article five original extracts in Arabic which deal with skull fractures and their treatment, vertebro-medullary traumas and their treatment, hydrocephalus and its treatment, tumors of the skull vault and their treatment, and finally the basic knowledge of anatomy which is of great interest for a surgeon. The medical knowledge of that time which gave birth to medical schools and hospitals was transmitted progressively to Europe and played an important role in the development of medicine during the European Renaissance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. During colonization, neurosurgical practice started and developed in many African countries, together with the development of the health system that the colonial forces initiated in general as soon as they had come to these countries. This neurosurgery practised in the departments of general surgery either by neurosurgeons or general surgeons took part in the birth and development of neurosurgery as an independent specialty, thanks to the combined efforts of some European and African pioneers. Modern neurosurgery was introduced and started to develop in African countries from 1960, and the teaching of this specialty in many African universities began between 1960 and 1970.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cryosurgery in dermatology.

The aim of this article is to provide current information on the clinical development of cutaneous cryoreaction and the indications, complications and contraindications of cutaneous cryosurgery. Successful cutaneous cryosurgery requires rapid freezing and slow thawing, minimum tissue temperatures of -25 degrees C to -60 degrees C and, in malignant lesions, repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Frozen tissue reacts with peripheral erythema immediately following thawing, and consequently with oedema, bulla formation, exudation, mummification, and usually heals with a fine atrophic scar within a 4-week period. Cryosurgery is now considered the treatment of choice in hypertrophic scars and keloids, granuloma annulare and capillary haemangioma of the newborn. It also represents a valuable alternative therapy for various skin diseases, including common warts, solar lentigo, actinic keratoses, superficial basal cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Cryosurgery is a safe regimen with only a few adverse effects and contraindications. Pain during and/or shortly after treatment, bulla formation and local oedema are the major, temporary adverse effects; lesional hypopigmentation and/or peripheral hyperpigmentation is the most common by occurring long-term complication.

Cryosurgery↗