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PubMed2006

The incremental validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 infrequency posttraumatic stress disorder scale.

The incremental validity and clinical utility of the recently developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Infrequency Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Fptsd) was examined in relation to the family of MMPI-2 F scales in distinguishing feigned post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from disability claimants with PTSD. Research participants instructed to feign PTSD when completing the MMPI-2 scored significantly higher on the MMPI-2 family of F scales and the Fptsd scale compared with their responses when completing the MMPI-2 under standard instructions and the sample of claimants with PTSD. Although comparable in magnitude, effect sizes derived from mean group differences and hierarchical logistic regressions for the Fptsd scale never exceeded those for F(B), and F(P), F, F(B), and F(P) added incrementally to Fptsd in the prediction of feigned PTSD. These results suggest that the Fptsd scale does not afford any incremental predictive utility for detecting feigned PTSD relative to the complement of the existing family of F scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cross-validation and extension of the MMPI-A IMM scale.

Seventy-five female and 76 male college undergraduates participated in a cross-validation of the IMM scale, developed for the MMPI-A. These participants completed the IMM scale which was scored in two ways: one used the regular MMPI-A score, IMMA, and the other, IMM2, was based on the subset of these items that also appear in the MMPI-2. They also completed a gender-appropriate version of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT) and a brief biographical questionnaire. High inter-rater reliability (.80) was established for scoring the WUSCT for ego developmental level based on the most recent version of the scoring format. Statistically significant correlations were found between ego level scores and both the IMMA and the IMM2 scales. Means and standard deviations on both IMM scales for the males and females in the MMPI-A and the MMPI-2 restandardization samples, respectively, were obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

MMPI-A patterns related to the endorsement of suicidal ideation.

This study focused on the relationship between the occurrence of specific Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Adolescent (MMPI-A) basic scale profile patterns and the frequency of endorsement of three items related, in varying degrees, to suicide ideation (MMPI-A Items 177, 283, and 399). The research sample consisted of adolescents (n = 348) with diagnoses of depression, conduct disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Significant relationships were found for the overall MMPI-A basic scale profile, several MMPI-A single scale high points, and specific two-point codetype groupings. Findings revealed higher basic clinical scale profiles for those adolescents endorsing suicidal ideation. Further results revealed lower frequencies of item endorsement for spike 4 and spike 9 profiles, and higher item endorsement frequencies for Scale 2, Scale 8, and for the two-point codetypes of 4-8/8-4, 8-9/9-8 and 6-8/8-6. Issues are discussed related to the clinical usefulness and limitations of the MMPI-A in the assessment and prediction of suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Revised neurobehavioral scales of the MMPI: sensitivity and specificity in traumatic brain injury.

The ability of 23 previously identified Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) "neurologic content" items to distinguish between individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 32) or spinal cord injury (SCI; n = 17) was examined. Principal-components analysis of the 23 items revealed three conceptually coherent, nonoverlapping, and uncorrelated factors (Cognitive, Somatic, Inactivity) that together accounted for 44% of the total variance. Coefficients of internal consistency for the factors were in the moderate to high range. Together, the factors were named the Revised Neurobehavioral Scales of the MMPI. The group with TBI scored significantly higher on the Cognitive scale and significantly lower on the Inactivity scale than the group with SCI (with or without depression as a covariate). The Glasgow Coma Scale correlated significantly and negatively with the Cognitive scale in the group with TBI. Discriminant function analysis revealed that together the scales correctly classified individuals with sensitivity and a positive predictive value (with respect to TBI) of 87% and 81%, respectively. Specificity and a negative predictive value (with respect to SCI) were 68% and 76%, respectively. The overall rate of correct classification of individual cases was 80% (with or without depression in the analysis). The Cognitive scale alone correctly classified individuals in the group with TBI with a positive predictive value of 84%. Findings are discussed in terms of the discriminative validity and potential utility of TBI-related MMPI items, as well as the issue of "neurocorrection" of the MMPI (or MMPI-2) in verified cases of TBI.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

MMPI predictors of mania among psychiatric inpatients.

MMPI data from 64 patients with a diagnosis of manic-depressive illness, manic type, were compared with MMPI data from patients in two comparison groups--64 patients with a psychotic diagnosis other than manic-depressive illness, and 64 patients with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. Manic patients had higher Ma scale scores for MMPI scales that assess personal distress and interpersonal difficulties (e.g., D and Si). Discriminant analysis, with the Ma, D, and Si scales as predictors, correctly classified as manic or not manic 82.5% of the patients in the derivation sample and 74.2% of the patients in the cross-validation sample. Two high-point pairs, Sc-Ma/Ma-Sc and Pa-Ma/Ma-Pa, occurred in the MMPI profiles of almost half of the manic patients but were rarely found among the profiles of other patients. The results of this study support the use of the MMPI in identifying manic patients, particularly when discriminating between mania and other types of psychosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Correlations of MMPI factor scales with measures of the five factor model of personality.

Two recent item factor analyses of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) classified the resulting factors according to a conceptual scheme offered by Norman's (1963) five factor model. The present article empirically evaluates those classifications by correlating MMPI factor scales with self-report and peer rating measures of the five factor model in a sample of 153 adult men and women. Both sets of predictions were generally supported, although MMPI factors derived in a normal sample showed closer correspondences with the five normal personality dimensions. MMPI factor scales were also correlated with 18 scales measuring specific traits within the broader domains of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness. The nine Costa, Zonderman, McCrae, and Williams (1985) MMPI factor scales appear to give useful global assessments of four of the five factors; other instruments are needed to provide detailed information on more specific aspects of normal personality. The use of the five factor model in routine clinical assessment is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Racial bias in prediction with the MMPI for a juvenile delinquent population.

Relationships between MMPI scales and criteria were evaluated to determine if the MMPI is racially biased with a juvenile delinquent population. The MMPI was administered to 333 white and 107 black male juvenile delinquents, and criterion data were collected. The regression equations developed for Blacks and whites resulted in similar accuracies. However, the weights of the regression equations tended to differ for the two races. How they differed depended on the criterion predicted by the equations. Consequently, it was impossible to state unconditionally that the use of the MMPI with Black delinquents will have an adverse impact. In fact, one interpretation of the results suggested that the MMPI may not be racially biased for predictions with juvenile delinquents because the amount of constant error in prediction for a racial group decreased toward zero as the apparent objectivity of the criteria increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

MMPI adolescent norms: patterns and trends across 4 decades.

This article examines central issues involving the accuracy of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) adolescent norms through examination of findings from eight investigations (n = 17,286), reporting MMPI mean values for samples of normal adolescents conducted between 1949 and 1964, and four studies (n = 1,758), based on adolescent samples collected since 1975. Issues related to sex and racial differences in adolescent samples are also examined. In addition, MMPI data from 1,315 normal adolescents, collected at the Mayo Foundation, and from 217 normal adolescents, collected in Norfolk, Virginia, are evaluated in relation to adult normative values on the Harris-Lingoes (Harris & Lingoes, 1955) content subscales to identify unique characteristics of adolescents' response patterns. Results support the adequacy of the adolescent norms, developed by Marks, Seeman, and Haller (1974), for evaluation of samples of normal adolescents collected between 1947 and 1965. MMPI patterns, produced by contemporary samples of adolescents collected since 1975, are elevated above the Marks et al. norms on most clinical scales. This latter finding indicated the need for the development of new adolescent norms that more precisely reflect current adolescent response frequencies and patterns. Finally, results from Harris-Lingoes subscales are reviewed to highlight unique aspects of adolescent developmental experience and to underscore the necessity of development of age appropriate adolescent norms for MMPI special scales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Reassessing the validity and reliability of the MMPI Alexithymia Scale.

In the past decade, alexithymia has emerged as a heuristically useful personality construct used to explain the pathogenesis of a variety of physical illnesses, including classical psychosomatic diseases, somatization disorders, hypochondriasis, and somatoform pain disorders. Unfortunately, research evaluating the alexithymia construct has been conducted with little attention to assessing the psychometric properties of various scales used to measure it. In two separate studies, we examined various scale and item properties as well as the factor structure and validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Alexithymia Scale (MMPI-A), one of the most commonly used scales to assess alexithymia. In Study 1, the 22 items that comprise the MMPI-A were extracted from a computerized MMPI data bank which included separate samples of psychiatric inpatients and outpatients. Poor item-to-scale characteristics and only moderate levels of internal reliability were found for both samples. Factor analysis produced factors that were poorly related to the theoretical domains of the alexithymia construct. In Study 2, we found little support for validity of the scale as those patients identified as alexithymic and nonalexithymic by the MMPI-A did not differ on several theoretically relevant scales. These results question seriously the value of the MMPI-A in investigating the alexithymia construct.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

MMPI short forms with adolescents: gender differences in accuracy.

The influence of gender on accuracy for eight short forms of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was investigated using a sample of adolescents. MMPI responses from 318 male and 248 female psychiatric patients, aged 12 to 17, were scored for the standard MMPI, Mini-Mult (using two methods; Kincannon, 1968), Midi-Mult (Dean, 1972), two Maxi-Mults (McLachlan, 1974; Spera & Robertson, 1974), Hugo Short Form (Hugo, 1972), Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM; Faschingbauer, 1974), and MMPI-168 (Overall & Gomez-Mont, 1974). Discrepancy values were obtained for all short-form T-scores by subtracting each short-form T-score from its corresponding standard form T-score. These discrepancy values were analyzed using Gender x Short Form repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs). Because the number of scales varied among the short forms, two separate analyses were performed, one containing all short forms but only the 11 scales that appeared on all short forms and the other containing all scales but only the three short forms that contained all scales. McLachlan's (1974) Maxi-Mult was excluded from the analysis because of its nearly identical statistical properties to Spera and Robertson's (1974) Maxi-Mult. The interaction was significant on most scales in both analyses. Simple-effects breakdowns of the interactions revealed that the accuracy of each short form differed according to gender on several scales, following no consistent pattern. The Midi-Mult and Maxi-Mult are guardedly recommended as the short forms with the lowest number of scales showing a gender difference; however, the reader is cautioned that this difference is still present in more than one third of the scales. Further research on short-form development is advocated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Subtle-obvious scales of the MMPI: indicators of profile validity in a psychiatric population.

This study explored the usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Subtle-Obvious scales as profile validity indicators with a inpatient psychiatric population. Some 292 MMPI profiles were utilized and divided into overreporters, underreporters, and standard reporters, based on their Subtle-Obvious scale scores. Reporting style was shown to be unrelated to actual patient pathology because of the lack of relationship between reporting style and diagnostic categorization according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) Axis I and II. Comparisons of MMPI profiles of the three groups revealed that overreporters endorsed more pathology on the MMPI clinical scales than did either underreporters or standard reporters. The same pattern of response style was demonstrated by subjects on another objective measure, the Beck Depression Inventory, whereas on a projective measure, the Rorschach Inkblot Test, there were no differences between groups. These findings suggest that clinicians may want to utilize the Subtle-Obvious scales to gain information about MMPI profile validity. Specifically, profiles of patients identified as overreporters should be interpreted with caution so as to not overstate their level of pathology.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Predicting with the MMPI the adjustment of juvenile delinquents to institutionalization: does gender make a difference?

Relationships between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales and criteria were evaluated to determine if the MMPI is gender biased when considering a juvenile delinquent population. The MMPI was administered to 549 juvenile delinquents: 105 Black men, 37 Black women, 331 White men, and 76 White women. In addition, behavioral and rating measures were collected; they served as adjustment criteria. Except for the criterion assessing neurotic symptomatology, equations that regressed criteria on MMPI scales neither underpredicted nor overpredicted for a gender. The MMPI tended to underpredict ratings of neurotic symptomatology for women. Significant differences in correlation coefficients for Black men and women occurred for the behavioral, nonrating criteria. Scale 4 was the best predictor for Black men, whereas Scales, 8, F, 1, and 2 tended to be the best predictors for Black women. Some possible explanations for these results are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

MMPI-2 profiles of battered women in transition.

Domestic violence is a widespread problem in our society that has not been extensively studied using psychological assessment tools. In this investigation, the psychological functioning of battered women in transition was examined through the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Thirty-one women (M age = 30 years, M education = 11.5 years) were evaluated as residents in a confidential shelter operated by Women Against Abuse. All subjects were asked to complete the MMPI-2 as well as information on their history of length, severity, and types of abuse (i.e., physical and/or psychological). Results indicated elevated MMPI-2 profiles in 90% of the subjects with the most frequent code type being a combination of Scales F, 4, 6, and 8. Scales 2 and 7, which are often associated with depression, anxiety, and other forms of subjective distress, were not consistently elevated. Supplementary MMPI-2 scales revealed elevations on scales MAC-R, Mt, PK, and PS. Regression analysis indicated significant relationships between length and severity of psychological forms of abuse and overall levels of psychological distress (i.e., F scale and average clinical T-score). Age and physical forms of abuse were not related to MMPI indices of psychological disturbance. Theoretical issues of domestic violence, intervention strategies with battered women, and the dangers of misdiagnosis are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Use of the MMPI to assess the construct validity of the revised Social Anhedonia Scale as an index of schizotypy.

We evaluated the construct validity of the revised Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS; Mishlove & Chapman, 1985) through an examination of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles produced by extreme scorers on the SAS. The MMPI classification strategy employed by Moldin, Gottesman, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling (1987) was used to group profiles with regard to their specificity to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Of 1,124 college students, 58 females and 60 males had elevated SAS scores. Thirty-five percent of the males and 24.14% of the females produced MMPI profiles within the Moldin et al. classification scheme. Another 27.59% of females and 23.33% of males had profiles that are sometimes associated with schizotypal attributes. Thus, 41.67% of high-SAS males and 48.28% of high-SAS females have MMPI profiles that are unlikely to be associated with a heightened risk for schizophrenia. Because only a subset of socially anhedonic subjects produced schizophrenia spectrum MMPI profiles, it appears that the SAS, in isolation, should not be used to identify individuals at risk for schizophrenia. The revised SAS, like its predecessor, does not appear uniquely related to the schizophrenia spectrum. Unlike Mishlove and Chapman (1985), we did not find a gender difference among subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The meaning of low scores on MMPI-2 clinical scales of normal subjects.

Low scores often have been ignored in validity research on the MMPI, yet these statistically significant deviations from the norm may be valuable sources of information and occur frequently enough to merit further investigation. The meaning of low scores on the MMPI-2 was examined for 822 male-female partner pairs in the MMPI-2 restandardization sample. Subjects were divided by MMPI-2 scale scores into high-, medium-, and low-score groups. Analyses of variance were performed with score level as the independent variable and partner ratings as dependent variables. Significant differences were found between the low- and medium-score groups with low scorers rated as better adjusted that medium scorers. More significant differences were found between the high-score and medium-score groups than between the low-score and medium-score groups; this suggested that high scores on MMPI-2 clinical scales are associated with poorer adjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Comparing the diagnostic efficiency of the MMPI, MCMI-II, and Rorschach: a review.

The diagnostic efficiency of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II), and Rorschach Comprehensive System for detecting depressive and psychotic disorders were compared. Studies examining the diagnostic performance of these measures published in the Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, Psychological Assessment, and the Journal of Personality Assessment were included in this review. The methodological limitations of these studies are identified and suggestions for improving future research are offered. Although only limited conclusions can be reached because of the small number of existing studies and methodological problems, several preliminary observations were made. First, the MMPI, MCMI-II, and Rorschach are comparable in their sensitivity to detecting depression. However, high MMPI and MCMI-II scores are not specific to depression and misclassify a substantial percentage of nondepressed patients as being depressed. The Rorschach has a lower rate of false positives and higher specificity than the MMPI and the MCMI-II. Second, the Rorschach was more sensitive and specific to psychotic disorders than either the MMPI or MCMI-II. The MCMI-II did not detect psychosis at a rate above chance and frequently inaccurately classified psychotic patients as nonpsychotic. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that Rorschach indices are promising psychometric markers for depression and psychotic disorders. The clinical implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Four-month test-retest reliability of the MMPI-2 with normal male clergy.

This investigation examined the test-retest coefficients and absolute score changes with the Basic, Supplementary, and Content scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Participants were 111 active male clergy who were not receiving mental health services at the time of their participation and who completed the MMPI-2 on two occasions separated by 4 months. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance for the three groups of scales revealed nonsignificant changes in mean T scores. In general, the test-retest coefficients obtained were similar to those reported in the MMPI-2 manual by Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, and Kaemmer (1989) and by Spiro, Butcher, Levenson, Aldwin, and Bosse (1993). Increases or decreases of 3 to 6 T-score points were observed for the majority of the scales, and instances in which T-score changes exceeded 10 points were observed on every scale. In sum, the test-retest reliability of the majority of MMPI-2 scales, as represented in this nonclinical sample, appears acceptable and compares favorably with the original MMPI.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

MMPI-A in the inpatient assessment of adolescents with eating disorders.

The MMPI-A (Butcher et al., 1992), like the older MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1983), distinguishes between anorexia and bulimia. In this study, 245 adolescent girls diagnosed with anorexia, bulimia, or eating disorder not otherwise specified completed the MMPI-A. Multivariate analyses revealed significant differences between anorexia and bulimia on the MMPI-A's validity, clinical, content, and supplementary scales, particularly suggesting multiple impulse control problems among bulimic patients. However, profiles were also more homogeneous across eating disorder groups than in studies using the older MMPI, with high points involving some combination of Scales 1, 2, 3, and 0 for two thirds of the patients in this study. Implications are considered for understanding the common and differential psychopathology of eating disorders.

Adolescent↗