[Case of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism].
A case of pseudo-pseudo-parathyroidism, in which normal blood chemistry data were accompanied by marked shortening of the 4th metacarpus and metatarsus, and a suggestion of syndactyly, is reported.
Adult↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “METACARPUS”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Association between mechanical stress and bone remodeling.
Stress patterns and levels were analyzed by use of the three-dimensional finite element method. Three-dimensional models were constructed for the human upper central incisor (1205 nodes and 920 elements) and the sheep metacarpus (240 nodes and 128 elements). Orthodontic and orthopedic forces were applied to the tooth and the bone, simulating orthodontic tooth movement and experimental loading test for the bone. Three principal stresses were determined in the alveolar bone and the sheep long bone. The following results were obtained. 1. Stress distributions in the lateral alveolar bone were similar to those with bone deformation from cantilever bending mode. On the medial surface of the alveolar bone, a bending stress was observed, however, remaining stresses exhibited changes corresponding to those in the PDL produced by tipping displacement of the tooth. 2. In the sheep long bone, tensile and compressive stresses were induced on the dorsal and volar sides, respectively. The magnitude of stresses was greatest at the mid-diaphyseal region. Compressive and tensile stresses were related with bone resorption and apposition. The magnitude of principal stresses was almost proportional to dimensional changes of the bone at the mid-diaphyseal region. Bone remodeling in the long bone is related with mechanical stress, principal stress in particular, indicating that remodeling of the alveolar bone may be induced by application of orthodontic force in addition to conventional change of the bone adjacent to the PDL. Thus, it is shown that mechanical stress in living structures may be a trigger to induce biological remodeling of bones.
Alveolar Process↗
Chronic proliferative synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint.
Chronic proliferative synovitis of 27 metacarpophalangeal joints in 16 horses is described. The diagnosis was based on a history of lameness and, or, poor performance, pain on flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the response to intra-articular anaesthesia, and plain and contrast radiography. Radiographic findings included concavity of the distal dorsal metacarpus proximal to the sagittal ridge, and an increase in size of the synovial tissue adjacent to the proximal, dorsal attachment of the joint capsule. Mineralisation of the synovial tissue was present in some joints, and chip fractures from the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx were also occasionally seen. Treatment by arthroscopic resection of the tissue gave excellent results.
Animals↗
Communications and boundaries of the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints in horses.
To study communications and boundaries of the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints of the horse, 50 forelimbs were obtained from fresh cadaver specimens. Blue latex solution (20 +/- 2.5 ml) was injected into the middle carpal joint, and the specimens were frozen in extension. Frozen specimens were cut into 1-cm sagittal sections from the middle of the radius to the middle of the metacarpus. The communications between the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints and the presence, length, and position of the distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint were recorded. The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints always communicated between os carpale III (C3) and os carpale IV (C4). An additional communication between the joints existed in 17 (34%) of the specimens, 10 on the palmar aspect of C4, and 3 on the palmar aspect of os carpale II (C2). When os carpale I (C1) was present (n = 5), communication between C1 and C2 was observed in 4 of the 5 specimens. In all specimens, medial and lateral distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint were observed and were located between the axial surface of os metacarpale II (MC2) and os metacarpale IV (MC4) and the abaxial surface of the suspensory ligament. There was no significant difference between the lengths of the lateral (2.3 +/- 0.54 cm) or medial (2.6 +/- 0.75 cm) distopalmar outpouchings. Small extensions from the distopalmar outpouchings were seen and extended axially into the fibers of the suspensory ligament or between the suspensory ligament and the distal accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Cartilage thickness measurement in foals.
The talus and proximal and distal epiphysis of the humerus, radius, femur, tibia and distal metacarpus of 20 foals aged 0 to 150 days were obtained at necropsy and sawn sagittally into slabs 4 to 8 mm thick. The thickness of the cartilage (articular cartilage and unossified epiphyseal cartilage) was measured in three to five places in each slab, using a sliding calliper. In most epiphyses, the site, or sites, of thickest cartilage was constant in all foals examined. The difference between thickest and thinnest cartilage within one epiphysis was greatest in distal femora and least in distal metacarpi. The sites of most common occurrence of osteochondrosis dissecans in tali and proximal humeri concurred with the site of thickest cartilage in these bones. The most common site of equine osteochondrosis, the middle and distal thirds of the lateral trochlear ridge of femora, is not the location of thickest cartilage in this epiphysis. Haematological epiphyseal osteomyelitis in foals occurs most frequently in the areas where cartilage thickness is greatest in the medial femoral condyle, talus and distal radius.
Aging↗
Effect of long-term nontraumatic immobilization on metaphyseal spongiosa in young adult and old beagle dogs.
A radiographic and histomorphometric change in volume in the metaphyseal spongiosa in response to long-term immobilization was investigated in young adult and old beagle dogs and compared with changes in diaphyseal compacta of the same bones. Sixty weeks of nontraumatic immobilization of young dogs produced a 66% loss of metaphyseal spongiosa in the third metacarpus, a 50% loss in the radius, and a 25% loss in the humerus. In older animals, the loss amounted to 54%, 46%, and 37%, respectively. In both age groups, the loss of the spongiosa exceeded that of the compacta in the same bones, and, as in the compacta, it was greatest in the small peripheral bones. Although maximal loss occurs during the first 24 to 32 weeks, it may continue to a lesser degree up to 60 weeks and perhaps beyond 60 weeks of immobilization. Since bone loss can occur only on bone surfaces, the earlier and greater loss from the spongiosa may be explained in part by the higher endosteal surface-to-volume ratio of spongy bone. Given a similar bone structure and physiology in man and dog, the observations made in this study may apply to man as well.
Age Factors↗
Axial sesamoid injuries associated with lateral condylar fractures in horses.
Axial sesamoid injuries were found in 4 of 18 horses with lateral condylar fractures of the metacarpus or metatarsus. The injuries appeared as axial sesamoid fractures or progressive demineralization of the axial border of one of the sesamoids. None of the horses with axial sesamoid injuries returned to performance soundness. Axial sesamoid injury appeared to be an indication of severe fetlock trauma due to condylar fracture. Such injuries appeared to indicate a poor prognosis for return to performance soundness.
Animals↗
[An 8-finger hand with ulnar duplication (mirror image deformity)].
The authors present a congenital arm- and hand deformity in a four year old boy. This "mirror deformity" includes aplasia of the radius, doubled carpus and metacarpus, polydactyly (eight fingers) and aplasia of the thumb. The hypoplastic radial four fingers show brachysyndactyly, the whole upper extremity is hypoplastic but both shoulders are normally developed. The elbow has an extension contraction with a range of movement of 20 degrees in the double olecranons. The wrist has a flexion contracture. At first, pollicisation of the third finger of the hypoplastic radial part of the left hand with resection of three hypoplastic fingers was performed. The thenar muscles were reconstructed with interosseous muscles and the flexion contraction corrected by shortening and doubling of the extensor tendons. Preoperative EMG studies demonstrated two ulnar nerves with cross-innervation of the median nerve. The postoperative situation was recorded again by EMG.
Amputation, Surgical↗
[Maturing of fibrils and intraosseous osteogenesis as a basis for the development of lamellae and the osteon structure].
We investigated in continuation of lightmicroscopical (phasecontrast, polarized light) and statistical studies concerning the formation of lamellae and osteons electromicroscopical the nature of fibrils in different areas of the cross section of the metacarpus from a cattle fetus of 520 mm SSL. During the maturation of fibrils in a subperiostal trabecal the diameter of fibrils increased (465 to 470 A). The period (316 or 536 A) contains primarily only a broad band and a small interband. Subsequently the interband increased (221 or 215 A), but the band decreased (324 or 271 A). In the centre of trabeculae the fibrils formate microlamellae. The fibrils split later on in the medial part of the cross section in microfibrils with irregular oreintation and appear lightmicroscopical as intermediate tissue (blasse Mittellinie). At the same time new fibrils are synthesized around the osteocytes and their canaliculi. As the result of a kind of remodeling the fibrils arrange in a parallel order forming packages which appear lightmicroscopical as fibrous felts. These fibrous felts exhibits partly an periodical arrangement with a small band (164 A) and a wide interband (287 A). In a following stage in the fibrous felts lamellae are developed, the length of which increased around the medullary cavity. Firstly after the development of lamellae the definite bone fibrils are reconstituted (diameter: 530 A; band: 348 A; interband: 212 A). Apparently the osteocytes are responsible for these procedures in a stage specific synthetic and lytic activity. The modification of the nature of fibrils results probably after the dissolving of the structural glycoproteins, which stabilize the tropocollagen molecules. A reconstitution of the structural glycoproteins after formation of the lamellae induce the reconstitution of bone specific collagenfibrils. The regulating mechanism for the codification of these structural development are unknown.
Animals↗
Bending properties of cortical bone of the horse.
Bending properties of samples of cortical bone taken from the cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral quadrants of the midshaft of the radius, femur, and metacarpus of 12 ponies, 18 months old, were determined by 4-point loading at a rate of 10 mm/minute. The elastic modulus for all samples was between 16.2 and 20.2 GN/m2, and the ultimate breaking strength, between 204 and 255 MN/m2. There was greater variation in these properties between bone quadrants than between bones. Samples from the cranial and medial quadrants of both femur and radius were stiffer and had greater ultimate breaking strength than caudal or lateral samples. All samples of radius deformed more and absorbed more energy before reaching the greatest load than did samples of femur. The elastic modulus and the ultimate breaking strength of radius within any quadrant were highly correlated to specific gravity. However, at any specific gravity, caudal and lateral samples were not as strong as cranial and medial samples. Samples taken from exercised ponies, male ponies, or those fed diets containing 0.7% Ca,0.6% P or 2.7% Ca,1.1% P tended to be stiffer and have a greater ultimate breaking strength than samples taken from unexercised ponies, females, or those fed diets containing 0.7% Ca,1.4% P.
Animals↗
Microangiographic studies of metaphyseal vessels in young foals.
Selective perfusion and microangiographic examination of the radius and metacarpus of 30 foals were performed. Vessels of extraosseous origin supplying the peripheral part of the metaphysis were not demonstrated in young foals, but became more obvious in older animals. The development of this vessel system coincided with the reduction of transphyseal vessels from the epiphysis crossing the growth plate.
Angiography↗
Radiographic detection and characterization of palmar lesions in the equine fetlock joint.
Subchondral lesions were identified in the distal palmar region of the third metacarpus in 21 fetlock joints of 15 Thoroughbred horses. The lesions were more commonly identified on the lateromedial and flexed lateral projection, with the flexed lateral projection permitting optimal visualization of the lesion. Lesions appeared as poorly marginated, radiolucent defects and were located at the level of the base of the proximal sesamoid bones. The shape and distribution of the radiolucent defects were: crescent, 4; flattened, 4; shallow concavity, 5; deep concavity, 3; oval, 3; and circular, 2. Secondary joint disease was commonly identified in joints with these lesions and was more severe when the lesions increased in size and were irregular at the subchondral bony surface. Three horses with the palmar lesions were rested and re-examined after 16, 40, or 56 weeks. The lesions appeared smaller and less distinct on a subsequent examination for 2 horses, but the degree of secondary joint disease had increased in all 3 horses. Identification of palmar lesions when small seems important for the successful return of the Thoroughbred to racing soundness.
Animals↗
Studies of skeletal remodeling in aging men.
Senile osteoporosis in the male skeleton was studied in midshaft cross-sections from the femur, humerus, and metacarpal of 42 white male cadavers, aged 37 to 96 years. The cortical area (AC) and polar moment of inertia (J) of each section were measured. Cortical porosity and haversian canal density were also measured as functions of position in the sections, and the sizes of osteons and haversian canals in the femur were studied. In addition, the density and cross-sectional geometry of the neck of the femur were determined in 10 subjects. Age-related increases in porosity at each skeletal site are compensated by concomitant increases in cross-sectional geometry. These increases in J and AC are limited, however, being reversed at age 80 in the femur and humerus, and at age 60 in the metacarpus. Intracortical porosity was found to be localized in each bone in ways consistent with Wolff's law. The number of haversian canals/mm2 increased with age, but the size of haversian canals did not. Osteon size decreased with age. Osteon distribution patterns in the femur were consistent with random rather than directed patterns of osteon placement.
Adult↗
[Postmortem reconstruction of metabolic rates using histomorphometry of buried human compact bones].
Histomorphometry of archaeological human bone permits the invivo-reconstruction of bone physiology as well as a quantification of the typical age changes in compact bone. Compact bone samples from 31 well preserved metatarsalia and one metacarpus of excavated adult male skeletons from early-mediaval site of Altenerding (administrative district Erding, Upper Bavaria), were cut into thin sections, whose microstructural components were measured histomorphometrically with a semiautomated image-analyser. The thus obtained raw data were used for the calculation of the remodeling rate during lifetime as well as for histomorphometrical age determination. Results of the histomorphometrical age determination were then compared with existing macromorphological data and those obtained from the incremental lines of the dental cementum. This comparison revealed obvious method-specific differences: macromorphological data tend to be too low, while the histomorphometrically determined ages of death are estimated as being too high. The calculation of remodeling rates in haversian bone required a combination of three different algorithms. Herewith, a continuous decrease in average values of 1.06/mm2/a for the average annual osteon formation rate mu and 0.035 mm2/mm2/a for the average annual haversian bone formation rate appeared in the sample. Further age-dependent variability and species-specific characteristic structural features of the cortex were investigated. Osteons tend to become smaller with increasing individual age as expected, but no increase of the haversian canals was found. Comparative values taken from histological and anatomical literature are constantly agreeing with the measured data of the microstructural components. In the case of a both osteoporotic and osteomyelitic bone, histomorphometry proved to be a valuable method for palaeopathological diagnosis.
Adult↗
Use of a type II external skeletal fixator for repair of delayed union in three calves with forelimb fractures.
Three calves, 3 to 6 months old, were admitted for evaluation and treatment of fractures of the forelimb that had resulted from use of forced extraction at birth. Each of these calves had clinical and radiographic evidence of delayed union of a fractured metacarpus. All calves were treated, using a type II external skeletal fixator consisting of 0.25-inch-diameter transcortical pins and acrylic connecting bars. Two calves required open reduction of the fracture to obtain anatomic alignment of the limb. On the basis of the 3 calves described here, it would appear that type II external skeletal fixators may be adequate for treatment of selected calves with delayed union of a fracture.
Animals↗
Origin and development of the muscles of the intermetacarpal space of the forelimb of Felis catus.
This paper demonstrates the structure and development of the layer of mm. flexores breves profundi in Felis catus (Carnivora). By microdissections of the deep palmar musculature, it was found that there were formed two muscle layers: 1) four muscles beginning on the palmar side of the carpus, passing distally through the intermetacarpal spaces and inserting into the dorsal digital aponeurosis of the second to fourth digit--the superficial muscle layer of mm. flexores breves profundi; 2) four muscles beginning on the palmar area of the second to fifth metacarpus and inserting into the capsules of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second to fifth digit--the deep muscle layer of mm. flexores breves profundi. Ontogenesis of these muscle layers was studied on 35 histological series of embryonal extremities. In early ontogenesis we found a coherent cell condensate of the anlage of mm. flexores breves profundi layer. Differentiation of the anlagen of individual muscles takes place in the foetuses of 17-20 mm crown-rump length. In embryos of 17-19 mm crown-rump length a small cell condensations corresponding to the layer of mm. intermetacarpales anlagen were found in the second and third intermetacarpal spaces. Both anlagen are formed only temporarily whereafter they break into fragments and extinct.
Animals↗
Necropsy survey of metacarpal fusion in the horse.
Paired metacarpi obtained at necropsy from 100 horses ranging in age from term fetus to 35 years were examined to estimate the prevalence and sites of metacarpal fusion. Metacarpal fusion was seen in 192 of 200 metacarpi, and 78% of all horses 2 years or older had 2 or more fusions. Fusion of the second metacarpal bone to the third metacarpal bone was significantly (P < 0.001) more common than was fusion of the fourth to the third metacarpal bone. Fusions appeared for the most part in pairs and were bilaterally symmetric. Rooney-Prickett type-A carpometacarpal joint configurations (in which there is no measurable articulation between the third carpal and second metacarpal bones) were rare in this population, and Rooney-Prickett type-B configurations (in which there is a measurable articulation between the third carpal and second metacarpal bones) were observed in 98.5% of metacarpi. Medial metacarpal fusion was positively correlated with age, occupation, and proportion of the proximal projection of the carpometacarpal distal joint surface that was taken by the second metacarpal bone. Lateral metacarpal fusion was positively correlated with age and the proportion of the proximal projection of the carpometacarpal distal joint surface taken by the fourth metacarpal bone. Horses in performance careers (racing, race training, or show ring occupations) had an earlier development of the first 2 fusions than did horses in other or unknown occupations; development of the third and fourth fusions were not significantly different between occupation groups. The rate of metacarpal fusion per horse-year appeared to be at least 10 times higher than a clinically evident rate. A variety of gross morphologic features was observed in the fusions from this sample, some of which were small, subtle, and possibly difficult to detect in vivo. It is hypothesized that many instances of metacarpal fusion may be a result of functional adaptation of the metacarpus to increased or changed loading conditions, rather than a response to isolated traumatic events.
Aging↗
[Angiosarcoma of the hand. Case report].
Angiosarcoma is a very rare malignant bone tumour. The case of a 45-year-old man is presented with a primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in the fourth metacarpus. After radical extirpation of the tumour radiation followed. The function of the hand was fully preserved. Five years after operation the patient is free of disease.
Bone Neoplasms↗