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PubMed1996

High schoolers masturbatory practices: their relationship to sexual intercourse and personal characteristics.

This study examined the self-reported masturbatory experiences of high schooler and the relationships between masturbation and sexual intercourse and personal characteristics of these young people. A total of 436 suburban Australian adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age participated. Boys were more likely to report ever having masturbated (58.5%, versus 42.7%) and to have done so more frequently than girls (38.2% versus 8.7% reporting masturbating three or more times a week). While there was no significant sex difference in the age of initiation of masturbation there was some evidence that girls began masturbation earlier than boys. Whether sexual intercourse replaced or supplemented masturbation as a sexual practice could not be resolved, but there was evidence that masturbation was positively correlated with sexual self esteem. Young people whose parents provided a more open environment for the discussion of sexuality were more likely to report having masturbated, although the environment had a complex relationship with masturbatory practices as did young people's self rated physical maturity compared to their peers. A range of social and contextual factors must be explored to understand more fully this important component of young people's sexual experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Safe sex in the era of AIDS.

The term masturbation entered the English language in 1776 in the translation of Tissot's Treatise on the Diseases Produced by Onanism. Tissot linked semen conservation theory from antiquity with degeneracy theory and attributed degeneration and death from the social disease (syphilis and gonorrhea) to semen wastage not only in the social vice of promiscuity and prostitution, but also in the secret vice of masturbation. Nocturnal semen loss became designated as spermatorrhea, a new disease requiring treatment. In the nineteenth century the campaign against masturbation became a medical mania. It reached its apogee under John Harvey Kellogg, M.D., who invented Corn Flakes and other cereal and nut foods as meat substitutes to reduce all carnal desire and, hence, masturbation. The stigma on masturbation remains. It prohibits rational discourse on masturbation, and nourishes the perpetuation of fallacies regarding its effects. The imagery of a masturbation fantasy is also the imagery of the personal lovemap, which may be unorthodox, warped and distorted paraphilically. Masturbation might become societally endorsed as a public health policy to help contain the HIV epidemic of AIDS. Nonetheless, the President of the United States in 1995 dismissed his Surgeon General, Dr. Jocelyn Elders, for advocating so sane a policy.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

Sexual knowledge and practice in Pakistani young men.

BACKGROUND: There is a shortage of scientific data on the subject of sexuality from Pakistan. We decided to document misconceptions among Pakistani young men, regarding masturbation and nocturnal emissions and to make a case for sex education in the country. OBJECTIVE: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of Pakistani young men as regards masturbation and nocturnal emissions and to see any associations with demographic factors like age, marital status, occupation, level of education and socio economic status. METHOD: A questionnaire was developed, based on the objectives of the study. It was administered to 188 men between the age's 18-30 years, who presented to the outpatient department of the Aga Khan University Hospital. There was double entry of the data from questionnaires and the demographic form into the computer program, using the Fox Pro for windows and the SPSS for windows. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of misconceptions and guilt associated with both these acts. Eighty percent of the respondents had masturbated while a 94% had experienced nocturnal emissions. 31.4% and 62.8% of the respondents reported association of physical illness and weakness with masturbation. Responses were 14.9% and 42.6% for nocturnal emissions. Association of guilt with masturbation and nocturnal emissions was 68.6% and 32% respectively. We also studied the association of demographic variables with these prevalence figures, in order to point out areas for future studies and interventions. CONCLUSION: We have documented the misconceptions regarding masturbation and nocturnal emissions among Pakistani young men and have made a case for sex education of our youth.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Masturbatory guilt and sexual responsiveness among post-college-age women: sexual satisfaction revisited.

Although masturbation has come to be viewed as an appropriate sexual outlet for women, it is the one form of sexual behavior that has been most harshly treated throughout the centuries by society, religion, and the field of medicine. Thus, despite the increased incidence of masturbation among adult women during the 1970s and 1980s, substantial evidence suggests that guilt feelings associated with the practice may interfere with physiological and psychological sexual satisfaction in general. The purposes of this study were to determine the degree of masturbatory guilt, if any, and its effects on the sexual responsiveness and sexual satisfaction of adult women. An anonymous questionnaire concerning self-perception of the female sexual response was administered to female, registered nurses in 15 states, yielding a sample of 868 respondents. The 671 respondents who were the focus of this investigation had engaged in masturbation and revealed their guilt status regarding the practice. Those women who reported guilt feelings associated with masturbation were more likely to have negative feelings toward the practice and less likely to indicate positive physiological and psychological reactions after engaging in self-stimulation. Further, they were less likely to report sexual adjustment, physiological sexual satisfaction, and psychological sexual satisfaction. Since masturbation has emerged as a potential sexual outlet and as a means to engage in personal body exploration for women, these findings have substantial implications for therapists, physicians, sexuality professionals, and researchers.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Sexuality, psychiatric institution and normalization of the mentally ill.].

The author sets three objectives: to determine the status of sexuality in pedagogical institutions; to examine the means used to control sexuality; and to trace a global interpretation of the links between sexuality and the institution. The development of the asylum saw the appearance of moral treatment which sought to promote certain social values and to repress those behaviours such as sexual activity which opposed the fundamental bourgeois social virtues. These notions were presented in the guise of an ethical standard and a normative scientific current (eg. sexuality is a symptom to be eliminated; it is a cause of insanity.) Now, while no longer attacked in the institution, sexuality is nonetheless perceived as lacking any inherent value and is worthwhile only in terms of its therapeutic utility* The same phenomenon is observable in the school. To illustrate the second point the author analyses the phenomenon of masturbation. The 18th century saw masturbation cited as the cause of insanity and numerous physical disorders. Viewed as a diversion of the child's natural forms, and as bringing into question the substitutive educational system, masturbation was excluded from the school of the period. At present, masturbation is permitted but there is no recognition of the child's free enjoyment. Instead a system of exercises has been developped which permit the child greater body control. This masturbation has become a therapeutic technique to obtain a normative level of pleasure.Touching on the third point, the author states that society regulates sexual life with a complex normative system in order to incorporate it within an identification with sexual institutions and no longer with judicial sanctions. Applying this analysis to the situation of the mentally ill, the author argues that the latter's sexuality is socially normalized by the definition and utilisation of illegal areas where it's actualization is permitted.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1979

An empirical investigation of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies.

The nature and correlates of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies were studied. Subjects were requested to construct a story using the film of either a male or a female masturbating to orgasm as the eliciting stimulus. Results indicated that there are many sex differences in masturbatory fantasies which are most likely a consequence of the differential ability of men and women to form a positive projective identification with the same-sex protagonist in a film of masturbation as well as a function of the variations in the process by which men and women assimilate masturbation into a larger set of social meanings. The findings also attest to the ability of sex guilt and negative attitudes toward masturbation to account for the variability in masturbatory fantasies in a theoretically consistent and reliable manner.

Attitude↗
PubMed1984

Psychosocial development of heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual behavior.

Relationships with overt adult Kinsey Scale scores (K) indicate that early sexual experiences are most closely related to K, followed in order by gender related and familial variables. A developmental model emphasizing social learning is presented. Interviewees were 7669 American white males and females. Elevated K (more homosexual scores) was found for females who had few girl companions at age 10 and few male companions at 16, had learned to masturbate by being masturbated by a female, had intense prepubertal sexual contact with boys or men, found thought or sight of females, but not males, arousing by age 18, had homosexual contact by age 18, higher K at 17, and higher first-year homosexual behavior frequency. Elevated K (more homosexual scores) was found for males who reported poorer teenage relationships with their fathers, had more girl companions at age 10, fewer male companions at 10 and 16, avoided sports participation, learned of homosexuality by experience, learned to masturbate by being masturbated by a male, had intense prepubertal sexual contact with boys or men, had neither heterosexual contact nor petting to orgasm by age 18, found thought or sight of males, but not females, arousing by age 18, had homosexual contact by age 18, higher K at ages 16 and 17, and had higher first-year homosexual behavior frequency. Behavioral bisexuals, those scoring between 2.0 and 4.0 on the K scale on the basis of overt behavior (0.7% of females, 1.2% of males), reported more arousal to heterosexual stimuli than did exclusive heterosexuals.

Family↗
PubMed1981

Determinants of sexual behavior of Macaca arctoides in a laboratory colony.

Copulatory behavior of wild-born individually caged laboratory stumptail monkeys (Macaca arctoides) was investigated. The monkeys were paired daily for 20 min, and altogether 536 pairings were observed. The influence of the female's menstrual cycle and social factors of male sexual activity was determined. The reactions of the other monkeys during a pairing, and masturbation behavior of the males were observed and described. It was found that when a male and female were paired daily their sexual activity remained on a rather constant and high level for months provided the pair could not see, touch, or smell each other between pairings. In these conditions the most common copulatory behavior consisted of 3-4 ejaculations. When the couple lived continuously in adjacent cages, which allowed them visual, tactual, and olfactory communication between pairings, the male ejaculated, on the average, only once during five successive pairings. Thus separation and reunion was potent in triggering sexual activity. When the couple was visually separated between sessions the male's sexual activity did not depend on the menstrual cycle of the female. The males initiated copulation and the females were always willing, except in later stages of pregnancy, to cooperate. All males masturbated to ejaculation and it was often triggered by copulation, masturbation, or any happening causing arousal in the colony. The females were never seen to masturbate outside of the heterosexual context.

Animals↗