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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Madness in Zola's writing. II. Interactions of insanity in La Joie de Vivre. 1. Situations and psychopathologic types].

In The gladness of life (1884: La joie de vivre) d'E. Zola, madness in full interaction call to a psychopathological analysis which is doing in three parts: The situations and psychopathological types; the psychopathological and anthropological relationship; The text's unconscious and the work of mourning. This part, proposes the analysis of the psychopathological types (cyclic psychosis of Lazare, the "typus melancholicus" of Véronique, the paranoia of madam Chanteau, the "crack" and masochism of Pauline) and the pathogenic-situations in the most narrow interaction ("in" and "out" of the personages). A differential analysis is proposed between the pessimist position and the nihilist one, in a therapeutic perspective.

France↗
PubMed1985

Theoretical background and clinical use of nicotine chewing gum.

In our view, nicotine chewing gum is the most significant single advance achieved so far in the whole field of smoking cessation. It is the only treatment that has yet been shown to have a specific effect over and above that of attention-placebo factors, and this has been demonstrated repeatedly by several research groups in different countries. It is suitable for use as an adjunct both to intensive psychological methods of treatment and to minimal and largely self-help types of intervention. In either case, it approximately doubles the success rates achieved by intervention without the use of gum. It can be administered effectively by psychologists and family physicians and no doubt by other adequately trained health professionals too. The efficacy of nicotine chewing gum is not limited to the smokers who use it. Its incorporation into a treatment or intervention programme revitalises and maintains the morale of therapists. Until the advent of nicotine gum it has required either a research interest, financial reward, or a degree of masochism to remain for long at the sharp end of the business of helping people to give up smoking. Without a treatment capable of reducing withdrawal symptoms, therapists become drained by having constantly to give out encouragement and support to help their clients to tolerate withdrawal long enough for the difficulties gradually to wane. The rapid and tangible effect of the gum in relieving withdrawal symptoms is a boost to the morale and confidence of client and therapist alike. It is perceived as helpful even by those who fail. This encourages people who relapse to return for further therapy. A discouraging feature with other treatments has been the tendency for those who relapse to avoid contact with their therapists even to the extent of not responding to data collection at long-term follow up. In view of its efficacy, its potential for use in many settings, its minimal demands on therapists' time, and its synergistic effect in encouraging and boosting the confidence of clients and therapists alike, it is possible that over a period of years nicotine chewing gum could have a significant impact on national smoking prevalence. But to achieve this, it is essential that it be used correctly.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The termination phase of psychoanalysis in a narcissistic personality.

This paper describes a patient whose termination phase of analysis activated an intense mourning reaction that helped to overcome the stalemate of therapy. After I attempted to demonstrate how her narcissistic armouring yielded when the termination of analysis was agreed upon, the psychological reenactment of a split off (disavowed) trauma of an early loss (her father) and the failure of essential attributes in maternal care became manifested behind her narcissistic defenses. The reconstruction of these events was possible during the process of mourning. At the termination phase she behaved as if she "had lost the war"; from the point of view of her masochism it was a Pyrrhic victory, "a victory through defeat". Contrary to mother, I let her go but then she refused to go, which created a situation that activated a profound mourning reaction leading to important structural changes. A review of the pertinent psychoanalytic literature on termination along with clinical material derived from the termination phase of a patient with a narcissistic personality is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Borderline personality disorder].

Although Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) overlaps considerably with Major Depression, recent studies of biology, genetics and childhood trauma have demonstrated that there are substantial differences between the two disorders. It is suggested that their apparent relationship is rather nonspecific. In this paper, the author emphasizes that the core symptom of BPD is impulsiveness, which causes depressive symptoms and/or is induced by depressive episodes, forming a vicious cycle. Furthermore, in BPD patients, depressive symptoms are modified by impulsiveness, masochism, vanity, despair, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. The author concludes that BPD is not a homogeneous but heterogeneous syndrome, classified into subtypes: depressive type, impulsive type, and identity diffusion type. Treatment needs to be considered according to these types.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Some subtypes of depression and their implications for psychoanalytic treatment.

The author argues the case for the need to develop an integrative clinical psychoanalytic model of depression which takes into account various pathways leading to different subtypes of depression. Some factors intervening in the genesis and maintenance of depression (aggression, guilt, narcissistic disorders, persecutory anxieties, ego deficits, masochism, identification with depressive parents and fixation to traumatic events in which the subject felt helpless) are examined, as well as certain dynamic interrelations between them. The relationship between aggression and depression is analysed, with particular attention devoted to the steps through which aggression turns into depression. The origins of guilt are reviewed, including those conditions which are independent of aggression. Psychoanalytic interventions that could be pertinent for a given subtype of depression, but which could prove counterproductive when applied to another subtype are discussed. Clinical examples are given to provide support for the ideas presented, recognising that further studies are required to establish more specific correlations between the different depressive configurations and the types of psychoanalytic interventions best suited for changing them.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Psychopathological study on Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome].

Ten cases of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome (GTS) are reported. Average age of onset of the syndrome was 6.3 years old. Many of them were eldest children. 40% of them were caused by hereditary factor, and 40% of them had some abnormalities at their birth, for verbal tics including coprolalia. The GTS were classified into two types, Type I and Type II, from psychopathological point of view. Type I is "sadistic self-conversion type" and Type II is "masochistic personality type." Type I have an experience of attacks from others first, and, then, the desire of sadism aroused by the others converts to themselves after the others are abandoned from their mind, but it remains the stage of self-injurious. Principal mechanisms of Type I are "turning round the desire upon oneself" and "identification of oneself to the aggression." Type II have basically masochistic personality. They desire to be loved by others, but frustration that they feel they are not loved by others arouse the tic symptoms that violate the prohibition. With the tic symptoms, they can gain "punishment" and "pleasure" at the same time. Their symptoms of tics have the meaning of "masochistic provocation." They have the mechanism of "avoidance of anxiety by demanding to be loved by others." Both types have a common psychopathology, that is, they can not grasp objects (self or others) as a whole. It is suggested that patients with the GTS stopped their growth at pre-sexual stage. There exists a phase of self-injurious tics and that of other-injurious (provocately) tics during the progress of the symptoms of complex motor tics and verbal tics (coprolalia). The phase when both tics turn over each other was also observed. Echo-phenomena were seen only for patients of Type I. It is suggested that the degree of organic dysfunction of the brain and spectrum of masochism are almost coincident.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Autism as the defusion of drives.

The author's metapsychological view of the dismantling and adhesive identification typical of infantile autism is that these phenomena result from the fate of the death drive and the libido in a situation of thoroughgoing defusion of the drives. He notes that Freud's original idea of the defused death drive was taken up by Ferenczi and then by Klein, who applied it to the situation at the very beginning of life. A clinical illustration is given and the author observes that this view has therapeutic consequences that are also relevant to the work of an institution and to the therapists' countertransference, in terms of the value of sadism and masochism in helping to fuse the drives. Fusion of the drives is presented as an important element of Bion's alpha or container function. This conception also tends to modify the therapist's attitude to the parents of autistic children. In the author's view, the fate of the libidinal component in autism has tended to be disregarded, but accounts for the phenomena of adhesiveness and auto-sensuality; the latter should in his opinion rather be called dismantled erotism, to emphasise the absence of the unifying function of forms of auto-erotism in integration of the self. The author stresses the lack of projection in autistic pathology and discusses its possible reasons.

Attitude to Death↗