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PubMed1998

Craniofacial heterogeneity of prepubertal Korean and European-American subjects with Class III malocclusions: procrustes, EDMA, and cephalometric analyses.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in craniofacial morphology in subjects of diverse ethnic origin with untreated Class III malocclusions, and thus to examine the validity of using similar therapeutic protocols in their orthodontic management. Lateral cephalographs of 142 Korean and European-American children aged 5 to 11 years were traced, and homologous cranial, midfacial, and mandibular landmarks were digitized. Procrustes analysis and Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) were performed to identify size-corrected differences of the three craniofacial configurations, and bivariate analysis to determine statistical differences between 42 cephalometric parameters. Procrustes analysis indicated statistical significance for each configuration of landmarks; these results were confirmed by EDMA and cephalometry. Korean children appear to develop Class III malocclusions because of smaller anterior cranial base and midfacial dimensions, exacerbated by a large and less favorable mandibular morphology. Therefore, morphologic diversity of craniofacial components, presumably due to heterochrony during development, contributes to distinctive facial profiles associated with Class III malocclusions. Ethnic heterogeneity may need to be taken into account in the orthodontic management of Class III malocclusions.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

[Caries and malocclusions. A statistical-epidemiological study performed on 5399 children between 3 and 10 years old in the schools of Bari].

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of decay and malocclusion is an undiscussed fact now. What is the relation between this incidence and sanitary-social standards is to define still. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the incidence of decay and malocclusions in relation to different sanitary-social standards. METHODS: The authors carried out an epidemiological-statistical study upon the incidence of decay and malocclusions on 5399 children whose age ranged from 3 to 10. The subjects belonged to some quarters of Bari: Palese, Santo Spirito, San Paolo e Poggiofranco. Some forms were filled in for any subject upon which data on oral health, oral hygiene and occlusal disorders were annotated. Then some groups was divided on subject's age and origin was created. RESULTS: The incidence of decay and malocclusions resulted extremely high in all considered groups. The examination of data showed a clanger gap about the oral hygienic standards between first three quarters, formed into A group, and Poggiofranco, in the last's favour. CONCLUSIONS: Students and their parents showed a serious sub-estimation of the importance of oral health. An increase of quality and number of information on oral health is indispensable for many examination children and their respective parents.

Child↗

PubMed1980

Variation in morphology of the maxillary central incisors found in class II, division 2 malocclusions.

Class II, Division 2 malocclusions show several common characteristics. One of the features is the presence of a deep overbite ("deckbiss"), which can be the result of an excessive eruption of the maxillary central incisors. This study tested the theory that the deep overbite, together with the apparent entrapment of the mandible, may be partly due to the bending of the maxillary central incisors or the presence of the Collum angle. In a comparison between the group of patients with Class II. Division 2 malocclusions and the control group, it was determined that the former group exhibited significantly larger Collum angles than the latter group (p < 0.005). It is suggested that in describing the maxillary incisor angulation in this type of malocclusion, the long axis of the crown, rather than the long axis of the tooth connecting the incisal edge to the apex, be used as a measure of their position.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Malocclusion and facial morphology is there a relationship? An epidemiologic study.

The purpose of this study is to examine associations between facial morphology and malocclusion, and to test for sexual dimorphism in such relationships. The sample of 500 subjects is studied by roentgenographic cephalometry, using the Facial Height Ratio (FHR) of Jarabak as the mensurational approach to describe craniofacial morphology. Significant findings are: Neutral pattern is dominant in Class I and Class II1 malocclusions. Hypodivergent pattern is dominant in Class II2 and Class III malocclusions. The majority of females demonstrate a neutral pattern, whereas the majority of males demonstrate a hypodivergent pattern. Sexual dimorphism in pattern is greatest in Class II1 and Class III. Males show a greater tendency toward prognathism, while females tend toward orthognathism and retrognathism. Mean values of all linear measurements in males are larger than in females. Relatively strong correlations are found between facial height ratio and ramus height, gonial angle, lower gonial angle, mandibular plane angle, occlusal/mandibular plane angle, palatal/mandibular plane angle, Frankfurt/mandibular plane angle, S-N-B, Y-axis angle, and the sum of the saddle + articular + gonial angles.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1989

An evaluation of the relationship between rest position of the mandible and malocclusion.

Rest position of the mandible and integumental change in a control group of Class I occlusions is compared and contrasted with a study group of Class II malocclusion and a study group of Class III malocclusion. Change from centric occlusion to rest position of the mandible was suggestive of simulated correction of the malocclusion and improved facial esthetics.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1994

Craniofacial patterns of Japanese adults with various types of malocclusion: a counterpart analysis.

Craniofacial morphological characteristics of Japanese adults with various malocclusions were investigated. Cephalometric radiographs of 100 Class I, 100 Class II, and 100 Class III cases were selected and subjected to counterpart analysis as described by Enlow. Results of individuals with normal Class I occlusion revealed a mean value of 39.5 degrees for the angle of the middle cranial fossa relative to the posterior maxillary plane alignment (MCF/PM). This value was used as the basis for intrinsic alignment comparisons for all other skull points. Class I and II malocclusions were classified as either type A or B, depending on whether point A or B was protrusive in the functional occlusal plane (FOP). We found that type B was more common for both Class I and Class II malocclusion. Further, in both Classes, type B cases exhibited an underlying Class III character. We also noted that both B groups had different structural craniofacial patterns relative to those seen in A groups. Both dental Class IA and Class IB had a skeletal Class II tendency. The difference between Class IA and Class IIA, or between Class IB and Class IIB was slight but quantitative. Class III and Class IIA individuals had distinctly different and essentially opposite underlying patterns. Most compensatory effects were ineffective in both Class IIA and Class III groups. However, the composite compensatory result in Class IB case was, for the most part, effective.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Electromyographic findings in Class II division 2 and Class III malocclusions.

Electromyography of masticatory muscles has proved useful for the functional study of occlusal dysfunctions. We employed this technique to study the activity of masseter and temporal muscles of 6 subjects with Class II division 2 malocclusion and 7 subjects with Class III malocclusion. Significant differences of masticatory muscles activity during mastication and swallowing were observed between the two groups. We hypothesize that the change of the activity of masticatory muscles might influence the clinical presentation of malocclusion.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[A cephalometric study of natural head posture and spinal position in malocclusions].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cephalometric study was to compare the difference of NHP (natural head posture) and spinal position among malocclusions with different skeletal patterns. METHODS: 79 malocclusions aged from 12 to 16 were divided to several groups according ANB and NSL-MP. The features of head posture and spinal position were examined by comparing the groups and the statistical significant correlation among NHP, spinal position and craniofacial morphology was sought. RESULTS: NHP and spinal position was not the same in malocclusions with different NSL-MP, while was identical in malocclusions with different ANB. CONCLUSION: It is believed that there was correlation among NHP, spinal position and vertical, sagittal development of face rather than anteroposterior relationship between maxilla and mandible.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1999

[The investigation analysis of malocclusion in the juvenile in Shanghai Pudong New Area]

OBJECTIVE:To understanding the rate of malocclusion in the juvenile in Shanghai Pudong new area.Emphasising to know the rate of crowding,overbite or overjet and anterior crossbite.METHODS:1785 person with the age from 7 to 12 are investigated.According to Angle's classification of malocclusion they are classify.RESULTS:The rate of malocclusion is 44.02% in the mix dentition and 48.78% in the permanent dentition.The crowding rates are:mix dentition 22.74%,permanent dentition 32.36%.The overbite or overjet rates are:mix dentition 17.18%,permanent dentition 11.06%.The anterior crossbite rates are:mix dentition 4.44%,permanent dentition 4.07%. CONCLUSION:There are no significant differences between the rate of malocclusion in thr mix and permanent dentitions.It is important that the patients with the overbite/overjet and crossbite should be treated as early as possible.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Morphometry of the midfacial complex in subjects with class III malocclusions: Procrustes, Euclidean, and cephalometric analyses.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the morphology of the midface differed in subjects with a retrognathic midfacial appearance (Class III malocclusions) using a combination of morphometric and cephalometric analyses. After obtaining appropriate consent, lateral cephalographs of 133 children of European-American descent, ages 5-11 years, were compared: 73 had Class III malocclusion, 60 had normal (Class I) occlusion. The cephalographs were traced and subdivided into seven age- and sex-matched groups. Average geometries based upon seven nodes (pterygoid point, PTS; rhinion, RO; posterior nasal spine, PNS; midpalatal point, MPP; anterior nasal spine, ANS; subspinale, A; prosthion, Pr), scaled to an equivalent size, were compared using a Procrustes routine. Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) was employed to localize differences in morphology. Bivariate analyses on unscaled data utilizing nine linear and six angular measurements were also undertaken. Results from Procrustes and EDMA analyses indicated that although the overall midfacial configurations differed statistically (P < 0.05), only about half of the seven age sub-groups maintained significance. Similarly, only four of the nine linear measures (PNS-MPP, MPP-ANS, A-Pr and PTS-RO) and two of the six angular parameters (PTS-RO-ANS and ANS-A-Pr) tested were significantly different (P < 0.05). Therefore, midfacial morphometric variability and morphological diversity may mask statistical differences. It is concluded that the midface may be the defining craniofacial component in the final appearance of Class III malocclusions compared to other craniofacial components, including the cranial base and mandible.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1985

A comparison of arch widths in adults with normal occlusion and adults with class II, Division 1 malocclusion.

This study compares arch widths and other cast and cephalometric measurements of 36 normal-occlusion subjects (19 males, 17 females) with 39 Class II, Division 1 subjects (20 males, 19 females). None of the subjects had received orthodontic treatment. Analysis of variance demonstrated that subjects with normal occlusion had larger maxillary molar widths, maxillary canine widths, and maxillary alveolar widths than subjects with malocclusion; only male subjects with normal occlusion had larger mandibular molar widths and mandibular alveolar widths than the malocclusion subjects; the normal occlusion and malocclusion groups had similar mandibular canine widths; and when the lower molar and alveolar widths were subtracted from corresponding upper widths, the remainders of the Class II group were negative instead of positive, contrary to the normal group. This revealed a posterior crossbite tendency in the Class II group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Facial and dental arch asymmetries in Class II subdivision malocclusion.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if any significant differences existed with regard to dental arch and facial asymmetries between persons having malocclusions with well-defined asymmetric characteristics, specifically Angle's Class II subdivision malocclusions, and persons having normal occlusions. Secondarily, it was sought to determine the nature of the differences that contributed to the asymmetric occlusal relationship of buccal segments observed in Class II subdivision malocclusions. The sample consisted of 28 subjects in each of the two groups. All possessed a full complement of permanent teeth including first molars. The average age of subjects in both groups was 17 years. Measurements primarily of a linear nature were obtained from posteroanterior and lateral cephalometric radiographs in addition to dental models. Specific measurements were summed to produce various indices of asymmetry. Variables were analyzed with multivariate discriminant analysis. A significant discrimination between the two groups resulted; variables describing asymmetry of the dentoalveolar region of the mandible appeared to be the primary contributors to the difference obtained. Asymmetry of the maxillary dentoalveolar region appeared to make a secondary contribution.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Influence of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment in Japanese-Brazilians with class I and class II division 1 malocclusions.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this retrospective, longitudinal, cephalometric investigation was to study the influence of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the facial height of Japanese-Brazilian children with Class I and Class II Division 1 malocclusions. METHODS: The sample included 59 mesocephalic patients distributed into 4 groups: group 1: Class I patients treated with 4 first premolar extractions; group 2: Class I patients treated nonextraction; group 3: Class II Division 1 patients treated with 4 first premolar extractions; group 4: Class II Division 1 patients treated nonextraction. The overall initial mean age of the groups was 12.14 years, and all groups were treated with standard edgewise appliances for a mean period of 2.49 years. The pretreatment and posttreatment stage comparison and the intergroup comparison of the treatment changes were conducted between extraction and nonextraction groups in the Class I and Class II malocclusion samples with t tests. RESULTS: The amounts of changes in the absolute magnitude of posterior and anterior facial heights and in the ratios of lower posterior facial height/lower anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height/total anterior facial height were similar between extraction and nonextraction treatment in both Class I and Class II malocclusions.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1985

Response to activator treatment in Class II malocclusions.

A clinical study was designed to disclose the effects of activator treatment in the correction of Class II malocclusions. The rationale for the use of the activator appliance was based on the premise that correction of distocclusion can be achieved by inhibition of forward growth of the maxilla, inhibition of mesial migration of maxillary teeth, inhibition of maxillary alveolar height increase and extrusion of mandibular molars, increased growth of the mandible, anterior relocation of the glenoid fossa, mesial movement of mandibular teeth, and combinations of these effects. The appliance, as designed for this study, could potentially have an effect on all of these factors. Measurements were obtained from cephalometric head films obtained at 6-month intervals. Matched-pairs analyses of control versus treatment change after 6 months and after 1 year of treatment were done on 36 and 29 pairs, respectively. Pretreatment versus treatment changes were analyzed on 33 subjects by means of the spline regression analysis; posttreatment versus treatment changes were analyzed on 18 subjects by means of the Student Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. The matched-pairs analyses of mean values demonstrated significant reduction in forward growth of the maxilla, uprighting of the maxillary incisors, reduced overjet, leveling of the mandibular occlusal plane, improved molar relationship, downward and forward relocation of the glenoid fossae, increased advancement of all mandibular structures, increased face profile angle, and increased lower face height. The two longitudinal analyses yielded similar findings, but some differences were noted. Because rather severe dental malocclusions were corrected, the slight average inhibition of maxillary growth and the anterior relocation of glenoid fossae alone could not account for the correction of the Class II dental arch relationship. It was therefore concluded that, in addition to the statistically significant changes, smaller changes occurred in several areas without being consistent enough or of a large enough magnitude to become statistically significant in the analyses of mean values. Comparison of group averages may mask treatment effects that significantly contribute to the correction of malocclusions in individual cases.

Activator Appliances↗

PubMed1990

Nonextraction treatment of severe Class II, Division 2 malocclusions. Part 1.

Nonextraction treatment of severe Class II, Division 2 malocclusions is presented. Timing, sequencing of appliance therapy, and segmental arch treatment are discussed. The effects of orthodontic treatment, pubertal growth, and postpubertal growth are illustrated with different growth responses. Corrections of the handicapping malocclusions were achieved by the development of arch circumference, torque, intrusion of incisors, and vertical buccal dentoalveolar development. Various subtypes of Class II, Division 2 malocclusion are presented. Pretreatment and posttreatment records are evaluated.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1982

Diagnosis and treatment of class II division 2 malocclusion.

Class II, Division 2 malocclusions often have skeletal patterns more nearly approaching Class I than Class II, Division I. Incisor relationships are unique. Treatment problems related to this malocclusion require that the clinician pay particular attention to the vertical dimension. Also, the prevalence of mandibular movement pattern irregularities, coupled with the "droopy incisor" phenomenon so characteristic of this malocclusion, requires careful individual case analysis. The use of simplified initial appliance mechanics to rectify some of these problems is discussed.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1999

Occlusal changes from adolescence to adulthood in untreated patients with Class II Division 1 deepbite malocclusion.

A sample of 47 untreated children (M 32:F 15) with Class II Division 1 (II/1) deep-overbite malocclusion was collected from a group of patients who declined orthodontic therapy. Longitudinal records consisted of plaster dental casts and lateral cephalograms at original diagnosis and plaster dental casts at a follow-up observation in adulthood, an average of 11.5 years later. To study retrospectively natural changes in dental occlusion during this interval, plaster-cast millimetric measurements were recorded of sagittal dental relationships (first molar and canine), overjet, overbite, and crowding/spacing at the two registrations. Results showed statistically significant improvements in untreated II/1 deepbite malocclusion from adolescence to adulthood for all measured occlusal variables except development of mild crowding. Therefore, assumptions that untreated II/1 distoclusion will worsen with age appear to be unfounded. The evidence indicates that the absence of orthodontic correction for adolescent patients with Class II Division 1 deepbite malocclusion will not usually lead to measurable occlusal deterioration in young adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The prevalence of malocclusion in children with cerebral palsy.

The prevalence of malocclusion in children with cerebral palsy was studied by comparison with a normal control group. The prevalence of drooling and prematurity was also assessed as well as the degree of mental handicap. Results showed an increased prevalence of malocclusion in children with cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsied children are likely to have a significantly increased overjet (P < 0.001) when compared with normal children. The comparatively small sample sizes precluded firm conclusions being drawn regarding other group comparisons (such as comparing children with cerebral palsy with and without a mental handicap) but there may be a tendency towards the more handicapped group having a Class II malocclusion.

Adolescent↗