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PubMed1991

Infection of lymphocytes by a virus that aborts cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and establishes persistent infection.

For viruses to establish persistent infections in their hosts, they must possess some mechanism for evading clearance by the immune system. When inoculated into adult immunocompetent mice, wild-type lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV ARM) induces a CD8(+)-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response that clears the infection within 7-14 d (CTL+ [P-]). By contrast, variant viruses isolated from lymphoid tissues of persistently infected mice fail to induce a CTL response and are thus able to establish a persistent infection in adult mice (CTL- [P+]). This report compares the interaction of CTL+ (P-) and CTL- (P+) viruses with cells of the immune system. Both types of virus initially bind to 2-4% of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and replicate within cells of both subsets. The replication of CTL- (P+) and CTL+ (P-) viruses in lymphocytes in vivo is similar for the first 5 d after initiating infection. Thereafter, in mice infected with CTL- (P+) variants, lymphocytes retain viral genetic information, and infectious virus can be recovered throughout the animals' lives. In contrast, when adult mice are infected with wild-type CTL+ (P-) LCMV ARM, virus is not recovered from lymphocytes for greater than 7 d after infection. A CD8(+)-mediated anti-LCMV CTL response is induced in such mice. Clearance of infected lymphocytes is produced by these LCMV-specific CTLs, as shown by their ability to lyse lymphocytes expressing LCMV determinants in vitro and the fact that depletion of CD8+ lymphocytes before infection with CTL+ (P-) viruses results in levels of infected lymphocytes similar to those found in undepleted CTL- (P+)-infected mice. Hence, CTL-mediated lysis of T lymphocytes carrying infectious virus is a critical factor determining whether virus persists or the infection is terminated.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of different lipoproteins on the proliferative response of interleukin-2-activated T lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes.

1. T lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes internalized chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and acetyl modified low-density lipoprotein through different receptors as assessed by flow cytometry. The observed internalization ranged from 8% to 20%. 2. All lipoproteins induced proliferative responses in T lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes at optimum concentrations (40 micrograms of protein/ml for all lipoproteins except high-density lipoprotein). Chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein increased T-lymphocyte proliferative response by fourfold while inducing respectively a seven-, nine- and sevenfold increment in large granular lymphocytes. Similarly, high-density lipoprotein and acetyl modified low-density lipoprotein respectively induced a nine- and sevenfold increment in T cells and a 17- and eightfold increment in large granular lymphocyte proliferative response. 3. Both cell types internalized more lipoprotein when they were stimulated with interleukin 2. Chylomicrons and low-density lipoprotein internalization was increased threefold and very low-density lipoprotein internalization twofold, while high-density lipoprotein internalization was unchanged in both cell types. Acetyl modified low-density lipoprotein internalization was fourfold higher in large granular lymphocytes only. 4. The proliferative response of interleukin-2 stimulated cells was different from that of unstimulated cells. Chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein induced a sixfold increment in T-cell proliferative response but only a fourfold increment in large granular lymphocytes. Low-density lipoprotein and acetyl modified low-density lipoprotein induced respectively a sevenfold and eightfold increment in T cells and a eightfold and threefold increment in large granular lymphocyte proliferative response. High-density lipoprotein did not affect T-lymphocyte proliferative response while inducing a twofold increase in large granular lymphocytes. 5. Lipoproteins are important in the proliferative response of unstimulated and interleukin-2-stimulated cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absolute lymphocyte count as a marker for CD4 T-lymphocyte count: criterion for initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians.

BACKGROUND: Few laboratories in resource-constrained countries can afford to perform laboratory-monitoring tests required for the implementation of HIV therapy. In this case control study, we have investigated the relevance of absolute lymphocyte count as a surrogate marker for CD4 lymphocyte count as a criterion for initiating HAARTin HIV-infected Nigerians. METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive recruited HIV-infected, previously antiretroviral naive persons and 30 HIV-negative individuals blood samples were run for absolute lymphocyte and CD4 lymphocyte counts and results were compared by a model of linear regression analysis. RESULTS: An overall modest correlation was observed between absolute lymphocyte count and CD4 lymphocyte (r = 0.51) and at CD4 lymphocyte threshold relevant for clinical management of HIV-infected; <200, 200-350 and >350 cells/microL (r = 0.41, 0.30 and 0.21) respectively. Mean absolute lymphocyte count of 1.60 +/- 0.77 x 10(9)/L, 1.88 +/- 1.11 x 10(9)/L and 2.04 +/- 0.54 x 10(9)/L was equivalent respectively to CD4 of <200, 200-350 and >350 cells/microL. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates a modest correlation between absolute and CD4 lymphocyte counts of HIV-infected Nigerians and at CD4 lymphocyte count threshold significant for clinical management of HIV-infected. Absolute lymphocyte count can become a minimal inexpensive alternative to CD4 lymphocyte count in conjunction with WHO staging and clinical status of patient in determining the optimal time to initiate therapy particularly in resource limited settings where other expensive methods of CD4 enumeration are unavailable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[T4 lymphocytes (helper cells) and T8 lymphocytes (cytotoxic and suppressor cells) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV infection].

250 determinations of lymphocyte T subsets in 130 HIV infected patients (79 asymptomatic carriers or with lymphadenopathy, 31 ARC- and 20 AIDS-patients) were analyzed as to the percentage, number, and ratio of T4 (helper) and T8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes in sequential clinical stages of HIV infection. Asymptomatic HIV carriers or patients with lymphadenopathy were found to have statistically significant higher counts of erythrocytes, platelets, total lymphocytes, percentage and number of T4 lymphocytes and T4/T8 lymphocyte ratio than the ARC-patients. Persons with ARC in comparison with AIDS-patients were found to have significantly higher values of erythrocytes, platelets, leucocytes, total lymphocytes, T4 lymphocytes, percentage and count of T8 lymphocytes and T4/T8 lymphocyte ratio. In AIDS patients a statistically significant correlation was seen between number of T4 lymphocyte and number of erythrocytes, platelets, total number of lymphocytes and value of T4/T8 lymphocyte ratio.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1990

Lymphocyte populations of non-scleronodular Hodgkin's disease subtypes in different stages of lymphocyte depletion. An immunophenotypic and quantitative study.

Twenty-one cases of non-scleronodular Hodgkin's disease with variable lymphocyte contents were studied immunophenotypically and quantitatively to analyse the distribution of different lymphocyte populations and to determine whether selective loss of lymphocyte subpopulations accompanies overall lymphocyte depletion. In Hodgkin's tissue B-cells were scanty and unevenly distributed in samples with both many and few lymphocytes. Several large B, LN1-positive (possibly activated) cells were observed in a few cases. CD3-positive T-lymphocytes predominated in all cases; the same cells were also UCHL1-positive, thus expressing characteristics of mature T-memory cells. CD4-positive lymphocytes were usually more numerous than CD8-positive lymphocytes, but quantitative evaluation of the latter showed that they did not decrease in proportion to any diminution of the whole lymphocyte population. This finding suggests that in the process of lymphocyte depletion more CD4-positive lymphocytes than CD8-positive lymphocytes are lost, and this might account for the impairment of cell-mediated immunity in Hodgkin's disease.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2004

Early deficit of lymphocytes in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: possible role of WASP in human lymphocyte maturation.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked platelet/immunodeficiency disease. The affected gene encodes WASP, a multidomain protein that regulates cytoskeletal assembly in blood cells. Patients have recurring infections, and their lymphocytes exhibit deficient proliferative responses in vitro. We report an evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of 27 WAS patients, aged one month to 55 years. Whereas NK cells were normal, a significant deficit of T and B lymphocytes was observed. The number of lymphocytes was already decreased in infant patients, suggesting deficient output. Both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes were affected; the decrease was most pronounced for naïve T cells. Naïve CD4 lymphocytes of patients showed normal expression of Bcl-2, and Ki-67, and normal survival in vitro, suggesting that their in vivo survival and proliferation are normal. The collective data suggest that the patients' lymphocyte deficit results from deficient output, likely due to abnormal lymphocyte maturation in the thymus and bone marrow. We propose that WASP plays an important role not only in the function of mature T lymphocytes, but also in the maturation of human T and B lymphocytes and that impaired lymphocyte maturation is central to the aetiology of WAS immunodeficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Activation of secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes by cell-free factors from I-region-primed and D-region-primed lymphocytes.

Cell co-operation in the generation of secondary cytotoxic responses was studied by selectively sensitizing lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) across I or D region difference and by combining the primed lymphocytes in the secondary MLC. Secondary cytotoxic responses were induced in D-region-primed lymphocytes by restimulation with the original priming D-region antigens, by co-culturing with the I-region-primed lymphocytes in the presence of the priming I-region antigens, or by cell-free supernatants obtained 24 h after the restimulation of D-region-primed lymphocytes and I-region-primed lymphocytes, The active MLC supernatants produced by both I-region-primed and D-region-primed cells also induced accelerated proliferative responses in D-region-primed lymphocytes. Heat-treatment or ultraviolet irradiation of the stimulator cells eliminated the capacity of the cells to induce the production of CTL-helper factor in I-region-primed and D-region-primed lymphocytes. It was concluded that both I-region-primed and D-region-primed lymphocytes produce a cell-free factor which induces proliferation and secondary cytotoxicity in D-region-primed lymphocytes. The possible participation of D-region reactive helper T cells and D-region reactive cytotoxic T cells in the cytotoxic responses to D-region antigens in the absence of I-region difference is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Relationship of fluorescence polarization to cell lineage in lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Previous investigations have shown differences in fluorescence polarization between normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes following incubation with the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. In the present study, we determined the fluorescence polarization of unseparated or enriched subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. As had been observed by others, the mean polarization (P) value at 25 degrees C for unseparated chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, .240 +/- .007 (N = 22), was lower than that of unseparated normal lymphocytes, .248 +/- .005 (N = 18), P less than .001 (Student's t-test). The difference was greater when B-enriched populations were compared. The mean P value of B-cell-enriched chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, .240 +/- .007 (N = 5), was significantly lower than that of B-cell-enriched normal preparations, .256 +/- .004 (N = 5), P less than .001. In contrast, no significant difference was found between normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia T cells. The anomalous fluorescence polarization manifested by chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes of B-cell origin serves to distinguish this lineage from its normal counterpart and from T cells of either source.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed2001

Deregulated expression of prostate apoptosis response gene-4 in less differentiated lymphocytes and inverse expressional patterns of par-4 and bcl-2 in acute lymphocytic leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate apoptosis response gene-4, known as par-4, is a new proapoptotic factor functionally required but not sufficient for apoptosis. Since there is evidence from prostate cancer cells that par-4 is involved in regulation of bcl-2 we assessed expression of par-4 and bcl-2 in different populations of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression of par-4 mRNA and protein in different subpopulations of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS: Par-4 mRNA was not detectable in lymphocytes of healthy volunteers (n = 10), but was present in the majority of samples of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 30), chronic lymphocytic leukemia/prolymphocytic leukemia (n = 6) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (n = 10). Par-4 protein was expressed unanimously in samples of mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers and patients with CLL, but less frequently in immature lymphocytes, including neoplastic cells of CLL/PLL and ALL. The decreased frequency of par-4 expression in immature subpopulations was confirmed by results on lymphocytic cell lines at various stages of maturation. Comparing the expressional patterns of par-4 and bcl-2 there was an inverse relationship of both proteins in ALL and different lymphocytic cell lines, indicating a functional relationship of par-4 and bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes par-4 as a factor expressed in the majority of normal and neoplastic lymphocytic cells, demonstrating a decreased frequency of protein expression in less differentiated lymphocytes and an inverse expressional pattern of par-4 and bcl-2 in lymphocytic cell lines and ALL.

Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins↗
PubMed1973

Anatomical distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the rat. Development of lymphocyte-specific antisera.

A method is described whereby antisera raised in rabbits to rat thoracic duct lymphocytes were made specific for the plasma membrane antigens of T and B lymphocytes. These lymphocyte-specific antisera were used in immunofluorescence assays to study the distribution of B and T cells in lymphocyte containing tissues and body fluids of the rat. Rabbit antirat B-cell serum (ALS(B)) reacted selectively with the surfaces of lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicles of lymph node cortex and in the follicles and marginal zones of splenic white pulp, but not with the surfaces of germinal center cells or plasma cells. An identical pattern of fluorescent staining was obtained with rabbit antirat Ig serum. It was shown by blocking, absorption, and immunoprecipitation studies that ALS(B) was composed in large part of antibodies to rat Ig, but that it contained antibodies to other B-cell antigens as well. Rabbit antirat T-cell serum (ALS(T)) reacted selectively with the surfaces of lymphocytes in the paracortex of lymph node and in the periarteriolar sheath of spleen, and with thymocytes. ALS(T) did not display anti-Ig activity. ALS(T) reacted with approximately 100% thymocytes and with 90% thoracic duct, 80% lymph node, 60% blood, 50% spleen, and 10% bone marrow lymphocytes in suspensions of cells from these sources. ALS(B) reacted with the remainder of the lymphocytes in the suspensions, except for bone marrow in which only 59% of lymphocytes had detectable B- or T-cell surface antigens. The population of T lymphocytes in rat bone marrow was depleted by drainage of lymphocytes from a thoracic duct fistula, thereby establishing their membership in the pool of recirculating T cells. Approximately 14% of lymphocytes issuing from the thoracic duct of TxBM donors reacted with ALS(T). The presence in these animals of a small number of T cells, calculated to be approximately 2% of the normal value, may account for the limited capacity of TxBM rats to respond to antigens that induce a cell-mediated immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The migration of lymphocytes across specialized vascular endothelium VII. The migration of T and B lymphocytes from the blood of the athymic, nude rat.

The primary migration of lymphocytes from the blood was compared in nude rats and in euthymic rats. The flatter endothelium in the post-capillary venules (PCV) in the lymph nodes of nude rats was as efficient as the high endothelium of PCV in euthymic rats at capturing both T and B lymphocytes from the blood, although lymphocytes took a longer time to cross the PCV wall in nude recipients. The organ distribution of both lymphocytes and lymphoblasts ([125I]UdR-labelled cells) was broadly similar in nude and euthymic recipients. A second aim was to compare B and T lymphocytes with respect to the rate and sites at which they leave the blood after intravenous injection. As judged by sampling venous blood, B lymphocytes left the blood faster, but this was partly attributable to a larger intravascular pool of B lymphocytes in small blood vessels, especially in the lung. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from nude rats collected under standard conditions (16 h, O degrees C) entered the cervical lymph nodes very poorly, but when lymphocyte transfer was performed under more physiological conditions entry of B lymphocytes into lymph nodes was about half that of T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes did show a slight preference for entry into Peyer's patches compared with lymph nodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The immunomodulating effect of theophylline on lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.

The in vitro immunomodulating effects of theophylline on E-rosette formation, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response, and Ig surface receptors of B lymphocytes were studied on fresh as well as on preincubated lymphocytes from patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In 11 out of 14 CLL patients, 24 hours preincubation at 37 degrees C significantly enhanced E-rosette formation. Subsequent treatment of preincubated cells with appropriate concentrations of theophylline further enhanced E-rosette formation in 11 cases. On fresh lymphocytes the enhancing effect of theophylline on E-rosette formation was not significant. The same was true for PHA stimulation; in 5 out of 7 cases the mitogen enhanced the stimulating effect of preincubation and had no significant effect on fresh lymphocytes from CLL patients. Preincubation significantly reduced the percentage of surface immunoglobulin positive B cells from CLL patients in all cases studied, and theophylline treatment had an additional effect on this phenomenon. No such effect of theophylline on fresh B cells from CLL patients could be observed. Preincubation had no significant effect on control lymphocytes. The effect of theophylline on control lymphocytes as compared to lymphocytes from CLL patients was completely different for T as well as for B lymphocytes. E-rosette formation from control lymphocytes (fresh and preincubated) was significantly inhibited in the presence of theophylline. No significantly enhanced responsiveness to PHA could be observed after treatment of fresh or preincubated lymphocytes with theophylline. Preincubation and theophylline treatment had no significant effect on the percentage of Ig positive B cells from control lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1984

Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation. I. Studies of two selective inhibitors of lymphocyte recirculation.

Pertussigen, a protein toxin purified from Bordetella pertussis, and fucoidin, a high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide, were analyzed for their ability to inhibit lymphocyte recirculation in vivo. Pertussigen treatment of lymphocytes resulted in a dosage- and time-dependent loss of their ability to localize in lymph nodes or Peyer's patches. This toxin-induced alteration did not reverse after extended lymphocyte culture in toxin-free media, and had no effect on lymphocyte viability or activation by mitogens. Furthermore, pertussigen-treated lymphocytes retained the ability to specifically adhere to high endothelial cells in an in vitro binding assay. Kinetic studies suggested that the toxin's molecular action on lymphocytes is analogous to that reported for pancreatic islets and hormone-responsive cultured cell lines. Inhibition of lymphocyte recirculation by fucoidin was also observed in vivo. Fucoidin-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte localization to peripheral lymph nodes was reversible with time, and could not be effected by pretreatment of lymphocytes with the polysaccharide. Furthermore, we confirmed the observation that fucoidin blocks lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial cells in vitro. On the basis of these observations, we propose that the mechanism of lymphocyte extravasation involves a specific receptor-mediated binding event followed by an adenylate cyclase-dependent activation of cell motility. Fucoidin is capable of interfering with the primary adhesion event, whereas pertussigen selectively inhibits the second process to block lymphocyte recirculation in vivo.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin↗
PubMed1997

Plasmin-induced proteolysis of tenascin-C: modulation by T lymphocyte-derived urokinase-type plasminogen activator and effect on T lymphocyte adhesion, activation, and cell clustering.

Proteolysis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix occur physiologically in processes such as tissue morphogenesis and repair and may participate in the regulation of complex cell functions, including proliferation and differentiation. While matrix degradation appears to be relevant to T lymphocyte migration through tissues, little is known about whether degraded matrix affects T lymphocyte function. We have studied the interaction between T lymphocytes and tenascin-C (TN-C), a matrix protein we have previously reported to inhibit T lymphocyte activation, in the context of plasmin-induced degradation. Here we report that plasmin efficiently cleaves TN-C. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol ester, anti-CD28, or anti-CD3 Ab, induce, within 24 to 48 h, a strong plasminogen-dependent proteolysis of TN-C. We demonstrate that stimulated T lymphocytes activate plasminogen by secreting the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). Plasminogen activation by T lymphocyte-derived u-PA occurs efficiently in fluid phase in the absence of cells. We investigate the consequences of plasmin-induced proteolysis on three of the effects of TN-C in relation to lymphocyte functions. Plasmin proteolysis converts TN-C from a nonadhesive into an adhesive substrate for T lymphocytes and abolishes its aggregating activity on PBMC. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of TN-C on T lymphocyte activation remains unaffected. These observations demonstrate that stimulated T lymphocytes induce plasminogen-dependent proteolysis of TN-C by secreting u-PA and suggest that proteolysis of TN-C may represent a mechanism by which to regulate some of its effects on T lymphocyte functions.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1984

Lymphocyte induced macrophage cytotoxicity: characterization of the macrophage cytotoxicity-inducing lymphocyte.

The phenotype of lymphocytes, obtained from mice immunized with allogeneic tumor cells, with the capacity to induce macrophage cytotoxicity was determined. Macrophage cytotoxicity was induced, either by incubating the macrophages with Macrophage Arming Factor (MAF) containing supernatants of cultures of sensitized lymphocytes and tumor cells (arming) or by incubating the macrophages directly with sensitized lymphocytes and tumor cells (activation). The MAF producing or activating capacity of the lymphocytes was not only "triggered" by the sensitizing tumor cells but also by normal cells and other tumor cells bearing the H-2 determinants of the sensitizing tumor cell. The capacity to render macrophages cytotoxic was not reduced after treatment of the lymphocytes with mitomycin-C or treatment with anti-murine Ig and complement. This capacity of the lymphocytes was abrogated after treatment with anti-T-cell serum or anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement. After treatment with anti-Lyt 1 or anti-Lyt 2 serum and complement, the activating capacity was significantly reduced and the MAF producing capacity of the lymphocytes abrogated. Mixing the Lyt 1 depleted and Lyt 2 depleted lymphocytes or addition of normal lymphocytes to the Lyt 1 depleted or Lyt 2 depleted populations did not restore the MAF producing and activating capacities. This indicated that the lymphocytes inducing macrophage cytotoxicity in this allogeneic system are Lyt-1+2+ T-lymphocytes, which do not need to divide prior to perform their action.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of the expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen on the peripheral blood and cutaneous lymphocytes of alopecia areata patients.

Alopecia areata has been reported to be accompanied by abnormal autoimmune dysfunction. We examined the expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), which is a skin-specific lymphocyte homing receptor, in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin of patients with alopecia areata. In the patients' peripheral blood, the percentage of CLA-positive CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes, was significantly higher than that of normal controls. The patients with severe or progressive alopecia areata showed a much higher CLA-positivity compared to patients recovering from the disease. A chronological study showed that the percentage of CLA-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD4 + or CD8 + lymphocytes decreased in parallel with the patients' good clinical course. The CLA-positivity in peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes of patients with alopecia areata who did not respond to oral corticosteroid therapy remained higher than in those who responded well to the treatment. In the affected scalp skin, many infiltrating lymphocytes around the hair follicles, which were CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes, expressed CLA. These findings suggest that the CLA-positivity correlates with clinical activity and that CLA-positive CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes may play an important role in alopecia areata.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Lymphocyte and lymphocyte subsets in pleural fluid--comparison of malignant and non-malignant disorders].

The role of lymphocytes in host defence in neoplastic disorders is known. Accumulation of lymphocytes in pleural cavity frequently occurs in different diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate: 1) the frequency of lymphocyte predominance in different malignant and non-malignant pleural effusions; 2) lymphocyte phenotype and the ratio between helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8+) lymphocytes in malignant and non-malignant effusions. Patients with mesothelioma, lung cancer, lymphoma and metastatic neoplasms were analysed. Analysis was performed on fluids with or without malignant cells. Non-malignant fluids were obtained from patients with: congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Lymphocytes were the predominant cell type in neoplastic effusions. For further analysis effusions with more than 10% of lymphocytes were included: 12 malignant and 9 non-malignant. For lymphocyte subpopulations analysis, the monoclonal antibodies anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 and APAAP method was used. We observed lower percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes (47%) and higher percentage of CD8+ (39%) lymphocytes in malignant when compared to non-malignant fluids (58% vs 31% respectively). The CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly lower in pleural fluid in cases with neoplastic disease when compared to benign cause of pleural involvement (1.03 vs 1.85). Our observations suggest the potential role of lymphocytes, especially CD8+ cells in local response in malignancy in pleural disease.

Adult↗