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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Lithium found in the total brain and brain lipids after intracranial injection of lithium in mice. Relation to the observed behavior disorders].

Behavioural disturbances after lithium injection only appear in mice with concentrations above 8 microequivalents per brain. Below this value, no fixation of lithium occurs in the brain. At higher concentrations, the amount of lithium found in the brain and associated with brain lipids increases gradually to reach a plateau. Moreover, although lithium increases the extraction of proteolipids, it does not seem to have an affinity for these compounds.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current hypotheses on the mechanism of action of lithium. II. Lithium and membranes; from the receptor to cyclic nucleotide by the way of membrane phospholipids].

This article details how lithium affects the membrane. Lithium would counter variations in receptor sensitivity. This hypothesis has been taken up by many authors working with different models. The practical implications of such an effect remain to be defined. Also, lithium would act on the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides, principally cyclic AMP. The enzyme adenylate-cyclase, which synthesizes the nucleotide, might be one of the main targets of its therapeutic action. Between the receptors at the exterior of the membrane and the second messengers inside the cell, the mechanisms of information transfer across the membrane (or transductor system) would in turn be affected by the cation. More precisely, by interfering with the metabolism of phospholipids, essential components of this system, lithium would modify the usual functioning of the transductor. All these observations suggest a global stabilizing effect on the membrane.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution of lithium in the plasma and erythrocytes of frogs following a single injection of different doses of lithium carbonate].

On administration of lithium carbonate to grass frogs (Rana temporaria) in doses of 50-100 mg/kg its concentration in the plasma after 1 hour (2.9 +/- 0.48-8.7 +/- 0.43 mekv/l) far exceeded the therapeutic concentration in man and also in other animal species after administration of the comparable doses of lithium concentration ratio in the erythrocytes and plasma comprising 0.1-0.2. On administration of lithium in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg its concentration in the plasma corresponded after a lapse of 1,4 and 24 hours to 0.38 +/- 0.03--0.98 +/- 0.03; 0.33 +/- 0.02--0.69 +/- 0.03 and 0.37 +/- 0.01-0.70 +/- 0.02 mekv/l, respectively, while the ratio of concentration in the erythrocytes and plasma was 0.5-0.3. and approximately accorded with the therapeutic values in man. To make a comparison between clinical and experimental findings, obtained in other animal species, it is advisable the lithium carbonate doses not exceeding 25 mg/kg be used.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Lithium-drug interactions altering the intracellular lithium level: an in vitro study.

An in vitro incubation system utilizing a bicarbonate-CO2 buffer system accurately predicts the in vivo red cell:plasma lithium ratio (LR). Piperazine phenothiazines produced the most marked elevations of intracellular lithium, doubling the LR when added to the system at 3 X 10(-5) M. The aminoalkyl phenothiazines and thioxanthenes were somewhat less active, while the non-phenothiazine antipsychotics, such as loxapine, haloperidol and molindone, produced only minor increases in the LR. Tricyclic antidepressants produced a 20-30% increase, while other types of antidepressants, the major neurotransmitters and their metabolites, hormones, benzodiazepines and diuretics did not show any activity. Of the antihypertensives studied, only hydralazine had an effect on the LR. The effect of fluphenazine on the intracellular lithium level was paralleled by an increase in intracellular sodium and was blocked by dipyridamole. Several important lithium-drug interactions may contribute to an increased LR and suggest caution in the interpretation of studies of the relationship between the LR and clinical aspects of the affective disorders.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1978

[A case of lithium intoxication at therapeutic lithium dosage due to additional diuretic therapy (author's transl)].

A case is presented of lithium intoxication with therapeutic doses of lithium, owing to the additional administration of a sodium-excreting diuretic. Since the patient was receiving neuroleptic therapy at the same time, intoxication symptoms at the onset were falsely attributed to neuroleptic extrapyramidal effects. The possible effects of widely-used diuretics in conjunction with lithium therapy are presented. The combination of both therapeutic substances is possible, but calls for extreme caution and strict control of medication, diet and serum lithium levels.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1982

[The value of the measurement of intra-erythrocytic lithium in the bio-clinical surveillance of lithium therapy (author's transl)].

THe correlation between red cell lithium concentration and signs of neurotoxicity have been reported in the literature by a great majority of authors. A deficiency in the lithium-sodium counter-transport mechanism may be responsible. Measurement of blood lithium levels only is not always sufficient to identify in the laboratory patients showing signs of intolerance. The three cases reported here indicate the limitations of the measurement of plasma lithium levels and the perfect correlation between neurological signs and erythrocyte levels. In vitro studies of transmembrane ion exchanges should make it possible to undertake an investigation before starting treatment in order to identify the risks of cellular toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The influence of lithium on fluvoxamine therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics in depressed patients on combined fluvoxamine-lithium therapy.

The influence of lithium on fluvoxamine therapeutic efficacy, plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics was studied in 12 depressed inpatients. Six patients were on fluvoxamine monotherapy and six were on combined fluvoxamine-lithium therapy. The treatment response was determined using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Blood samples were collected during 48 h after a single dose administration of 100 mg fluvoxamine, and five times at steady state after repeated doses of 100 mg fluvoxamine per day. The evaluation of 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Scores showed a significant clinical improvement 2 and 4 weeks after the beginning of the therapy in both groups (p < 0.01). However, 2 weeks after the administration of the drug(s) had started, significant differences (p < 0.05) in efficacy between the two treatments in favour of the fluvoxamine-lithium combination were found. Plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The comparison of the measured concentrations of fluvoxamine showed a similar course of the plasma concentration-time curves in both groups of patients. Pharmacokinetic parameters of fluvoxamine did not show any significant difference on the comparison between the groups. According to the results from this study, it is evident that lithium does not affect plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine in depressed patients on concomitant treatment with these two drugs. However, the effect achieved with the combination was better.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Enhancement of lithium amide to lithium imide transition via mechanical activation.

The decomposition of lithium amide (LiNH2) to lithium imide (Li2NH) and ammonia (NH3) with and without high-energy ball milling is investigated to lay a foundation for identifying methods to enhance the hydrogen uptake/release of the lithium amide and lithium hydride mixture. A wide range of analytical instruments are utilized to provide unambiguous evidence of the effect of mechanical activation. It is shown that ball milling reduces the onset temperature for the decomposition of LiNH2 from 120 degrees C to room temperature. The enhanced decomposition via ball milling is attributed to mechanical activation related to the formation of nanocrystallites, the reduced particle size, the increased surface area, and the decreased activation energy. The more mechanical activation there is, then the more improvement there is in enhancing the decomposition of LiNH2. It also is found that the activation energy for the decomposition of LiNH2 without ball milling is 243.98 kJ/mol, which is reduced to 222.20 kJ/mol after ball milling at room temperature for 45 min and is further reduced to 138.05 kJ/mol after ball milling for 180 min. The rate of the isothermal decomposition at the later phase of the LiNH2 decomposition is controlled by diffusion of NH3 through the Li2NH layer.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Steady-state lithium blood level fluctuations in man following administration of a lithium carbonate conventional and controlled-release dosage form.

A controlled-release lithium carbonate tablet was compared to an immediate release lithium carbonate capsule in normal volunteers. These crossover studies at steady state showed that the tablet produced a smoother serum curve than the capsule with no loss of total bioavailability. Quantitatively, the capsule produced about 1.4 times more fluctuation in serum lithium values than the tablet.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Measurement of lithium transport in RBC from psychiatric patients receiving lithium carbonate and normal individuals by 7Li NMR spectroscopy.

A reproducible 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method, based on a modified inversion recovery (MIR) pulse sequence, was used to discriminate between intra- and extracellular lithium concentrations in red blood cell (RBC) suspensions. The rates of Na(+)-Li+ countertransport determined by the 7Li NMR method were significantly correlated with the measurements made by atomic absorption (AA) for 14 psychiatric patients receiving lithium carbonate (r = 0.937) and 14 normal individuals (r = 0.931). As expected, the rates of Na(+)-Li+ countertransport measured by MIR were significantly lower for the psychiatric patients receiving lithium carbonate than for normal individuals. The 7Li NMR method provides RBC Li+ countertransport information comparable to AA for psychiatric patients and normal individuals. A description of the advantages of the 7Li NMR method in contrast to the AA method, including the study of Li+ interactions with RBC components such as membrane proteins and anionic phospholipids, is included.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of lithium carbonate on the leukocyte count following ionizing radiation. 4. The effect of lithium carbonate on the activation of granulocytes].

From numerous investigations it is known that lithium carbonate promotes granulocytopoiesis by stimulation of CSF (colony stimulating factor) in bone marrow. To prove if no immature, in their functions restricted cells are delivered from bone marrow, the activity of granulocytes was tested in vitro in patients with lithium therapy. It could be seen that granulocytes of peripheral blood show an increased in-vitro-activation after lithium influence in vivo.

Dysgerminoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of lithium hydroxybutyrate and lithium chloride on heart rhythm disorders of various origins].

It has been shown in experiments on anesthetized cats and dogs that lithium hydroxybutyrate produces antiarrhythmic action in central aconitic and strophanthine arrhythmias, prevents the development of ventricular fibrillation, and shows antiarrhythmic activity in strong occlusion on the coronary artery. The drug does not remove the atrial and aconitic patterns of arrhythmia. Lithium chloride also exhibits antiarrhythmic action in central aconitic arrhythmia, being inferior to lithium hydroxybutyrate. The drug does not influence central strophanthine arrhythmia and does not show antifibrillation activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A novel mixed dimer of a norephedrine-derived chiral lithium amide and 2-lithium-1-methylimidazole, and catalytic enantioselective deprotonation of cyclohexene oxide.

Improved stereoselectivity has been obtained by using 2-lithium-1-methylimidazole, 2, as a replacement for lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) as a bulk base in catalytic deprotonations. The chiral lithium amide 6 of (1R,2S)-N-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinylpropanamine, 5, has been found to deprotonate cyclohexene oxide 3 in the presence of compound 2 to yield (S)-cyclohex-2-en-1-ol, 4, in 96% ee. Compound 2 is a carbenoid species conveniently generated from nBuLi and 1-methylimidazole, 1. The base 2 has also been found to play a more intimate role in the deprotonation. Investigations by 1H, 6Li and 13C NMR of the 6Li/15N isotopologue 8 of 6 have shown that 6 is homodimeric in THF and that, in the presence of 2, it forms a novel heterodimer 10. This heterodimer is found to be the dominant reagent in the initial state, rather than the homodimer of 6. Computational investigations with PM3 and B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) have shown possible structures of the heterodimers, as well as the role of THF and I in the solvation of the dimers. The results are in line with the NMR results. Favoured complexes in the equilibria between homo- and heterocomplexes are also reported.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1992

Endogenous lithium determination in blood plasma and urine by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and preliminary isolation of lithium fraction using paper chromatography.

A version of isotope dilution mass spectrometric technique elaborated for measuring endogenous lithium concentrations in human blood plasma and urine (10(-7) M region) and applicable in clinical practice is described. A tracer solution of lithium (LiCl) enriched in 6Li (with abundances 6Li 92%, 7Li 8%) is added to a certain volume of human plasma (0.2-0.4 ml) or urine (0.05-0.1 ml) and dried under an infrared lamp. Thereupon a soluble part extracted from dried plasma with the aid of 0.1 N HCl is dried as well. Dry extracts from plasma and dried samples of urine are processed by 30% H2O2 and subsequently subjected to paper chromatography (with ethanol as a solvent). Such processing of samples is simple and short (about an hour, 3 min of chromatographic process inclusive), achieving a good separation from organic matrix and interfering macroelements. Contamination of sample in processing is about 2-5 pmol; routine control of contamination and account of their influence are accomplished by measuring two different volumes of each sample. Measurements are made with high precision: cyclic repeated scanning of 7Li and 6Li peaks have a standard deviation of 7Li/6Li ratio no more than 0.7%. The method described was used to determine endogenous lithium clearance of hypertensive patients and patients with transplanted kidney.

Chromatography, Paper↗
PubMed2003

Multiple lithium exchange under lithium cationization of cyclodextrins.

Multiple lithium exchange is observed during electrospray ionization of alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins from aqueous methanolic solution containing LiOH. Apart from [M + Li](+) and [M + nLi - (n - 1)H](+) ions, abundant multiply lithiated doubly charged ions corresponding to [M + nLi - (n - 2)H](2+) ions were observed. At least six lithium exchanges in alpha-cyclodextrin, seven in beta-cyclodextrin and eight in gamma-cyclodextrin were noted. The propensity of multiply lithiated doubly charged ions is much less in the open-ended maltoheptaose. It appears that during droplet or cluster formation and subsequent desolvation, LiOH trapped in the cavity of cyclodextrin reacts to form multiply lithiated ions. The singly charged [M + Li](+) and doubly charged [M + 2Li](2+) ions fragment by glycosidic cleavages, giving B series of ions, whereas the multiply lithiated ions fragment by cross ring cleavages ((2, 4)A or (O, 2)X) followed by glycosidic cleavage. From the tandem mass spectra, it appears that a maximum of two lithium exchanges occur in one sugar unit in these cyclodextrins.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed1984

Sodium-dependent lithium ion efflux from murine neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells: a minor pathway for efflux of lithium ions.

Lithium ion efflux by murine neuroblastoma (clone N1E-115) and rat glioma (clone C6) cells was studied to determine the presence of a phloretin-sensitive sodium-lithium countertransport pathway which has been found in human erythrocytes. Although this pathway could be identified in these cultured cells, unlike that in red blood cells, it was a very minor (less than 20%) component of the overall efflux of lithium ions from these cells of nervous tissue origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Renal side effects of lithium: the importance of the serum lithium level.

Patients given long-term treatment with lithium often develop an impairment of renal water reabsorption which may lead to clinically significant adverse reactions. A convenient measure of this impairment may be obtained using the ratio of urine volume (V) divided by lithium clearance (CLi). When data from a large group of patients were recalculated, this ratio showed a statistically significant correlation with the serum lithium level. This finding supports the suggestion that patients might advantageously be maintained at lower serum levels than those commonly employed.

Absorption↗
PubMed1993

Brain lithium concentrations measured with lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with affective disorders: relationship to erythrocyte and serum concentrations.

Brain lithium concentrations were measured in eight patients with affective disorders using lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Brain lithium concentrations correlated better with serum concentrations (n = 23, r = 0.66, p < 0.001) than with erythrocyte concentrations (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Because of previous data in animal experiments these results were unexpected, but the differences in cation transport mechanisms between neurons and erythrocytes may account for the results.

Adult↗