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PubMed1992

Microleakage of a composite inlay system.

This study investigated the marginal seal of resin composite inlays in dentin and enamel when either unfilled resin or a second or third generation dentin bonding agent is used. Standardized mesial and distal inlay cavities were cut in 135 human third molar teeth. The teeth were randomly divided into 9 groups and inlays fabricated in a hybrid resin composite inlay material. Each group of teeth was then treated with one of 8 dentin bonding agents or an unfilled resin and cemented with a dual curing resin cement. Each group was stored in deionized water for 1 week, thermocycled between 5 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 55 degrees C for 500 cycles, then placed in 2% methylene blue solution for 15 hours. Following this the teeth were sectioned and scored for the degree of leakage observed. Marginal microleakage was minimal at enamel margins, however there was marked leakage, even when a dentin bonding agent was used, on the dentin side. Only two dentin bonding agents proved more effective than unfilled resin and in only one case was the leakage not significantly worse than in enamel.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of a heat-treated resin composite inlay: 3-year results.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a resin composite inlay system in clinical trials involving human subjects. A total of 60 restorations were inserted equally in Class I and II preparations and in premolars and molars. A glass ionomer liner was applied to the dentin. Light-cured direct inlays were fabricated in the oral environment. Thirty inlays were heat-treated for 7.5 minutes at 125 degrees C in a dry heat oven. Enamel margins of the preparations were etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel. All inlays were cemented with a light-cured enamel bonding resin. Restorations were evaluated using the USPHS system and M-L indirect scale. Six, 12, 24 and 36-month recalls were compared to baseline. Color, interfacial staining, secondary caries, and wear were unchanged from baseline for all restorations. Marginal integrity and surface texture show a differential change from baseline and with respect to restoration type. Indirect wear was not significantly different between restoration types (P < 0.05). Wear resistance was not significantly improved with heat treatment, but marginal integrity and surface characteristics showed marked improvement in the heat-treated group at 24 and 36-month recalls.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fracture load of CAD/CAM-generated slot-inlay FPDs.

PURPOSE: This study investigated fracture load of computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-generated slot-inlay fixed partial dentures (FPD) machined from ceramic and composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety slot-inlay FPDs were machined in groups of 15 specimens each using the same design on a Cerec 3 unit. Materials were assigned to groups: (1) Mk II feldspathic ceramic, (2) ProCAD glass-ceramic, (3) glass-ceramic 1, (4) glass-ceramic 2, (5) composite 1, and (6) composite 2. The slot-inlay FPDs were placed on models with two abutment teeth without cementation and loaded to fracture. For control, test bars (n = 15) were machined from each of the materials, and flexural strength was examined using three-point bending. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffé tests. RESULTS: Fracture load of groups 4 (1,557 N, SD 236), 5 (1,048 N, SD 77), and 6 (1,512 N, SD 106) was significantly higher than that of groups 1 (652 N, SD 53) and 2 (773 N, SD 65). Flexural strength of group 4 (256 MPa, SD 20) was significantly higher than that of groups 1 (103 MPa, SD 6), 2 (127 MPa, SD 15), 3 (162 MPa, SD 32), 5 (178 MPa, SD 18), and 6 (170 MPa, SD 20). CONCLUSION: Fracture loads of glass-ceramic 2 and composite 2 appear adequate for CAD/CAM slot-inlay FPDs.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative measurement of marginal disintegration of ceramic inlays.

The objectives of this study include establishing a method for quantitative measurement of marginal change in ceramic inlays and clarifying their marginal disintegration in vivo. An accurate CCD optical laser scanner system was used for morphological measurement of the marginal change of ceramic inlays. The accuracy of the CCD measurement was assessed by comparing it with microscopic measurement. Replicas of 15 premolars restored with Class II ceramic inlays at the time of placement and eight years after restoration were used for morphological measurement by means of the CCD laser scanner system. Occlusal surfaces of the restored teeth were scanned and cross-sections of marginal areas were computed with software. Marginal change was defined as the area enclosed by two profiles obtained by superimposing two cross-sections of the same location at two different times and expressing the maximum depth and mean area of the area enclosed. The accuracy of this method of measurement was 4.3 +/- 3.2 microm in distance and 2.0 +/- 0.6% in area. Quantitative marginal changes for the eight-year period were 10 x 10 microm in depth and 50 x 10(3) microm2 in area at the functional cusp area and 7 x 10 microm in depth and 28 x 10(3) microm2 in area at the non-functional cusp area. Marginal disintegration at the functional cusp area was significantly greater than at the non-functional cusp area (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, p < 0.05). This study constitutes a quantitative measurement of in vivo deterioration in marginal adaptation of ceramic inlays and indicates that occlusal force may accelerate marginal disintegration.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1992

In vitro evaluation of marginal fit and morphology of fired ceramic inlays.

The marginal adaptation of fired ceramic inlays prepared by three dental technicians in two ceramic materials was evaluated in vitro. The thickness of the sealing gap varied between 46.4 and 57.6 microns, and the percentage of marginal ceramic defects ranged between 8.6% and 25.0% of the total inlay circumference. The incidence of marginal defects increased in areas of complex occlusal morphology. Differences observed in inlay adaptation were related to the technician rather than to the material used. The accuracy of ceramic inlays was comparable to that of metallic and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns with butt-joint margins and fell within the range of clinically acceptable adaptation.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation between microleakage and cement thickness in three Class II inlay ceramic systems.

The objectives of this study include comparing the cement thickness and microleakage of Class II ceramic inlays built with three ceramic systems and verifying whether there was a correlation between those two variables. The ceramic systems used include: 1) Heat-pressed (IPS-Empress); 2) CAD-CAM (CEREC 2) and 3) Sintered (Colorlogic). Standardized MOD Class II inlay cavities with one proximal box extending below and the other extending above the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) were prepared in 30 extracted human molars and randomly assigned to three groups. The ceramic inlays were constructed according to manufacturer's instructions and cemented using a dual-cure resin cement (Variolink II). All teeth were mechanically cycled (100,000 cycles, 78N) and thermocycled (700 cycles, 5 degrees C-55 degrees C). After immersion in silver nitrate, the inlays were sectioned mesial-distally and evaluated with an optical microscope (40x). The cement thickness obtained by the Colorlogic system (enamel: 113 +/- 25 microm; dentin: 118 +/- 23 microm) was significantly higher than that obtained by CEREC (enamel: 78 +/- 14 microm; dentin: 87 +/- 13 microm) and Empress (enamel: 65 +/- 15 microm; dentin: 89 +/- 14 microm). Regarding dye penetration, there was no statistical difference among the three ceramic systems in enamel. At the dentin margins, the Colorlogic system resulted in a significantly higher penetration depth compared to CEREC and Empress, which had similar average values. No correlation was found between cement thickness and microleakage either in enamel or dentin for any of the ceramic systems.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of longitudinal marginal deterioration of ceramic inlays.

This study quantitatively and morphologically analyzed and clarified the longitudinal marginal changes of ceramic inlays and determined the mechanism for those changes. Epoxy replicas of 15 Class II ceramic inlays in permanent premolars prepared at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 months after placement were selected. A CCD optical laser scanner was employed to measure quantitative changes in the occlusal surfaces of restored teeth. Longitudinal cross-sections of marginal areas of a ceramic inlay were computed, and two profiles of the same location obtained at different periods were superimposed using software. The area enclosed by the two profiles obtained at different periods was defined as the quantitative marginal change, and both the area and maximum depth in the area enclosed were calculated with picture analysis software. The marginal deterioration pattern was analyzed by drawing a longitudinal curve of quantitative change for each restoration. Morphological observation was carried out by scanning electron microscopy at magnifications from 20x to 75x. Quantitative measurement and morphological observation identified a sequential three-stage pattern of marginal deterioration; initial rapid progress of wear of resin composite cement in the first stage, followed by a second stage without any remarkable visible change, then rapid progression of microfractures of ceramics and/or enamel in the third stage. Boundaries between the first and second stage were found in the six and 21-month period, and those between the second and third stage at 72 months. It was concluded that longitudinal marginal deterioration of fired ceramic inlays progressed in a sequential three-stage pattern.

Dental Porcelain↗
PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of a new pressed glass ceramic inlay material over 1.5 years.

Ten IPS/Empress pressed glass ceramic inlays were cemented in box-shaped, non-beveled, Class II, posterior cavities. They were evaluated clinically according to modified US Public Health Service criteria after 1.5 years in vivo. In addition, quantitative marginal analysis was performed immediately after placement of the inlays and at the 1.5-year recall. Clinical evaluation revealed that the inlays performed well after 1.5 years; all inlays received scores of Alfa or Beta for all criteria evaluated. Scanning electron microscopic examination indicated that the excellent initial marginal adaptation decreased significantly over 1.5 years.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed2005

Polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite inlay fixed partial dentures: two-year preliminary results.

PURPOSE: Polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite inlay fixed partial dentures (FPDs) have been under development for some time. There is a lack of data on the clinical performance of such prostheses. This prospective clinical study evaluated the clinical performance of polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite FPDs over two years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite inlay FPDs were fabricated for 19 patients. The treatment plan included removal of the existing restorations, placement of an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWP) fiber ribbon, and final restoration with a light-curing hybrid resin. The 28 polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite inlay FPDs were examined clinically after 2 years. RESULTS: All 28 FPDs were intact at the 2-year examination. There were no signs of fracture, debonding, or discoloration. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this descriptive study, the polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite inlay FPDs were considered clinically successful at the 2-year examination.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Construction of inlay axial surface using B-Spline curve network].

OBJECTIVE: To realize the requirement of adjacent area accuracy, axial surface physical contour and smoothness in the process of inlay computer-aided design (CAD). METHODS: A compromised method was brought forward that some assistant 3-D constraint lines from occlusion to gingiva were used to lead the inlay contour on axial corner and other characterized areas, and two perpendicular 3-D constructing lines at adjacent area were used to construct accurate 3-D configuration of this area. The axial surface was completely defined by the network of specified curves which were two constructing lines and four borders. RESULTS: Inlay axial surface was smooth, the contour was consistent with the residual tooth body and the 3-D configuration in adjacent area was accurate. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to realize the inlay axial surface accuracy, smoothness, and consistency using the method of special distributed 3-D B-Spline curve network.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1991

[Primary accuracy of fit of composite inlays produced according to the indirect method].

The primary accuracy of fit of three composite inlay systems was evaluated comparatively. Control inlays were made of a phantom metal. In the proximal-cervical surfaces the resulting median widths of the open margins showing luting agent were as follows: EOS (74.1 microns) greater than Ful-Fil (59.5 microns) greater than Brilliant (43.13 microns) greater than Phantom metal (18.6 microns). Even though, under clinical conditions, composite inlays are attached by means of adhesives, the primary accuracy of fit achieved should be comparable to that of cast restorations, because the long-term stability of the material used for fasting the inlays cannot be warranted.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of dentin bonding agents on the proximal margins of ceramic inlays].

Ceramic inlays have shown good marginal seal as long as the margins of the cavities are located in enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the marginal seal of ceramic inlays with the cervical margins situated in dentin and to determine the effectiveness of dentin bonding agents. Sintered ceramic inlays were adhesively luted either without dentin bonding agents or with the use of Gluma or Miragebond. After thermocycling and incubation in a colored dye the penetration depth of the dye was measured on sequential sections. The used dentin bonding agents did not improve marginal seal. The glass ionomer cement base was able to prevent further penetration in most of the cases when deep leakage occurred. Unless a tight marginal seal in dentin can be achieved, the indication for adhesively luted inlays must be limited to cavities with margins located in enamel.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1991

[Marginal behavior of "Kulzer" composite inlays under simultaneous mechanical and thermal loading].

This in vitro study assessed the marginal behavior of the "Kulzer"-inlay using two different resin luting agents (Adhesive cement resp. Tulux-Cem). SEM-evaluation after combined mechanical and thermal loading revealed significant differences in the marginal seal of the inlays depending on the luting composite resin used. "Kulzer"-inlays luted with Adhesive cement showed of rate a excellent margins of more than 90% even after in vitro load application, while the rate of perfect margins were less than 80% for "Kulzer"-inlays inserted with Tulux-Cem.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1991

[The finishing of adhesive tooth-colored inlays made of composite and ceramic].

The destruction potential of 4 different finishing and polishing systems was evaluated using 104 occlusal direct inlays made from composite and ceramic, respectively. An inhomogeneous microfilled composite, a fine particle hybrid composite, a glass ceramic and a fine porcelain were utilized as filling materials. Finishing diamonds, white stones, flexible discs and silicon rubber polishing cups were examined as finishing and polishing instruments. Replicas were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reveal enamel, composite and inlay margin fractures. Results were described as percentages of perfect margin. The surface roughness of composite and ceramic blocks was measured by means of a profile meter after surface finishing and polishing with the instruments mentioned above. Except for the fine porcelain, the flexible disc finishing and polishing system provides constantly the best results with greater than or equal to 95% of excellent margin. Similar results were achieved by fine finishing diamonds only. The surface roughness was reduced significantly by the flexible discs and by silicon rubber polishers only. Finishing diamonds and flexible discs are the most suitable instruments for finishing and polishing of tooth-colored adhesive inlays. They are nondestructive against enamel, the inlay and the cement surfaces.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1990

[Preparation and insertion of computer-designed ceramic inlays].

The CEREC-system allows the production and insertion of ceramic inlays chairside in one visit. For this purpose an optical impression of the cavity is made, the inlay is designed on the computer screen and ground from a ceramic bloc. The inlay is bonded to the tooth using acid etch technique and a luting composite. Finally occlusal adjustment is performed. The technical prerequisites and the clinical procedure are presented and discussed in comparison to other tooth coloured inlay systems.

Dental Cavity Preparation↗
PubMed1990

[Accuracy of fit and margins of laboratory-finished SR-Isosit composite inlays].

30 inlays were produced exactly by manufactures instruction using the SR-Isosit composite. Before cementation the marginal gaps of the inlays extended to 280 microns occlusal resp. to 350 microns gingivoproximal. After insertion the thickness of the luting composite ranged from 40 to 400 microns occlusal resp. from 40 to 470 microns gingivoproximal. Dye penetration test indicated that only 43.7% of the inlays had a good marginal behaviour after storage in water over a six month period. Particularly remarkable was the insufficient junction between the luting composite and the highly polymerized inlay.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental studies on the reproducible precision of fit of ceramic inlays].

Three different types of ceramic inlay materials (Dicor, Biodent-Inlay-Keramik, Cerec) were evaluated for precision of reproduction and dimensional fit. The findings of this study revealed that laboratory-made restorations displayed satisfactory characteristics of reproduction except for the edges. Furthermore the initial fit of these materials was comparable to the fit of gold restorations. The Cerec-inlay system by contrast displayed insufficient reproduction characteristics especially at lines, angles and edges. The average marginal gap of Cerec inlays measured was 154 microns. General guidelines for cavity preparations based on the present findings are discussed.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1989

[The use of modern ceramics for inlays and onlays].

If ceramic inlays and onlays are considered in restorative work, some operations which, more than in other areas of dental engineering, decide upon the success or failure should be given special attention. During the preparation of ceramic inlays care should be taken to produce well rounded rather than rectangular edges approximally. In the case of onlays there should ideally be a smooth circular step rounded axially with a sharp-edged near-rectangular interface with the non-ground tooth. Ceramic inlays and onlays are best inserted with the adhesive technique, which provides for an improved strength of the ceramic material, an adequate marginal adaptation and a satisfactory cosmetic appearance. As long-term results are not yet available, the use of ceramic inlays and onlays is still experimental.

Dental Bonding↗