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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Competitive Intramolecular/Intermolecular Chelation Options Operative during Indium-Promoted Additions to Pyridyl Aldehydes and to Glyoxylic Acid under Aqueous Conditions.

The stereochemical course of the 1,2-addition of six allylindium reagents to 2- and 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and to glyoxylic acid has been investigated in order to assess the level and direction of diastereoselectivity in these coupling reactions. When 2-PyCHO is involved, the results strongly suggest that the ring nitrogen becomes chelated to the indium atom in the aqueous environment. One striking observation is the crossover in stereoselectivity seen relative to the use of 3-PyCHO. A second revealing fact is the significantly faster rate of reaction of 2-PyCHO, as long as steric effects are not allowed to interfere. The varying product distributions observed in the latter experiments are attributed to other control elements such as intramolecular chelation within the indium reagent and nonbonded steric restrictions resident in either or both reaction partners. In the absence of extramolecular chelating events (e.g., when 3-PyCHO is involved), adherence to Felkin-Anh transition-state alignments is presumably exercised. The previous working assumption that indium(III) is capable of chelation to flanking heteroatomic centers in water is supported by the present investigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Small molecule chemisorption on indium-tin oxide surfaces: enhancing probe molecule electron-transfer rates and the performance of organic light-emitting diodes.

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) surfaces have been modified by chemisorption of carboxylic acid functionalized small molecules: ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (1), 3-thiophene acetic acid (2), and 6-{4-[{4'-[[4-(5-carboxy-pentyloxy)-phenyl]-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-yl}-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amino]-phenoxy}-hexanoic acid (p-OMe)2-TPD-(C5-COOH)2) (3). Voltammetrically determined surface coverages of 1-3 increased in two stages, the first stage completing in minutes, the latter stage taking several hours. Electron-transfer rate coefficients, kS, for the probe molecule ferrocene in acetonitrile likewise increased in two stages with increasing surface coverages of 1, 2, and 3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of In2O3 powders, exposed for long periods to ethanol solutions of each modifier, confirmed the formation of indium oxalate-like surface species. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of carboxy-terminated alkanethiol-modified gold surfaces, exposed to these same In2O3(powder)/small molecule modifier solutions, showed the capture of trace levels of indium as a result of the chemisorption of these small molecules, suggesting that slow etching of the ITO surface also occurs during the chemisorption event. Conventional aluminum quinolate/bis-triarylamine organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) created on ITO surfaces modified with 1, 2, and 3, with and without an overlayer of PEDOT:PSS (a poly(thiophene)/poly(stryenesulfonate) ITO modifier), showed leakage currents lowered by several orders of magnitude and an increase in OLED device efficiency.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

The utility of indium in aqueous medium radical reactions.

Indium-mediated radical reactions proceed in the absence of toxic tin hydride, providing a new carbon-carbon bond-forming method in aqueous media. Herein, the results of experiments to probe the utility of indium as a radical initiator in reactions in aqueous media are reported. The indium-mediated tandem reactions also proceed smoothly via two carbon-carbon bond-forming processes for the preparation of various types of functionalized cyclic compounds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Myocardial uptake of indium-111 antimyosin after coronary angioplasty. Relationship with the total burden of ischaemia.

Indium-111 antimyosin scintigraphy was performed in 24 consecutive patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to assess whether repeated periods of ischaemia during balloon inflation results in myocardial cell damage even after a successful procedure. Patients with unstable angina, prior myocardial infarction and whose procedure was complicated were excluded. Indium-111 monoclonal antimyosin antibodies (80 MBq) were injected 24 h after coronary angioplasty and planar images were collected 24 h later. The relative antimyosin uptake was assessed subjectively and by a heart/lung count density ratio. In addition, the intracardiac gradient of activity was assessed by a count density profile analysis of the cardiac region of interest to distinguish better the focal as opposed to the diffuse antimyosin uptake. The antimyosin uptake index was calculated by multiplying the heart/lung ratio to the intracardiac gradient of activity. After coronary angioplasty, nine patients had minor ST-T wave changes on the surface ECG, but no patient demonstrated a new Q wave. Only three patients showed a mild rise in cardiac enzyme (CK-MB) serum levels. Indium-111 antimyosin uptake (heart/lung > 1.55) was present in eight patients (33%) and was intense (heart/lung > 1.9) in five (21%). Antimyosin uptake was always seen in myocardial segments corresponding to the treated coronary artery. Patients with a positive antimyosin scan had a longer duration of balloon-induced ischaemia compared with patients with no evidence of antimyosin uptake (541 +/- 211 vs 331 +/- 137 s, P < 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pulmonary fibrosis in an individual occupationally exposed to inhaled indium-tin oxide.

Despite the increasing industrial use of indium-tin oxide (ITO) to manufacture flat-panel displays, such as liquid-crystal displays or plasma display panels for televisions, little is known about the potential health hazard induced by occupational exposure to indium compounds. The current study describes a case of fibrotic lung disease that developed after a 4-yr exposure to ITO. The pathology of the lung demonstrated pulmonary fibrosis with the presence of cholesterol granulomas. In conclusion, more attention needs to be paid to the possible toxic effects of indium compounds, and maximum healthcare measures should be taken to protect industry workers from these toxicities.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Three cases of indium lung].

The production of indium tin oxide (ITO) has been increasing during the past decade because of its use in liquid crystal and plasma display panels. Following the first report on lethal lung injury in a ITO worker in 2001, we began pulmonary check-ups for 115 workers in the plant in our capacity of industrial physicians of the plant. Hence, we report interstitial pulmonary disease in 3 workers who had engaged in wet-surface grinding of ITO for 8 to 12 years and had significant lung injuries. The serum indium level and serum concentration of KL-6 were significantly elevated in all 3 cases. One non-smoker case among them showed severe obstructive changes on spirometry and had an episode of repeated bilateral pneumothorax before and during the follow-up period. All 3 cases showed both interstitial and/or emphysematous changes on HRCT. It is suggested that inhaled indium compounds can cause a new and unique interstitial pulmonary disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Precipitation trapping with phenylfluorone and determination of trace gallium, germanium, molybdenum and indium by GFAAS].

The preconcentration of trace gallium, germanium, molybdenum and indium by trapping with precipitation of phenylfluorone (PF), and the determination of the elements by GFAAS were developed. The effects such as those of acidity, amounts of PF, aging time, volume of test solution, and the coexistent ions on the preconcentration of the trace elements were examined in detail. The optimum conditions of preconcentration for Ga(III) were pH approximately 2 test solution 500 mL with added 10.00 mg x mL(-1) PF (2.00 mL) and aging for 4 h, those for Ge(IV) were pH approximately 2 test solution 500 mL with added 10.00 mg x mL(-1) PF (4.00 mL) and aging for 10 h, those for Mo(V) were pH approximately 3 test solution 1 000 mL with added 10.00 mg x mL(-1) PF (3.00 mL) and aging for 6 h, and those for In(III) were pH approximately 5 test solution 100 mL with added 10.00 mg x mL(-1) PF (3.00 mL) and aging for 10 h. The experiment results showed that the main contribution to trapping trace gallium, germanium, molybdenum and indium with PF precipitation was post-precipitation instead of coprecipitation. The detection limits (3s) were 0.12 ng x mL(-1) for gallium, 0.30 ng x mL(-1) for germanium, 0.046 ng x mL(-1) for molybdenum and 2.7 ng x mL(-1) for indium. The developed methods were successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of the elements in water samples, geological standard reference materials, and zinc concentrate samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1961

Methods for the use of indium as an electron stain for nucleic acids.

Methods are presented for the staining of blocks of tissue with trivalent indium so that good contrast and good specificity for nucleic acids is achieved for the electron microscope. The tissue is fixed in organic fixative, dehydrated, subjected to reduction by lithium borohydride, acetylated by acetic anhydride, stained with trivalent indium dissolved in organic solvent, and embedded. The embedding material may be either Vestopal or butyl methacrylate especially handled to eliminate the "explosion" phenomenon. Numerous new problems encountered are discussed and a brief description of the findings is included.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1990

Measurement of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis with indium-111 chloride.

Studies in the collagen and rabbit models of arthritis have indicated that indium-111 chloride (111InCl3) scintigraphy objectively measures synovial inflammation. Indium-111 chloride scans, with imaging three days after 19 MBq intravenous injection, were performed on 21 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA), all of whom were functional class II. Standard clinical indices of disease activity were recorded at the time of imaging by the same investigator, who was unaware of the results of joint scans. In addition, eight patients with severe osteoarthritis, four of whom were considered to need hip or knee joint replacement, were similarly scanned. In each patient 16 joints were graded as 0 to 5, based on increasing degrees of 111InCl3 uptake, by a single investigator blinded to the patient's diagnosis and clinical status. In the group with RA significant correlations were observed between individual joint uptake on scan and peripheral joints with swelling, joints reported to be painful, and joints with any abnormality on physical examination. In the group with osteoarthritis joints positive on scan correlated with the presence of pain. A total scan score (sum of individual joint scores) was calculated for each patient. In the patients with RA values ranged from 0 to 42 with a mean (SEM) of 20.7 (2.7) and correlated with the number of swollen joints and decreasing grip strength. In the group with osteoarthritis the mean total scan score (9.2 (1.5), range 3-14) was significantly lower than in the patients with RA. These data show that 111InCl3 scanning can measure joint involvement by RA.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Indium-111-chloride and three-phase bone scintigraphy: a comparison for imaging experimental osteomyelitis.

To investigate the utility of indium-111-chloride (111In-Cl) imaging in detecting osteomyelitis complicating surgical or fracture sites, the proximal tibia of 11 dogs were experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus after creation of a cortical defect. The contralateral limb served as a sham-operated control. Animals were serially imaged by radiography, three-phase technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) scintigraphy, and 111In-Cl scintigraphy. There was a significant difference between infected (1.93) and noninfected (1.32) limb's tibia/femur count density ratios on 24-hr (p = 0.0001) and 72-hr (p = 0.0001) 111In-Cl images. A smaller difference was found for 99mTc-MDP bone-phase tibia/femur ratios (p = 0.0199). Using receiver operator characteristic analysis of tibia/femur ratios, a sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 88%, and positive (75%) and negative (79%) predictive values were determined for the 24-hr 111In-Cl images. Indium-111-chloride was superior to 99mTc-MDP in differentiating infected and noninfected operative sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Direct labeling of macroaggregated albumin with indium-111-chloride using acetate buffer.

UNLABELLED: Indium-111-labeled macroaggregated albumin (MAA) would be suitable for combined pulmonary perfusion and ventilation scan using a 99mTc ventilation agent. METHODS: MAA suspended in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.8, was incubated with 111In-chloride for 30 min at room temperature. An in vitro study of the obtained 111In-MAA was performed for labeling efficiency and stability in human normal serum. The 111In-MAA was intravenously injected into normal mice, and the biodistribution was studied at 15 and 180 min postinjection. A gamma camera image was obtained at 15 min after injection. RESULTS: MAA was directly and stably labeled with 111In-chloride, and the labeling efficiency of the preparation was more than 96%. More than 90% of the administered 111In-MAA was caught in the murine lung. The scintigraphy with 111In-MAA showed a clearly visualized murine lung. CONCLUSION: Indium-111-MAA can be conveniently prepared by direct labeling at room temperature. It provides an alternative perfusion tracer for combined perfusion-ventilation imaging.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Demonstration of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis by indium-111 platelet scintigraphy.

Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, documented by cerebral angiography, was demonstrated by indium-111 platelet scintigraphy in a 40-year-old man presenting with seizures and intracerebral hematoma. Early scintigraphy demonstrated focal increased indium-111 activity at the two ends of the thrombus, while later scintigraphy showed diffuse increased activity in the area of the sinus. This initial experience suggests that platelet scintigraphy may provide unique information regarding the natural history of intracranial venous thrombosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Biodistribution of indium 111-labeled dihematoporphyrin ether in papillomas and body tissues. Relevance to photodynamic therapy.

Hematoporphyrin derivative and its newly purified form, dihematoporphyrin ether, have been shown to localize selectively in malignant tissues and virally induced papillomas. Its use as a probe to distinguish tumors from normal tissues has been largely based on its fluorescence when activated by UV light. These findings are largely subjective, and a direct correlation to its use as a photosensitizing agent to selectively kill transformed cells when activated by an appropriate wavelength of light could not be made. The efficacy of dihematoporphyrin ether photodynamic therapy to selectively kill papillomavirus-transformed cells is based on the increased localization of dihematoporphyrin ether within these tissues as compared with normal tissues. Using cottontail rabbit papillomavirus, cutaneous papillomas were induced on the backs of Dutch belted rabbits. Dihematoporphyrin ether was labeled with indium 111 and intravenously injected into the rabbits. The animals were scanned twice daily for indium 111 activity on a large-field-of-view gamma camera. At 50 hours after injection, the rabbits were killed and papillomas, skin, and major organs collected for biodistribution studies. The results of this study and their relationship to dihematoporphyrin ether photodynamic therapy for the treatment of virally induced papilloma disease is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Indium 111 autologous tagged leukocytes in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal sepsis.

We report the results of a new test, indium oxine in 111 scanning, in the diagnosis of postoperative infection. Indium 111 was used to label autologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which when reinjected migrate to sites of infection, inflammation, or both. Standard scintigraphy localizes the labeled inflammatory cells at these sites. Sixty-six scans were performed in 43 surgical patients. Thirty-seven scans were categorized as true-positive; 19 scans were categorized as true-negative. Therefore, the accuracy rate was 85%. Two scans (3%) in one patient represented false-positive results. Two scans (3%) were positive for inflammation but there was no infection present; this group was denoted as equivocal. Six scans (9%) were false-negative; false-negative scans are more likely in old lesions with poor blood supply and in areas that overlap regions of normal uptake. The noninvasive nature of the test, high accuracy rate, and ease of administration make it a potentially useful tool in the diagnosis of postoperative infection.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of indium 111-labeled platelets v leukocytes in a pyogenic abscess.

This study sought to determine which blood component, WBCs or platelets, is the more specific indicator of an abscess and where each localizes. An abscess was created using stool in the hind limb of dogs. After 24 hours, one group was given autologous indium 111-labeled platelets and another group was given autologous indium 111-labeled WBCs. Blood, abscess fluid, infected operative control muscle tissue, and nonoperative control muscle tissue were counted for radioactivity 24 hours after administration of the labeled cells. There was significantly (P less than .001) less WBC radioactivity in blood and more within abscess fluid compared with platelets. The highest platelet activity occurred in muscle tissue adjacent to the abscess (P less than .002) compared with platelet activity in abscess fluid or control muscle tissue. The unwanted high platelet blood background activity and the desirable high concentration of WBC radioactivity within the abscess fluid makes the latter the preferential radionuclide imaging agent.

Abscess↗
PubMed1997

Internalization of indium-labeled LDL through a lipid chelating anchor in human pancreatic-cancer cells as a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor localization.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) labeled with indium via a lipid-chelating agent, the bis(stearylamide) of diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid (L), were evaluated as a potential radiopharmaceutical (111In-L-LDL) for tumor localization by studying their internalization in human pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1). Using Dil-LDL (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate-LDL), this cell line was shown to bind human LDL with a high-affinity saturable component and a low-affinity non-saturable (40%) component. The single saturable high-affinity binding site had a KD of 27.5 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml and a maximal binding of 610 +/- 7.5 ng/ml protein. Electron-microscopic examination of the In-L-LDL particles revealed the peripheral distribution of the electron-dense indium atoms at the outer surface of LDL. The modified LDL were then shown to be internalized by the cells. After conjugation of In-L-LDL to colloidal gold to follow the different stages of internalization, electron-microscopic examination showed that the In-L-LDL gold conjugates were stuck to the external sheet of the plasma apical and microvilli membrane, into earlier and later endosomes and into multivesicular bodies, suggesting the penetration of the In-L-LDL particles into lysosomal vacuoles. The observation of In-L-LDL-gold conjugates in deep-seated cytoplasm suggests that LDL could be employed as a drug-transport vehicle for targeting cytotoxics or radionuclides close to the cell nucleus.

Carbocyanines↗
PubMed1983

Intratumoral consumption of indium-111 labeled platelets in a patient with hemangiomatosis and intravascular coagulation (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).

Previous studies regarding sites of platelet destruction in patients with the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome are conflicting. The authors recently studied an adult patient with multiple large hemangiomata, thrombocytopenia, and intravascular coagulation by external imaging following the injection of autologous Indium-111 labeled platelets. Sequential images showed prompt accumulation of platelet-associated radioactivity in areas within the right hemithorax which corresponded to certain tumors noted on the chest roentgenogram. Despite the presence of multiple other lesions in bone and soft tissues, platelet radioactivity was otherwise normally confined to liver and spleen. Using data obtained from serial images, it was shown that radioactivity within the thoracic masses actually increased over time. These data indicate that platelet consumption occurred as an active process and that localization was not a result of tumor vascularity. It is concluded that platelets are locally consumed within certain hemangiomata. However, within the same individual, there may exist considerable heterogeneity among these tumors with respect to platelet-trapping ability. In similar patients with multiple tumors, indium-platelet scanning might be used to direct local therapy to particular lesions in an effort to correct the thrombocytopenia.

Abdomen↗