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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Expression of helix-loop-helix factor Id-1 is dependent on the hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation status in rat liver and in primary culture.

Id proteins are known as negative regulators of differentiation in various cell types. In this report, we show that the Id-1 gene was down-regulated during the development of rat liver. No Id-1 transcripts were detected in terminal differentiated hepatocytes. We have studied Id-1 expression in proliferating hepatocytes using an in vivo model of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and an in vitro growth factor-stimulated hepatocyte culture system. Strong activation of Id-1 was observed in mid-late G1 of the hepatocyte cell cycle at a time corresponding to a mitogen restriction point. These observations suggest that Id-1 is involved in the control of proliferation and differentiation in liver cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[ID and Bio Vue systems--comparison of two systems for the typing of erythrocyte antibodies].

The gel centrifugation test ID Microtyping was compared with the column agglutination test BioVue for antibody (AB) screening by testing serum samples of 3,000 patients under controlled conditions: enzyme test (ET; Bromelin) and LISS indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), both incubated for 15 min at 37 degrees C. From a total of 64 ABs, more relevant or possibly relevant ABs were detected by ID than by the BioVue system (63 vs. 56). ABs only detected in ID were: anti-D 3, -Jk(a), E 1, -Le(b)1, -e 1, -C 1, -E,S 1. One anti-Le(b) was only detected by BioVue. The calculated sensitivity was 98.4% for ID and 87.5% for BioVue. Furthermore, this study showed a lower frequency of unspecific reactions or reactions due to irrelevant cold ABs in the ID system (ID: 2.3%, BioVue: 4.0%, specificity 97.7 vs. 96.2%).

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1997

Each member of the Id gene family exhibits a unique expression pattern in mouse gastrulation and neurogenesis.

We have performed a detailed comparative in situ hybridization analysis to examine the patterns of expression of all the members of the Id gene family (Id1-4) during murine gastrulation and neurogenesis. During gastrulation, both Id1 and Id3 are expressed in the tissues derived from the inner cell mass from 5.5 dpc onward, whereas Id2 is expressed in tissues derived from trophoblasts. Id4 expression is absent during this period of development. Embryonic Id1 messages are detected during gastrulation on the proximal side of the embryonic ectoderm, which is the border between the embryo proper and the extraembryonic tissues, and the expression of Id3 is found throughout the entire embryo proper. This unique pattern of expression of the different members of the Id family suggests a nonredundant role for these genes in antagonizing the activity of bHLH transcription factors during very early mouse development. During neurogenesis, the expression of each member of the Id family is present in an unique pattern along the dorsal-ventral axis of the neural tube: In the early stages of spinal cord development, both Id1 and Id2 are expressed in the roof plate, whereas Id3 is expressed both in the roof and the floor plates. As development progresses, the expression of both Id1 and Id3 is detected in the dividing neuroblasts, whereas Id2 and 4 are expressed in presumptive neurons which are undergoing maturation. The expression patterns of all the members of the Id gene family persist throughout the entire CNS, both in the spinal cord and in the brain. In addition, the characteristic expression of Id2 and Id4 in more mature neurons is reiterated both in the PNS and in the neurons of some of the sensory organs. These data suggest that the expression of different subgroups of the Id gene family may have different physiological consequences and thereby contributes in unique ways to specify the differentiation state of neuronal cells during development.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Helix-loop-helix proteins in Schwann cells: a study of regulation and subcellular localization of Ids, REB, and E12/47 during embryonic and postnatal development.

Although basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins play an important role in transcriptional control in many cell types, the role of HLH proteins in Schwann cells has yet to be assessed. In this study, we have analyzed the expression of the dominant negative HLH genes, Id1 to Id4 and the class A gene REB, during Schwann cell development. We found that mRNA derived from these genes was present in the Schwann cell lineage throughout development including embryonic precursors and mature cells. The mRNA levels were not significantly regulated during development. Nevertheless, by using antibodies against the four different Id proteins, we found clear regulation of some of these genes at the protein level, in particular Id 2, 4, and REB, both in amount and nuclear/cytoplasmic localization. All these proteins are found in the nuclei of Schwann cell precursors but are not seen in nuclei of Schwann cells of newborn nerves. We observed extensive overlap in Id expression, especially in Schwann cell precursors that co-expressed all four Id proteins and REB. We also showed that Id 1 and 2 were up-regulated as Schwann cells progressed through the cell cycle. These data indicate that HLH transcription factors act as regulators of Schwann cell development and point to the existence of as yet unidentified cell type-specific bHLH proteins in these cells.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Identification of 9 novel IDS gene mutations in 19 unrelated Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis Type II) patients. Mutations in brief no. 202. Online.

Hunter syndrome is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). The IDS deficiency can be caused by several different types of mutations in the IDS gene. We have performed a molecular and mutation analysis of a total 19 unrelated MPS II patients of different ethnic origin and identified 19 different IDS mutations, 9 of which were novel and unique. SSCP analysis followed by DNA sequencing revealed four novel missense mutations: S143F, associated with the 562C-->T polymorphism, C184W, D269V and Y348H. Two novel nonsense mutations were found: Y103X (433C-->A) and Y234X (826C-->G). In two patients two novel minor insertions (42linsA and 499insA) were identified. In one patient a complete IDS deletion was found, extending from locus DXS1185 to locus DXS466).

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of a 43.6 kb deletion in a patient with Hunter syndrome (MPSII): identification of a fusion transcript including sequences from the gene W and the IDS gene.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. A novel mutation is described in an MPS II patient in whom the disorder is caused by a 43.6 kb deletion. Southern blot analysis, PCR analysis and subsequent sequencing of the deletion junction revealed that the deletion spans exons 1-7 of the iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene, the IDS-2 locus and exons 3-5 of the recently identified gene W. Short direct repeats of 12 bp were identified at both deletion breakpoints, suggesting that the deletion is the result of an illegitimate recombination event. A sequence motif (TGAGGA) which is identical to a consensus sequence frequently associated with deletions in man was identified at both breakpoints. This further supports the notion that this motif is a hot spot for recombination. Gene expression studies by RT-PCR analysis of total RNA derived from fibroblasts of the patient revealed the presence of a novel fusion transcript. DNA sequence analysis of the cDNA demonstrated that it consists of exons derived from both the gene W and the IDS gene. A similar but longer fusion transcript containing exons 2-4 of the gene W and exons 4-9 of the IDS gene could also be detected in RNA of normal cell lines originating from different tissues. This result further demonstrates the complex gene expression profile of the IDS region, which may contribute to the observed genomic instability of this region.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2002

Role of Id family proteins in growth control.

Id proteins (inhibitors of DNA binding/differentiation) are negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type transcription factors, which promote the differentiation of various cell types. In addition to their "classical" ability to inhibit cell differentiation, they are able to stimulate cell cycle progression. These facts suggest that Id proteins play a role in keeping precursor cells immature and in expanding the cell population size during development. In vitro as well as in vivo analyses in the last several years have shown that Id proteins have more complex activities; they induce apoptosis or function as survival factors, depending on the cell context. Furthermore, dysregulated expression of Id proteins has been reported in several human tumors and seems to be related to the malignant character of tumors. Here, we summarize and discuss the biological activities of Id proteins from the standpoint of cell growth control.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Upregulation of the HLH Id gene family in neural progenitors and glial cells of the rat spinal cord following contusion injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a complex sequence of cellular responses, including astrocyte activation, oligodendrocyte death, and ependymal cell proliferation. Inhibitors of DNA binding (Id1, Id2, Id3) belong to a helix-loop-helix (HLH) gene family. Id genes have been implicated in playing a vital role in the proliferation of many cell types, including astrocytes and myoblasts. In the present study, the expression of Id family members in spinal cord after contusion injury was investigated by in situ hybridization. Id1, Id2, and Id3 mRNA expression was upregulated 5 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion center, and reached maximal levels 3 days after SCI. In addition, cell populations expressing Id1, Id2, and Id3 mRNA were maximally increased 3 days after SCI. The increase in Id2 and Id3 mRNA expression and Id2 and Id3 mRNA+ cells was still observed at 8 days. The Id mRNA expressing cells were phenotyped by combining immunostaining of cell-specific markers with in situ hybridization. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes were found to express all three Id mRNA, whereas S-100alpha+ astrocytes only expressed high levels of Id2 and Id3 mRNA. Cells having a neural progenitor morphology and the marker nestin appeared after SCI and they expressed Id1, Id2, and Id3 mRNA. Interestingly, some Rip+ oligodendrocytes located in the areas close to the central canal expressed Id3 mRNA after injury. In conclusion, Id genes are upregulated in a time-dependent manner in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural progenitor subpopulations after SCI, suggesting that they play major roles in cellular responses following SCI.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of micro-ID with API 20E for identification of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia species.

Micro-ID is a new kit system for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae in 4 h. It consists of 15 biochemical tests with paper discs. A study was conducted to compare the accuracy of the Micro-ID system with that of the API 20E system for identification of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia species. Both systems correctly identified 57 out of 59 (97%) Shigella strains. Micro-ID correctly identified two Salmonella typhi strains, whereas API 20E incorrectly identified one. Of 138 Salmonella strains of other serotypes, 135 (98%) were correctly identified by Micro-ID and 130 (94%) by API 20E. The respective figures for the Yersinia strains were 40 out of 45 (89%) and 30 out of 45 (66%). It is concluded that Micro-ID is at least equal to API 20E in its ability to identify Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia species.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Role of Id proteins in B lymphocyte activation: new insights from knockout mouse studies.

Id (inhibitor of differentiation) proteins play important roles in cell differentiation, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. They act as negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix-type transcription factors, which positively regulate differentiation of various cell types. Id proteins work to block B lymphocyte (B cell) maturation at an early differentiation step, as demonstrated by gain-of-function studies. In recent years a series of gene-targeted mice lacking different Ids have been generated. Analyses of these gene-targeted mice provide information useful for understanding the physiological roles of Ids in B cell biology. Id3 is required for proper B cell functions and acts by controlling the cell cycle. Upon B cell activation, Id2 acts as a negative regulator to prevent potentially harmful effects brought about by excessive immunological reactions; one of its special roles is to maintain low serum concentrations of immunoglobulin E (IgE). The Id2 protein does this by antagonizing E2A and Pax5 activities, both of which are required for proper B cell activation. This review presents several new insights into B cell differentiation and activation programs and the physiological role of Id proteins in B cell activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Independent integration of rodent identifier (ID) elements into orthologous sites of some RT6 alleles of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus.

The two alleles of the rat T-cell differentiation alloantigen RT6 are highly divergent and their expression is distinctively regulated. While the majority of T cells of RT6a/RT6b heterozygous laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) expresses both alleles, a subpopulation expresses only RT6b. To identify cis-regulatory elements that potentially control monoallelic expression, we compared the sequences of both alleles. A striking difference is the presence or absence of a rodent identifier (ID) sequence in intron 7. All investigated inbred RT6a rat strains (n=7) had this integration, while it was absent in all investigated RT6b rats (n=9). An ID element was also identified at precisely the same integration site in one RT6 allele of the closely related species Rattus rattus. The ID elements of both species showed nucleotide substitutions characteristic of different subfamilies, and their flanking repeats differed in length, indicating that two independent integration events had occurred into the same site adjacent to a mammalianwide interspersed repeat. Analysis of the surrounding sequences did not disclose any motifs to explain preferential integration into one allele. Our data indicate that the RT6 alleles diverged about 1 myr ago and that the ID element integrated into the RT6a locus soon after this. We have previously shown that DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating monoallelic RT6 expression. The possibility that the ID element in the RT6a allele interferes with the required demethylation process and thus accounts for monoallelic expression is discussed.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed2005

A validation study of an Italian version of the ID Migraine: preliminary results.

Migraine is a highly prevalent and disabling disease that is substantially undiagnosed in primary care. Recently, the ID Migraine, a self-administered questionnaire, was shown to be a valid and reliable screener for migraine in primary care in the USA. To validate an Italian version of the ID Migraine, we planned a multicentric study, evaluating at least 220 patients affected by various form of headache. The responses to the questionnaire were compared with the diagnosis of headache made by a headache specialist blind to the result of the questionnaire. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for migraine were calculated. The statistical analysis on 140 patients now examined showed a very good performance of the ID Migraine with high sensitivity: 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89-0.95), specificity: 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54-0.86) and positive predictive value: 0.89 (0.82-0.95). If confirmed, these results would establish ID Migraine as a valid screening instrument for migraine in Italian headache patients and warrant further investigation in primary care to assess the validity of this ID screener in Italian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The gene for the helix-loop-helix protein, Id, is specifically expressed in neural precursors.

While mammalian neurogenesis has been characterized extensively, the molecules involved in regulating neural cell determination and differentiation remain ill-defined. There is accruing evidence that various members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein family critically regulate these biological processes in a number of tissues. Id, a negative regulator of bHLH proteins, was found to exhibit peak gene expression during mouse embryogenesis with a striking pattern in the central nervous system. Id transcripts were specifically localized to undifferentiated neural precursors of the ventricular zone and were not present in their differentiated derivatives. In addition, in the peripheral nervous system, dorsal root ganglia sensory precursors, known to be undifferentiated while dividing, also expressed Id mRNA. However, in the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla, where differentiation and division occur simultaneously in precursors, Id was not expressed. Since Id transcript abundance inversely correlated with differentiation, this protein, similar to its Drosophila homolog, extramacrochaetae, may play a negative regulatory role in neural differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Anticardiolipin, but not the 16/6 Id anti-DNA antibody induces pregnancy failure.

The primary antiphospholipid syndrome or the antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (defined as secondary antiphospholipid syndrome) are characterized by the presence of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent fetal loss in association with anticardiolipin antibodies. To determine the causal role of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of pregnancy failure we studied the effects of immunization with monoclonal anti-DNA antibody (designated 16/6 Id; no cardiolipin reactivity) and anticardiolipin monoclonal antibody (designated 2C4C2; binds DNA as well) on the outcome of allogeneic pregnancies in BALB/c mice. Mating of BALB/c females 4 weeks after active immunization with the 16/6 Id, anti-DNA monoclonal antibody resulted in normal pregnancy outcome, similar to control mouse groups. In contrast to that, immunization with the 2C4C2 anticardiolipin antibodies resulted in severe gestational failure with low pregnancy rate, low numbers of fetuses and high rates of resorptions. The fertility index of those mice was extremely low as compared to the 16/6 Id-immunized mice or the control groups. Furthermore, a correlation was shown between the presence of anticardiolipin antibody levels in the sera of the mice at the time of gestation and the pregnancy fate. The 2C4C2-immunized mice which produced high levels of anticardiolipin antibodies demonstrated severe pregnancy failure, whereas normal gestations were observed in the 16/6 Id primed or the control mouse groups that did not produce measurable amounts of the latter antibodies. Thus, our studies demonstrate that anticardiolipin but not the 16/6 Id anti-DNA antibodies can induce severe gestational impairment.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1987

Conservation of the ID sequence and its expression as small RNA in rodent brains: analysis with cDNA for mouse brain-specific small RNA.

Two cDNA clones for mouse brain-specific small RNA were isolated, whose sequences turn out to be highly homologous to that of a genomic mouse ID-like clone isolated previously. By use of one of these cDNA clones as a probe, the copy numbers of ID-related sequences in several mammalian species were determined. The ID sequence was found to be conserved in mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs, but not in non-rodent species. There were about 3 orders of magnitude of difference in the copy numbers of the gene, i.e. rat 4.0 X 10(4), mouse 4.5 X 10(2), hamster 1.5 X 10(2), and guinea pig less than 50. The gene was transcribed as small RNA in the brain of rodent species. The relative concentration of small RNA in the brain was roughly proportional to the copy number of the ID sequence in mice, hamsters, and probably in guinea pigs also. On the other hand, the amount of the RNA in rat brain was much less than that expected from the large copy number of the gene. On the basis of these observations, the possibility is discussed that most of the ID sequences in the rat are pseudogenes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Id gene activity during Xenopus embryogenesis.

The activity of bHLH transcription factors that are involved in cell determination and differentiation is inhibited by Ids, HLH proteins lacking the basic amino acid sequence element. In order to determine the role of Id during development, we have isolated and characterized the Id genes expressed in Xenopus embryos. Three cDNAs were characterized: XIdIa and XIdIb, which are transcribed from one gene but differentially spliced in the 3' untranslated part, and XIdII which is transcribed from a second copy of the gene. One of the two forms of the differentially spliced mRNAs exhibits, 30 nucleotides upstream from the AATAAA site, a sequence box homologous to the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) which is present also in Id2 and Id3 mRNAs from higher vertebrates. This raises the question of whether this CPE-like element may link Id mRNA polyadenylation and translation to the cell cycle metabolism. The Xenopus Id gene is transcribed at low level in oocytes and at high level in embryos, after midblastula transition, in a large number of tissues, including the notochord, neural tube, eye, ear, neural crest cells, presomitic mesoderm, myotomes, tailbud and dorsal fin. In myotomes, expression is high in the areas of proliferating myoblasts and decreases as terminal differentiation proceeds, consistent with a function in cell determination and differentiation and possibly also in cell cycle regulation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Effects of down-regulating the Id genes in human colorectal cancer cells on early steps of haematogenous metastasis.

Id genes (inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation) play important roles in tumour growth. We have previously described crucial roles of Id gene over-expression in endothelial cells for tumour angiogenesis. Here, we have evaluated direct effects of Id gene down-regulation on tumour cells, namely on cell proliferation, motility, and adhesion to lung microvasculature during haematogenous metastasis. For this purpose, Id genes were stably down-regulated by RNA interference in human colorectal cancer cells. These cells showed delayed proliferation, inhibited motility and decreased expression of integrin alpha6 and consequently reduced adhesion to lung microvasculature in mice. Static adhesion assays and laminar flow assays revealed decreased laminin binding capacity of these cells, and blocking experiments confirmed that it could be attributed to decreased expression of integrin alpha6. The present results indicate important roles of Id genes in tumour cells during early steps of haematogenous metastasis and suggest dual effects from their therapeutic inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Id proteins in epithelial cells.

Id helix-loop-helix (Id HLH) proteins are negative regulators of basic HLH transcription factors. They are expressed during embryonic development and are important for the regulation of cell phenotypes in adults. They participate in the molecular networks controlling cell growth, differentiation, and carcinogenesis, through specific basic HLH and non-basic HLH protein interactions. Recent in vitro and in vivo data implicate Id HLH as important orchestrating proteins of homeostasis in glandular and protective epithelia. In particular, Id proteins have been reported to be involved in cell behavior in epidermis, respiratory system, digestive tract, pancreas, liver, thyroid, urinary system, prostate, testis, endometrium, cervix, ovary, and mammary gland. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence implicating Id proteins in the regulation of mammalian epithelial cell phenotypes.

Animals↗