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PubMed2001

Remobilization and uptake of N by newly planted apple (Malus domestica) trees in response to irrigation method and timing of N application.

Environmentally sound management of N in apple orchards requires that N supply meets demand. In 1997, newly planted apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. var. Golden Delicious on M.9 rootstock) received daily applications of N for six weeks as Ca(15NO3)(2) through a drip irrigation system at a concentration of 112 mg l(-1) at 2-8, 5-11 or 8-14 weeks after planting. Irrigation water was applied either to meet estimated evaporative demand or at a fixed rate. In 1997, trees were harvested at 5, 8, 11 and 14 weeks after planting; and in 1998 at 3 weeks after full bloom. The amount of fertilizer N recovered was similar in trees in both irrigation treatments, but efficiency of fertilizer use was greater for trees receiving demand-controlled irrigation than fixed-rate irrigation. This was attributed to lower N inputs, greater retention time in the root zone and less N leaching in the demand-controlled irrigation treatments compared with fixed-rate irrigation treatments. Less fertilizer N was recovered by trees receiving an early application of N than a later application of N and this was related to the timing of N supply with respect to tree demand. Demand for root-supplied N was low until 11 weeks after planting, because early shoot and root growth was supported by N remobilized from woody tissue, which involved 55% of the total tree N content at planting. Rapid development of roots > 1 mm in diameter occurred between 11 and 14 weeks after planting, after remobilization ended, and was greater for trees receiving an early application of N than for trees receiving a later application of N. Late-season tree N demand was supplied by native soil N, and uptake and background soil solution N concentrations were higher for trees receiving demand-supplied irrigation compared with fixed-rate irrigation. Total annual N uptake by roots was unaffected by treatments and averaged 6-8 g tree(-1). Nitrogen applications in 1997 affected growth and N partitioning in 1998. Trees receiving early applications of N had more flowers, spur leaves and bourse shoots than trees receiving later applications of N. Consequently, more N was remobilized into fruits in trees receiving early applications of N compared with fruits in trees receiving later applications of N. Demand for N in the young apple trees was low. Early season demand was met by remobilization from woody tissues and the timing of demand for root-supplied N probably depends on whether flowering occurs. Method of N delivery affected the efficiency of N use. We conclude that N demand can be met at soil solution N concentrations of around 20 mg l(-1).

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Timing of phosphorus fertilizer application within an irrigation cycle for perennial pasture.

Irrigated pastures are significant contributors of phosphorus (P) to inland watercourses, with much of the P coming from applied fertilizer. It was hypothesized that the timing of P fertilizer application relative to irrigation regulates P concentrations in runoff and infiltrating water. To test this hypothesis, a two-by-two factorial experiment was conducted on twelve 8- x 30-m border-irrigated bays growing perennial pasture. Phosphorus fertilizer in the form of single superphosphate (44 kg P ha(-1)) was surface-broadcast onto the bays when the nominal change in soil water deficit reached 0 or 50 mm (U.S. Class A pan evaporation minus rainfall). Following fertilizer application, the bays were again irrigated when the nominal soil water deficit between fertilizing and the subsequent irrigation reached either 0 or 50 mm. The volume of water applied, runoff volume, and changes in soil water content were recorded for the three irrigations following fertilizer application. Total phosphorus (TP) and filtrable reactive phosphorus (FRP, <0.45 microm) concentrations in runoff and at depths of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 m in the soil were also measured. Soil water content at fertilizer application had less effect on P concentrations in runoff and soil water than the additional time between fertilizing and irrigating. By allowing a deficit of 50 mm between fertilizer application and irrigation, the average concentration of P in runoff and moving below a soil depth of 0.1 m was approximately halved. To maximize fertilizer use efficiency and minimize environmental effects, a delay should occur between applying P fertilizer and irrigating perennial pasture.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Application of microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce.

Microbial contamination of the surfaces of cantaloupe, iceberg lettuce, and bell peppers via contact with irrigation water was investigated to aid in the development of irrigation water quality standards for enteric bacteria and viruses. Furrow and subsurface drip irrigation methods were evaluated with the use of nonpathogenic surrogates, coliphage PRD1, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The concentrations of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Salmonella in irrigation water necessary to achieve a 1:10,000 annual risk of infection, the acceptable level of risk used for drinking water by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, were calculated with a quantitative microbial risk assessment approach. These calculations were based on the transfer of the selected nonpathogenic surrogates to fresh produce via irrigation water, as well as previously determined preharvest inactivation rates of pathogenic microorganisms on the surfaces of fresh produce. The risk of infection was found to be variable depending on type of crop, irrigation method, and days between last irrigation event and harvest. The worst-case scenario, in which produce is harvested and consumed the day after the last irrigation event and maximum exposure is assumed, indicated that concentrations of 2.5 CFU/100 ml of Salmonella and 2.5 x 10(-5) most probable number per 100 ml of HAV in irrigation water would result in an annual risk of 1:10,000 when the crop was consumed. If 14 days elapsed before harvest, allowing for die-off of the pathogens, the concentrations were increased to 5.7 x 10(3) Salmonella per 100 ml and 9.9 x 10(-3) HAV per 100 ml.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1986

[Studies of the levels of copper and zinc in the soil, grass and blood serum and hair of bulls from the areas irrigated with waste water from the Ner River].

The effect of irrigation with waste water on the levels of copper and zinc in the soil, vegetation and the blood plasma as well as on the hair of animals receiving hay from the irrigated meadows was studied. Irrigation with the Ner river water increased the copper content of the soil ten times. (1.7-2.2 ppm Cu in the non-irrigated soil and 18.1-22.7 ppm Cu in the irrigated soil). The increase in the zinc content of the soil was even more pronounced (3-5 ppm Zn in the non-irrigated soil and 156-209 ppm Zn in the irrigated soil). The plants growing on the irrigated soil contained increased amounts of copper and zinc. The copper content of the hay grown on the irrigated soil had no effect on the copper level in the organisms of young bulls receiving this hay. The zinc level in the blood plasma of the bulls was higher than normal, but the zinc level in the hair did not depend on the zinc content of the fodder.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Iron, manganese and cobalt levels in soil, pasture grass and bodies of young bulls after irrigation of the soil with waste water].

The effect of irrigation of meadows with the water of the river. Ner on the levels of iron, manganese and cobalt in the soil and vegetation was studied. Experiments were also carried out on 30 young bulls fed with the hay grown on these meadows. The levels of iron and cobalt were determined in the blood plasma, and the manganese level in the hair of the bulls. The experiments were carried out twice during 93 days. The animals were divided into 3 groups. Group I and II received the hay from the irrigated meadows (group II received the hay from the meadows more intensively irrigated). Group III (control) received hay from non-irrigated meadows. The daily diet consisted of 5 kg of hay and 3 kg of dried sugar beet residues. It was found that the irrigation caused an increase of iron content of the soil and the vegetation. This increase was proportional to the degree of irrigation. The iron level in the blood plasma of the bulls from group I, II and III did not show significant differences. The irrigation caused an increase of the manganese content the soil but the plants growing on this soil contained less manganese than those growing on non-irrigated meadows. There were no differences between the manganese content of the hair of the bulls from the three groups. The irrigation caused an increase of the cobalt content in the soil but it had no effect on cobalt content in the plants and the blood plasma of the bulls.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Irrigation of the abdominal cavity in the treatment of experimentally induced microbial peritonitis: efficacy of ozonated saline.

Ozone is an oxidizing agent possessing potent in vitro microbicidal capacity. This study was designed to address the extent to which irrigation of the contaminated abdominal cavity using a saline solution primed with ozone is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality. Gelatin capsules containing different quantities of a premixed slurry of filtered human fecal material were implanted in the peritoneal cavities of a preliminary series of rats. Three inocula concentrations were selected for later experiments, based upon their ability to produce morbid consequences: (1) high (100% 1-day mortality), (2) medium (70% 3-day mortality, 100% abscess rate in survivors), and (3) low (100% 10-day survival, 100% abscess rate). Fecal and abscess bacteriology were similar in all rats. The peritoneal cavities of 240 rats then underwent fecal-capsule implantation (three groups of 80 rats/inoculum concentration). At celiotomy 4 hours later, equal numbers of rats from each group were randomly assigned to one of four protocols: (1) no irrigation, (2) normal saline irrigation, (3) saline-cephalothin irrigation, and (4) ozonated saline irrigation. Each treatment lasted 5 minutes, using 100 ml of irrigation fluid. Mortality was significantly reduced when, in lieu of no irrigation, any of the irrigation solutions were used. Additionally, ozonated saline statistically proved the most effective irrigating solution for reducing abscess formation in survivors.

Abscess↗
PubMed1996

[Coronary perfusion: classification based on the type and relative extension of coronary irrigation. Morphologic determinants].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This work attempts to systematize the arterial segmentary distribution of the left ventricle and confirm the existence of coronary irrigation patterns, and determine the principals for the clinical application for diagnosis or therapeutics, using as the starting point, Selvester's classification of the arterial irrigation of the left ventricle. METHODS: Ninety human heart specimens from autopsies were studied. The average age of the sample was 61.09 +/- 21.96 years. The range was between 4 days and 94 years old. The coronary artery tree was dissected, and each artery responsible for the irrigation of each of the twelve left ventricle segments was identified. The percentage of the muscular mass, of each segment in which the left ventricle had been divided, irrigated by each coronary artery, was obtained. RESULTS: The analysis of the 12 segments of the left ventricle show that the three septal segments (basal, mesial and apical) present a type of irrigation which is practically constant and of a shared type. The superoapical, posterobasal and posteromesial segments present an irrigation with a high index of exclusivity for the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries. In the rest of the segments the vascularization is of a mixed type, although the apical segments reach an important degree of arterial exclusivity. CONCLUSIONS: The relative number of ventricular segments, exclusively irrigated by the interventricular and circumflex arteries, makes it possible to describe three groups of arterial irrigation (I, II, III), and each of them, in two subgroups (A, and B) depending on the percentage of ventricular segments irrigated in an exclusive or shared mode, by the interventricular or circumflex arteries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of irrigation with rotary instrumentation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a handpiece-mounted irrigation device and compare it to irrigation with a syringe and needle in the apical 5 mm of the root canal system. Twenty matched pairs of extracted teeth were used. The only variable within each matched pair was the method of irrigation. A syringe and needle were used in group A and the handpiece-mounted system in group B. Sections 1, 3, and 5 mm from the working length were examined microscopically, and images of the slides were digitized. The percentage of canal space occupied by pulpal and dentinal debris was calculated to be 6% +/- 12.7% in group A, versus 3.8% +/- 7% in group B (p = 0.264). The percentages at each level were as follows: 1 mm from the working length, 14.1% +/- 19% for group A and 5% +/- 7.5% for group B; 3 mm from working length, 1.8% +/- 5.4% for group A and 3.9% +/- 6.9% for group B; and 5 mm from working length, 3.1% +/- 7.7% for group A and 2.6% +/- 7.3% for group B. In group A, there was significantly more debris in the 1-mm section than in the 3- or 5-mm sections. In group B, the differences between levels were not significant. There was no significant difference in the amount of debris remaining in the apical 5 mm of canals when comparing the handpiece-mounted irrigation device to irrigation with a syringe and needle. The average times for instrumentation in group A (needle irrigation) and group B (Quantec-E irrigation system) were 8.7 +/- 2.7 min and 6.5 +/- 1.9 min, respectively. Group B was associated with statistically significant shorter instrumentation time (p < 0.0005). An average of 12.5 +/- 4.9 ml of irrigant was used in group A and 17.3 +/- 4.8 ml in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.0005).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Survival and accumulation of microorganisms in soils irrigated with secondary treated wastewater.

Secondary-treated wastewater was used to irrigate forage crops during two years (1994 and 1995). The bacteriological quality of the soil irrigated with both secondary treated wastewater (without chlorination) and with potable water was evaluated. The following three treatments were investigated in this study: i) irrigation with potable water in amount equivalent to 100% of the class A Pan evaporation reading (as taken from the nearest Meteorological Weather Station); ii) irrigation with treated wastewater in amount equivalent to 100% of the A Pan reading and iii) irrigation with treated wastewater in amount equivalent to 125% of the A Pan reading. At the end of the last growing season, soil samples were collected at two soil depths and subjected to microbiological analysis. The bacteriological analysis showed that the total aerobic bacterial counts of surface soil were similar in all irrigated plots, suggesting that the use of this wastewater did not stimulate or inhibit these microflora. Surface soil was found to have higher bacterial counts than deeper soil suggesting bacterial removal from irrigation water by the first few centimeters of soil due to natural infiltration of soil. The total coliforms ranged from 2.1 x 10(3) CFU/g to 4.2 x 10(3) CFU/g while fecal coliforms were less, ranging from 1.2 x 10(2) CFU/g to 4.2 x 10(2) CFU/g. No detectable helminth eggs were recorded in the treated wastewater used for irrigation. The results strongly suggest the necessity to treat wastewater effluents to an extent to which no or very few residual bacterial contaminants will be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG laser irradiation on radicular dentine permeability using different irrigating solutions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG laser on radicular dentine permeability when using distilled and deionized water and 1% NaClO as irrigating solutions. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty human maxillary canines were divided randomly into six groups. The root canals were instrumented with K files and the step-back technique. Group I, irrigation with distilled and deionized water; Group II, irrigation with 1% NaClO; Group III, irrigation with distilled and deionized water and Er:YAG laser application (140 mJ input, 61 mJ output 15 Hz, 300 pulses, and 42 J); Group IV, irrigation with 1% NaClO and Er:YAG laser application (same parameters as Group III); Group V, irrigation with distilled and deionized water and Nd:YAG laser application (150 mJ, 15 Hz, 2,25 W); Group VI, irrigation with 1% NaClO and Nd:YAG laser application (same parameters as Group V). During laser application the teeth were always filled with the irrigating solution. The tip was withdrawn gently in helicoidal movement from the apex to the cervical portion. The teeth were processed for histochemical evaluation. RESULTS: The Tukey test showed that the cervical and middle thirds were statistically similar (P > 0.05) and significantly greater than the apical third (P < 0.05). The Scheffé test showed significantly greater dentine permeability in root canals in which water and Er:YAG laser were used and were significantly different from the other treatments (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of distilled and deionized water and Er:YAG laser showed the greater increase of dentine permeability. The use of 1% NaClO with Nd:YAG laser, distilled, and deionized water with Nd:YAG laser and the use of water increased dentine permeability less than the other groups. The use of 1% NaClO with and without Er:YAG laser application were positioned intermediately among the treatments.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗
PubMed1991

The effect of very early cisternal irrigation on basilar artery spasm after SAH in the rat model.

The authors have investigated the effect of very early irrigation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space in the haemorrhage rat model of vasospasm. Fifteen rats had basilar cistern irrigation with physiological saline for 3 hours after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), and fifteen control rats had subarachnoid haemorrhage without irrigation of clot. The changes in basilar arteries diameters were determined by angiograms obtained from the rats. The post haemorrhage angiograms showed significant basilar artery spasm in both groups (P less than or equal to 0.0005, t-test). However in the last angiogram the basilar artery diameter was found to have the same value measured before subarachnoid haemorrhage in the irrigation group whereas no obvious change was observed in the control group. In the irrigation group the mean diameter of the basilar artery in the last angiogram was 0.412 mm. (0.30 mm to 0.50 mm). None of the animals, treated by cisternal irrigation, showed angiographic vasospasm while the latter group did (P less than or equal to 0.0005). Animals treated with physiological saline irrigation had a median clot grade of 0.40 (range grade 0 to 2); control rats had a median grade 2.86 (range grade 1 to 4, P less than 0.001, Mann-Withney U test), on the brain stem, indicating significant reduction of clot by lavage. In conclusion, performance of experimental physiological saline irrigation at a very early time after subarachnoid haemorrhage prevents the arteriographic and morphological changes of both acute and late vasospasms.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Behavior of arthroscopic irrigation systems.

In the literature, no consensus exists about optimal irrigation of joints during arthroscopic operations. The goal of this paper is to study the behavior of irrigation systems resulting in the proposal of guidelines for optimal irrigation. To this end, optimal irrigation is defined as the steady state of irrigation of a joint in which a sufficient positive intra-articular pressure and a sufficient flow are maintained. A model of the complete irrigation system was created to schematically elucidate the behavior of pump systems. Additionally, clinical experiments were performed during arthroscopic knee operations in which the pressure at different locations and the irrigation flow were measured. The combination of model prediction and clinical results could well be used to derive guidelines, since the clinical results, which showed considerable variation, were used to verify the model, and the model could be used to explain the typical trends. The main findings are twofold the set pressure is always higher than the intra-articular pressure, and the scope-sheath combination has a significant influence on irrigation control, because of its large restriction. Based on the results, we advice to increase the set pressure during active suction, and to include the sheath-scope combination in the control loop.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Irrigation volume determines the efficacy of "rectal washout".

PURPOSE: Rectal stump washout has been recommended to prevent implantation of exfoliated malignant cells in the anastomosis after anterior resection for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate its efficacy, particularly the extent to which the volume of irrigation fluid might influence the efficacy of tumor cell elimination and whether tumor characteristics might influence the result. METHODS: The study comprised 30 consecutive patients operated on by anterior resection for rectal cancer. After cross-clamping the rectum below the tumor, a washout sample was collected for examination after every incremental 500 ml of saline irrigation up to 2 liters. The presence of shed cancer cells was correlated with the washout volume and tumor characteristics. RESULTS: Cancer cells were found in 29 of 30 patients (97 percent) in the first sample of irrigation fluid and decreased gradually in frequency and number with increasing irrigation volumes. No cancer cells were demonstrated after 1.5 liters of irrigation in patients with tumor below the peritoneal reflection, whereas cancer cells were still present in one-fourth of the patients with tumor located above the peritoneal reflection. Finally, only a small number of cancer cells was confirmed in one patient after 2 liters of irrigation. CONCLUSIONS: The irrigation volume determined the efficacy of rectal washout. With our method, 1 1/2 liters of saline irrigation appears to clear contents from cancer cells in patients with tumors below the peritoneal reflection whereas at least 2 liters is recommended for patients with tumor above the peritoneal reflection.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prospective randomised comparison of irrigated-tip and large-tip catheter ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent flutter can be performed using different types of ablation catheters. It has been proposed that irrigated and large-tip catheters are capable of creating larger lesions, resulting in greater efficacy. This prospective, randomised clinical study compared the efficacy of irrigated and large-tip catheters of different designs. METHODS: Eighty patients (69 men, 66+/-11 years) undergoing de novo RF ablation of CTI-dependent flutter were randomised to ablation using one of the following catheters: (i) externally-irrigated 20), (ii) internally-cooled (n=20), (iii) single sensor, 8-mm tip (n=20), or (iv) double sensor, 8-mm tip (n=20). The study endpoint was the demonstration of bidirectional CTI conduction block within 12 min of cumulative RF delivery. Crossover to the externally-irrigated catheter was permitted if this was not achieved. The ablation and procedural parameters, safety and efficacy were compared. RESULTS: The primary endpoint was achieved in 64 patients (80%), including all 20 patients randomised to the externally-irrigated catheter. Crossover was required in 16 patients: 9 initially using the internally-cooled catheter (45%), 3 using single-sensor, 8-mm-tip (15%), and 4 using double-sensor, 8-mm-tip (20%) catheters. The higher initial failure rate with the internally-cooled-tip catheter was significant compared to the externally-irrigated (p = 0.001) and single-sensor, 8-mm-tip (p = 0.04) catheters. The externally-irrigated catheter achieved the study endpoint more frequently with fewer RF applications of shorter duration compared to the internally-cooled-tip catheter and 8-mm-tip catheters, the difference being significant compared with internally cooled ablation. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Among commonly used ablation catheters, the externally-irrigated catheter has a higher efficacy for rapid achievement of CTI block.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Lactic acid root canal irrigation for dowel and core treatment: a pilot study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Various solutions used to irrigate root canals and remove the smear layer prior to obturation of a root canal affect surface topography and may influence the sealing ability of endodontic therapy, retention of endodontic dowels, and restoration survival. PURPOSE: This study microscopically evaluated the effects of varying dilutions of lactic acid on the removal of the smear layer created by hand instrumentation in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of root canals. Lactic acid solution was compared with other solutions deemed to be suitable root canal irrigants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five extracted human single-rooted teeth were manually shaped with files (K-flex) using the step-back technique. ISO size 50 files were used as master apical files. The teeth were equally divided into 7 test groups according to the canal irrigant used. While the teeth were cleaned and shaped, the root canals were irrigated with 3 mL of 1 of the following irrigants between each file size and as a final flush: no irrigant (control), 5% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium hypochlorite, a combination of 5% hydrogen peroxide and 5% sodium hypochlorite, 15% ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% lactic acid, or 20% lactic acid. Specimens were critical-point dried and freeze-fractured for scanning electron microscope analysis at 3 sites (cervical, middle, and apical). RESULTS: Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the cervical, middle, and apical levels of the specimens tested with any of the irrigants used. Also, no difference was found within individual groups. The surface of the control specimens had a smear layer that contained smear plug material. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite used separately and in combination consistently produced surfaces with a smear layer. Lactic acid solutions and EDTA, however, removed the dentinal smear layer but left remnants of smear plugs in the dentinal tubules. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, differences related to the type of irrigant used were found in the characteristics of the pulpal dentin surface. Although lactic acid effectively cleaned and smoothed the dentin walls of root canals of endodontically prepared teeth, further study is needed before this procedure can be recommended for routine clinical use.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed2002

A comparative study of the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma--burr hole drainage versus burr hole irrigation.

BACKGROUND: Several surgical procedures have been reported for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Whether irrigation is required is not clear. We compared the results of treatment of chronic subdural hematoma obtained with burr hole drainage and burr hole irrigation retrospectively. METHODS: Forty patients with chronic subdural hematoma underwent surgery at our institution in the last 3 years. The first 20 patients were treated by burr hole irrigation (irrigation group), while the last 20 patients underwent burr hole drainage (drainage group). The rates of recurrence, changes in hematoma size, and number of days of postoperative hospitalization for the two groups were compared. No significant differences were found between the two groups in the presence of head injury, alcohol consumption, age, gender, or preoperative hematoma size. RESULTS: Duration of postoperative hospitalization was 14.1 days in the drainage group and 25.5 days in the irrigation group. Recurrence was observed in 1 case (5%) in the drainage group, and in 5 cases (25%) in the irrigation group. In the drainage group, postoperative hematoma size was significantly decreased compared to preoperative hematoma size on the first postoperative day, after which change in hematoma size was minimal. On the other hand, in the irrigation group, hematoma size was decreased on the first postoperative day, but not to a significant extent. CONCLUSION: For treatment of chronic subdural hematoma, postoperative hospitalization was shorter and the recurrence was less frequent with drainage than with irrigation.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Thermoprotective mechanisms of irrigation during bipolar cautery.

Bipolar cautery is routinely used in operations of the head and neck, as well as in other specialties, both for dissection and for achieving hemostasis. Whereas simultaneous irrigation is frequently used to minimize neuronal injury, its effectiveness has not been tested under controlled conditions. Our objectives in this study were to test the hypothesis that including irrigation during bipolar cautery is thermoprotective and to identify the mechanisms underlying the thermoprotective effect. The thermoprotective role of irrigation with bipolar cautery was tested in a rat model in which the sciatic nerve was exposed and a 1-second stimulus at 40 or 20 watts was applied with bipolar cautery forceps placed directly on the nerve in the presence or absence of simultaneous irrigation. We used the Sciatic Functional Index as used to quantitate the degree of paresis induced. The results showed that simultaneous irrigation reduced the percentage of animals showing paresis. This effect was significant for animals exposed to 40- and 20-watt cautery. The mechanism for the reduction in the degree of paresis by irrigation could not be attributed to a lowering of the maximal temperature achieved after bipolar cautery. Instead, the thermoprotective mechanism of the irrigation involved an enhanced recovery to basal temperatures when measured at 15 seconds after nerve stimulation with 40 or 20 watts. Reducing the power from 40 watts to 20 watts did not significantly lessen the tissue temperature. The results of this study suggest that irrigation done simultaneously with bipolar cautery enhances temperature recovery to basal levels and plays a role in thermoprotection against the effects of cautery.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of whole bowel irrigation on the pharmacokinetics of an acetaminophen formulation and progression of radiopaque markers through the gastrointestinal tract.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We describe the effects of whole bowel irrigation on a delayed-release acetaminophen preparation. We compare the mechanical effect of whole bowel irrigation on the progression of radiopaque markers through the gastrointestinal tract between an experimental and a control group. METHODS: We performed a 2-armed, prospective, randomized, crossover volunteer study. In the experimental phase, subjects were administered a delayed-release acetaminophen preparation (75 mg/kg) along with a capsule containing radiopaque markers. We initiated whole bowel irrigation at 30 minutes after ingestion and continued until the rectal effluent was clear. Serum acetaminophen concentrations were measured at baseline and from 0.5 to 8 hours. Abdominal radiographs were obtained at the completion of whole bowel irrigation. In the control phase, whole bowel irrigation was not performed. The primary outcome measure was the effect on the area under the acetaminophen concentration versus time curve (AUC) between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Ten subjects participated in the study. We found an 11.5% reduction in the AUC, with the majority of the effect occurring in the delayed-release portion of the curve after the 2-hour mark. This reduction, however, was not statistically significant. Radiographs obtained at the end of whole bowel irrigation revealed radiopaque markers sequestered in the right hemicolon in 8 of 10 subjects. No discernible pattern was noted in the control arm. CONCLUSION: The effect of whole bowel irrigation on reduction of AUC for delayed-release acetaminophen preparation was not statistically significant. Whole bowel irrigation did appear to have a mechanical effect on the progression of radiopaque markers through the gastrointestinal tract, but the clinical significance of this finding is not clear.

Acetaminophen↗