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Results for “Household Distribution”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of mass single-dose diethylcarbamazine and DEC-fortified salt against bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea six months after treatment.

The efficacy of two diethylcarbamazine (DEC) treatment strategies to control bancroftian filariasis, diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt (DEC-FS) and a single DEC dose on mass administration, was evaluated in two communities in Papua New Guinea with pretreatment antigen prevalence of 55% and 71%. In the first community 0.2% w/w diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt was distributed monthly to accepting households at no cost for 12 months. In the second community a single DEC dose based on body size but designed to give about 6 mg/kg was administered to eligible acceptors. Despite wide variation in antigen prevalence among study villages there were marked reductions in prevalences under both treatment strategies. Among individuals antigenaemic on day 0, DEC-FS and a single DEC dose gave filaria antigen clearance rates of 43% and 13%, respectively. In the salt-treated community the incidence of antigenaemia after 6 months in acceptors from households that received 5 kg or more of DEC-FS was 14% whereas in those receiving less than 5 kg salt was 4%. The incidence rates in the second community in those that received < 2.5 and > or = 2.5 tablets were 16% and 8%, respectively. The two treatment strategies were simple to manage and appropriate for developing countries and were widely accepted. DEC-FS was more efficacious than single-dose DEC tablets but a single administration of DEC tablets is easier to administer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Economics of the family: patriarchy in China].

"The inward and outward directed behaviour of a patriarchal family is analyzed by assuming self-interested behaviour of the patriarch, subject to the constraints imposed by the members of the family and by the budget. Hypotheses are derived concerning (1) the allocation of labour within the family, (2) family size, (3) the length of time in office and (4) the consumption standard after retirement of the patriarch, and (5) the redistribution (taxation) among the family members. They are confronted with 'sociological' antitheses based on role and tradition. The evidence from the literature on China tends to support the economic hypotheses." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1993

The British household panel study.

"With the release of the first wave, The British Household Panel Survey is now available from the Archive. The article below is intended to provide an overview of the subject coverage of the British Household Panel Survey, give some idea of the analysis potential of the data, and outline the further dissemination plans for the data."

Communication↗
PubMed1995

[Strong increase in unmarried couples: some main results from the Annual Household Statistics, 1988-1994].

"The [Netherlands] Annual Household Statistics are based on the Labour Force Survey. Since 1988 the main trends show an increase of not-married couples who live together (with or without children), an increase of married couples without children and an increase of one-person households. Households consisting of married couples with children are on the decrease." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family structure and income: a first analysis on cross-section data].

"In the paper the hypothesis of differences in household incomes depending on the sex of the householder is investigated. The data come from the 1991 Bank of Italy Survey on Household Income....A multiple regression model has been formulated in order to appreciate the contribution of the householder's sex to the family and per-capita income differentials." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Current CDC efforts to prevent and control human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS in the United States through information and education.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is estimated to have infected more than a million people in the United States and millions more in other countries. Even though there is no vaccine or effective treatment, HIV infection can be prevented through behavioral change. As the lead Public Health Service Agency for disease prevention, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has designed and implemented information and education activities with the ultimate goal of preventing HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. The target populations include the general public, school- and college-aged populations, persons infected or at increased risk of infection, minorities, and health workers. Because AIDS will be with us for a long time, CDC views educating the public as a long-term undertaking. The agency has initiated an intensive continuing national public information campaign, an informational brochure to be distributed to every U.S. household, a national AIDS information toll-free hotline, and a clearinghouse system that will maintain a comprehensive inventory of AIDS information resources and services. CDC also supports public information and education efforts by State and local health agencies. To reach school- and college-age youth, CDC, in consultation with governmental and national private sector organizations, developed guidelines for effective school health education to assist school health personnel in determining the scope and content of AIDS education. CDC also works with State and local education agencies to help carry out and evaluate educational efforts to prevent the spread of HIV among school- and college-age youth. The populations with the highest priority for AIDS information and education efforts are those who are at increased risk of acquiring or transmitting the AIDS virus because they use illicit intravenous drugs and share needles, engage in anal intercourse, have many sexual partners, practice prostitution, or engage in sex with those who practice these behaviors. Another high-priority population, because they can infect their offspring,is reproductive age women engaging in high-risk behavior and women infected with HIV who become pregnant. CDC programs targeted to these groups include community health education and risk reduction interventions, counseling and testing for HIV infection, AIDS community demonstration projects, perinatal AIDS prevention projects,and programs focused on preventing AIDS in minority populations. CDC is developing a variety of educational approaches for health workers in clinical settings because they are an important channel for providing accurate AIDS information, helping to assess risk, and counseling to actively reduce risk for the patient, sex partners of the patient, friends, and family members of the patient. CDC has conducted research and provided information and training on the use of HIV laboratory tests. CDC has also developed numerous scientific and technical guidelines and recommendations in consultation with practitioners, public health officials, and others and disseminated these through the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. In addition,CDC has provided information about the risk of HIV transmission in the workplace and about methods of prevention. CDC will continue to evaluate these activities and support research in education and related interventions that may be necessary to prevent infection by the HIV virus. By providing educational support for behavior changes that decrease HIV transmission, we can contribute to AIDS prevention in the 1990s.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Socioeconomic Growth, Culture Scale, and Household Well-Being. A Test of the Power-Elite Hypothesis.

Socioeconomic growth is an elite-directed process that concentrates social power in direct proportion to increases in culture scale. Power elites have controlled social power to their own advantage in at least three different ways: domestically, by means of kinship, politically, by means of rulers, and commercially, by means of the market. Each method produces its own growth trajectory and scale of culture and a distinctive distribution of elite power and household living standards. Ethnographic data on urban property ownership in 27 municipalities in the Palouse region of eastern Washington suggest that when power is commercially organized and villages become towns and cities, there is a dramatic increase not only in the number of prosperous households but even more in the number of poor and maintenance-level households. Elite property owners, who most benefit from growth, assume a larger role in municipal government, where they can encourage further growth through municipal annexations and zoning changes. Thus, as elite power becomes increasingly concentrated, the growth process itself tends to become self-perpetuating. In the Palouse example, small, no-growth municipalities appear to be politically more democratic than larger-scale, growing municipalities and household well-being in them more equitably distributed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Reducing diarrhea through the use of household-based ceramic water filters: a randomized, controlled trial in rural Bolivia.

Ceramic water filters have been identified as one of the most promising and accessible technologies for treating water at the household level. In a six-month trial, water filters were distributed randomly to half of the 50 participating households in a rural community in Bolivia; the remaining households continued to use customary water handling practices and served as controls. In four rounds of sampling following distribution of the filters, 100% of the 96 water samples from the filter households were free of thermotolerant coliforms compared with 15.5% of the control household samples. Diarrheal disease risk for individuals in intervention households was 70% lower than for controls (95% confidence interval [CI] = 53-80%; P < 0.001). For children less than five years old, the reduction in risk was 83% (95% CI = 51-94%; P < 0.001). These results show that affordable ceramic water filters enable low-income households to treat and maintain the microbiologic quality of their drinking water.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of four methods for projecting households.

"The purpose of this paper is to extend the headship rate method for projecting households to encompass both sexes. Four models are considered that explicitly incorporate the impact of changes in the number of men and women on the number and joint age distribution of husband-wife households. The models are applied to the Philippines using data from the 1988 National Demographic Survey to project households to 2010. The models are also evaluated by 'backcasting' and comparing the results with special tabulations from the 1970 and 1980 censuses and the 1975 National Demographic Survey."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2004

Personal, indoor, and outdoor VOC exposures in a probability sample of children.

As part of the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study we measured volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in a probability sample of households with children. The 6-day average concentrations for 10 common VOCs were obtained in urban and nonurban residences twice during this multiphase study: screening-phase indoor measurements were collected in 284 households, and in the intensive-phase matched outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) measurements were collected in a subset (N=72) of the screened households. Screening-phase households with smokers had significantly higher concentrations of benzene and styrene compared to nonsmoking households; households with an attached garage had significantly higher levels of benzene, chloroform, styrene, and m/p- and o-xylene compared to households without an attached garage; and nonurban residences, which had a greater prevalence of smokers and attached garages, had significantly higher 1,1,1-trichloroethane, styrene, and toluene and significantly lower tetrachloroethylene concentrations compared to urban households. The screening-phase weighted distributions estimate the mean and variability in indoor VOC concentrations for more than 45,000 households with children in the census tracts sampled. Overall, median indoor concentrations of most VOCs measured in this study were similar to or lower than indoor levels measured previously in the United States. Intensive-phase outdoor VOC concentrations were generally lower than other major metropolitan areas, but urban concentrations were significantly higher than nonurban concentrations for all compounds except 1,1,1-trichloroethylene. A consistent pattern of P>I>O was observed for nine of 10 VOCs, with 1,1,1-trichloroethylene (I>P>O) being the only exception to this pattern. For most children, the indoor at-home microevironment was strongly associated with personal exposure after controlling for important covariates, but the ratio of median to upper bound exposures was smaller than that observed in studies of adults. There are relatively little data on VOC exposures in children, so these results are useful for estimating the central tendency and distribution of VOC exposures in locations where children spend a majority of their time.

Air Pollutants↗