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PubMed2000

Retrospective study of Mycobacterium marinum skin infections.

BACKGROUND: Although infection by Mycobacterium marinum is well reported in the literature, there have been few epidemiologic studies. The purpose of this study was to review the epidemiology of patients with cutaneous M. marinum infection over a 3-year period at the National Skin Centre in Singapore. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous M. marinum infection, confirmed histologically, were collated from computerized data from 1995 to 1997. Thirty-eight patients were diagnosed as having cutaneous M. marinum infection based on history, and clinical and histologic features. RESULTS: Out of the 38 cases of M. marinum infection, there were 30 men and eight women. The age range was 14-85 years (mean: 44.7 years). The duration of disease ranged from 1 to 132 months (mean: 19 months). Thirteen patients (34.2%) had fish rearing as a hobby and four patients (10.5%) had occupational exposure to fish. Twelve patients (31.5%) gave a history of trauma to the disease site. All patients had biopsies of the lesions. All showed infective granulomas/granulomatous inflammation on histology. Acid-fast bacilli were identified in five out of 38 patients (13.2%) and mycobacteria were isolated in one out of 35 patients (2.9%). Nineteen patients received treatment with cotrimoxazole-trimethoprim alone, three with minocycline alone, five with minocycline and cotrimoxazole-trimethoprim, seven with various combinations of drugs, one with excision, and three defaulted treatment. The duration of treatment ranged from 4 to 38 weeks (mean: 14.9 weeks). Twenty-six patients (68.4%) showed clinical improvement, two (5.3%) had no response, and 10 (26.3%) were lost to follow-up. None of the patients worsened with treatment. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 20 months (mean: 6.8 months). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of cutaneous M. marinum infection is mainly clinical, with supporting evidence from histologic features and the response to therapy. Risk factors include a history of trauma and water/fish-related hobbies or occupations. There is a poor yield of positive isolates in our experience; however, empirical treatment usually produces a good clinical response. In future, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique may become more widely available as a rapid, sensitive, and specific means of diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital.

In Finland, members of the Swedish-speaking minority, many of whom live in the province of Ostrobothnia, intermingle with the Finnish-speaking majority. Although the two language communities are quite similar to each other in most societal respects, including socioeconomic status, education and use of health services, significant disparities have been reported in the morbidity, disability and mortality between the Swedish-speaking minority and the Finnish-speaking majority. Since the population genetic, ecological and socioeconomic circumstances are equal, Swedish speakers' longer active life is difficult to explain by conventional health-related risk factors. A great deal of health inequality (between the language groups) seems to derive from uneven distribution of social capital, i.e. the Swedish-speaking community holds a higher amount of social capital that is associated with their well-being and health. Factor analysis revealed four patterns of social capital measures, i.e. voluntary associational activity, friendship network, religious involvement and hobby club activity, of which associational activity, friendship network and religious involvement were significantly associated with good self-rated health. Also, trustful friendship network, hobby club activity and religious involvement as well as avoidance of intoxication-prone drinking behavior were significantly more frequent among the individuals of the Swedish-speaking community. We suggest that health promotion should seek ways of working which would encourage social participation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) scores with exercise duration and measures of ischaemia during treadmill exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease.

A cross-sectional study of patients with stable coronary artery disease was performed to compare perceived health status with the results of a treadmill exercise test. One hundred and twenty one patients, mean age 55.07 years, 106 male, who had all suffered a myocardial infarction under the age of 56 years, up to 9 years earlier were studied. Perceived health status was assessed using the Nottingham Health Profile, part 1 of which assesses six dimensions of normal living, and part 2 seven areas of daily life. Nottingham Health Profile scores were higher (worse perceived health status) in patients with poor treadmill exercise capacity within all dimensions of part 1 (energy, pain, physical mobility P < 0.001, emotional reactions, sleep P < 0.01, social isolation P < 0.05) and most of those within part 2 (care of home, taking holidays P < 0.001, hobbies P < 0.01, relationships at home, sex life P < 0.05). The perceived health status of patients without a history of angina is significantly better than those with angina (pain, physical mobility P < 0.001, energy, emotional reactions, social isolation P < 0.01, sleep P < 0.05, within part 1, taking holidays P < 0.01, care of the home, social life, sex life, hobbies P < 0.05, within part 2). Thus, patients with a poor perceived health status, also have poorer results using more conventional clinical measures of coronary artery disease. The Nottingham Health Profile may be a useful adjunct in patient assessment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

A study of depression and anxiety among doctors working in emergency units in Denizli, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Major work has been carried out on the psychological well-being of emergency room doctors in the US, Canada and in other developed countries, but little has been published regarding the same in the countries in economic transition. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of, and the factors related to, depression and anxiety among doctors working in emergency units in Denizli, Turkey. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2004, using a sample of 192 doctors employed in emergency units in Pamukkale University Hospital, the City Hospital, the Social Security Hospital, private hospitals, citywide primary healthcare centres and 112 emergency services in Denizli, Turkey. Data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire, including questions on sociodemographic characteristics and two instruments determining the level of depressive symptoms and anxiety. Logistic regression was the method chosen for multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation (SD)) depression score was 10.6 (6.5) and the frequency (%) of depression was 29 (15.1). Not having any hobby and having high anxiety scores were salient factors among doctors experiencing depressive symptomatology in bivariate comparisons. Logistic regression analysis showed that not having any hobby (p = 0.07) and having increased anxiety scores (p<0.001) were positive contributors to depression scores. The mean (SD) anxiety score was 8.7 (8.2) and the frequency (%) of anxiety was 28 (14.6). Being a woman, having a low monthly income and having high depression scores contributed considerably to the anxiety of doctors in bivariate comparisons. Low monthly income (<1000 v 1000-2000 YTL) (p = 0.03), the number of years spent in emergency units (p = 0.03) and having high depression scores (p<0.001) were the factors that contributed significantly to the anxiety of doctors in the multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSION: The considerable amount of depression and anxiety found among doctors in this study should trigger further work. Studies using more powerful designs would help to illuminate the factors leading to depression and anxiety, which result in attrition among doctors from emergency units.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Transmissible virus dementia: evaluation of a zoonotic hypothesis.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and kuru are subacute transmissible dementing encephalopathies characterized by spongiform changes in the brain. Scrapie is a similar slow viral encephalopathy which affects sheep, goats and certain other animals. Anecdotal reports suggest that Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease could be a zoonosis. To evaluate the possibility that CJD is acquired from animals, a case-control study was conducted on 26 well-documented CJD cases and 40 controls. Data were collected on exposure to animals through occupations, hobbies, sports and pets. An excess exposure to certain animals was noted among the patients compared to controls in relation to occupation (deer, monkey, squirrel; odds ratio (OR) = 8.9; p less than 0.10) and hobbies (deer, OR = 9.0; rabbit, OR = 6.0; p less than 0.05). Similarly, exposure to animal organs was significantly greater in the CJD group (OR = 20.9; p less than 0.005). Statistically significant increased exposure to sheep or goats was not found among the patients. However, since spongiform encephalopathy has a wider host range than sheep and goats, the increased exposure to certain other animals suggests that a zoonotic source for CJD should be further explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The living conditions of psychiatric patients discharged from half-way houses in Hong Kong.

This paper reports on a study of the living environment of 64 psychiatric patients discharged from half-way houses in Hong Kong. The majority were living in a deprived situation compared to that of their neighbours. They were leading a very monotonous life throughout the year; the walls of their homes were dirty and very plain; and some even ate scraps from a neighbouring bakery. Many did not have any social life at all, and their hobbies were smoking, watching television and gambling. Their neighbours, by comparison, had hobbies such as floriculture, birds and goldfish; decorated their walls with pictures and had newspapers and periodicals in their houses; more often had telephone facilities, wardrobes and sofas; used town gas rather than kerosene stoves; and were more likely to have electrical appliances, especially an iron, refrigerator and shaver. Judged by their income from employment or from public assistance, the 'quality of life' (QOL) of these patients should not have been in such a desperate state. They lacked guidance and instruction in their management of money, and the care of their homes. It is proposed that an aftercare worker might improve the QOL of these discharged psychiatric patients.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1989

Empathy, self-esteem and creativity among junior ballet dancers.

62 junior ballet dancers from the Finnish National Opera (44 girls, 18 boys, ages 9 to 17 yr.) completed the Battle Self-esteem Inventory Form B or AD, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, 2 factors from Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory, 10 items from Rosenberg's scale, the modified Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale, a questionnaire on hobbies, the Rorschach and the Figural B Form of Torrance's creativity test. Analysis showed dancers trained 4-5 nights/week, tended to have creative hobbies, were more empathetic and sensitive (especially girls) than controls. Dancers had higher self-esteem than the normative sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Impact of demographic and impairment-related variables on disability associated with plantar fasciitis.

BACKGROUND: Plantar fasciitis is a common foot disorder that impacts many functional activities. Research that quantifies the impact that plantar fasciitis has on function is lacking. In addition, little is known about which variables are associated with disability in patients with plantar fasciitis. The first purpose of this study was to determine if age, gender, body mass index, pain intensity, chronicity of symptoms, or ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was associated with disability in patients with plantar fasciitis. The second purpose was to describe the impact that plantar fasciitis has on functional status in the context of five functional domains: household activities of daily living, usual work and hobbies, nonweightbearing activities, walking-related activities, and running-related activities. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients diagnosed with unilateral plantar fasciitis were recruited. Demographic and impairment data were collected and all patients completed the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), a validated self-report measure of disability. Multiple regression analysis was used to describe the association between the variables and disability. Graphs depicting five domains of function derived from the LEFS were generated to describe the extent of disability. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) was the only variable that was significantly associated with disability (F = 9.87, p =.003). Measures of pain intensity, ankle dorsiflexion, age, gender, chronicity, and time spent weightbearing were not related to disability. Plantar fasciitis showed distinct patterns of disability depending on the functional domain that was assessed. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of BMI, impairment and demographic variables do not predict the extent of functional loss in patients with plantar fasciitis. The most likely domains of function to be at least moderately affected in patients with plantar fasciitis are running-related activities and usual work or hobbies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Integration of two models, or dominance of one?

Hobbis and Sutton attempted to integrate Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The possibility of such an integration portends exciting opportunities since behavioral interventions have had limited impact on behavior change. The integration, however, may more easily occur if Hobbis and Sutton had selected a formulation of the TPB that incorporated emotional variables, which is a primary focus of CBT. Furthermore, more work may be necessary to integrate the specific cognitive constructs between CBT and the TPB. Empirical research will be necessary to validate that the integration occurred in a meaningful way.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Behavioral factors to include in guidelines for lifelong oral healthiness: an observational study in Japanese adults.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine which behavioral factors to include in guidelines for the Japanese public to achieve an acceptable level of oral healthiness. The objective was to determine the relationship between oral health related behaviors and symptoms related to oral disease and tooth loss in a Japanese adult community. METHODS: Oral health status and lifestyle were investigated in 777 people aged 20 years and older (390 men and 387 women). Subjects were asked to complete a postal questionnaire concerning past diet and lifestyle. The completed questionnaires were collected when they had health examinations. The 15 questions included their preference for sweets, how many between-meal snacks they usually had per day, smoking and drinking habits, presence of oral symptoms, and attitudes towards dental visits. Participants were asked about their behaviors at different stages of their life. The oral health examinations included examination of the oral cavity and teeth performed by dentists using WHO criteria. Odds ratios were calculated for all subjects, all 10 year age groups, and for subjects 30 years or older, 40 years or older, 50 years or older, and 60 years or older. RESULTS: Frequency of tooth brushing (OR = 3.98), having your own toothbrush (OR = 2.11), smoking (OR = 2.71) and bleeding gums (OR = 2.03) were significantly associated with number of retained teeth in males. Frequency of between-meal snacks was strongly associated with number of retained teeth in females (OR = 4.67). Having some hobbies (OR = 2.97), having a family dentist (OR = 2.34) and consulting a dentist as soon as symptoms occurred (OR = 1.74) were significantly associated with number of retained teeth in females. Factors that were significantly associated with tooth loss in both males and females included alcohol consumption (OR = 11.96, males, OR = 3.83, females), swollen gums (OR = 1.93, males, OR = 3.04, females) and toothache (OR = 3.39, males, OR = 3.52, females). CONCLUSION: Behavioral factors that were associated with tooth retention were frequency of eating snacks between meals, tooth brushing frequency, having one's own toothbrush, smoking and drinking habits, having hobbies, having a family dentist and when they had dental treatment. Clinical factors included bleeding gums, swollen gums, and toothache.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The efficacy of a Pennebaker-like writing intervention for poor sleepers.

Patients with insomnia commonly complain that they are unable to get to sleep because of unwanted thoughts and worries. One account given of this excess cognitive activity is that it results from the incomplete processing of daytime stressors and hassles. Previous research has demonstrated the benefits of writing about emotional experiences as a method to facilitate emotional processing. This pilot study tested the hypothesis that writing about worries and concerns, with an emphasis on the expression and processing of emotion, will reduce sleep onset latency among an analogue sample of poor sleepers. Forty-two poor sleepers were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups for 3 nights; the instructions for the "problems" writing group emphasized the expression and processing of worries and concerns, the instructions for the "hobbies" writing group emphasized distraction from worries and concerns by writing about hobbies and interests, the "no writing" group were not given a writing task. The "problems" writing group reported shorter sleep onset latency compared to the "no writing" group. The results of this pilot study highlight the potential of research exploring the utility of a Pennebaker-style writing intervention for improving sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Semen quality and reproductive health of young Czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution.

This study of male reproductive health in the Czech Republic resulted from community concern about potential adverse effects of air pollution. We compared young men (18 years of age) living in Teplice, a highly industrialized district with seasonally elevated levels of air pollution, to those from Prachatice, a rural district with relatively clean air. Surveys were scheduled for either late winter, after the season of higher air pollution, or at the end of summer, when pollution was low. Participation included a physical examination, donation of a semen sample, and completion of a questionnaire on health, personal habits, and exposure to solvents and metals through work or hobby. Analysis of data from 408 volunteers showed that the men from Teplice and Prachatice were similar in physical characteristics, personal habits, and work- or hobby-related exposures. Sixty-six percent (272) of these men donated a single semen sample for routine semen analysis, computer-aided sperm motion analysis, and sperm chromatin structure assay. The mean (median) sperm concentration and sperm count were 61. 2 (44.0) million/mL semen and 113.3 (81.5) million, respectively, and were not associated with district of residence or period of elevated air pollution. However, periods of elevated air pollution in Teplice were significantly associated with decrements in other semen measures including proportionately fewer motile sperm, proportionately fewer sperm with normal morphology or normal head shape, and proportionately more sperm with abnormal chromatin. These results suggest that young men may experience alterations in sperm quality after exposure to periods of elevated air pollution, without changes in sperm numbers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Pain among children and adolescents: restrictions in daily living and triggering factors.

OBJECTIVES: Pain among children and adolescents has been identified as an important public health problem. Most studies evaluating recurrent or chronic pain conditions among children have been limited to descriptions of pain intensity and duration. The effects of pain states and their impact on daily living have rarely been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of perceived pain on the daily lives and activities of children and adolescents. In addition, we sought to delineate self-perceived triggers of pain among children and adolescents. In this study, we (1) document the 3-month prevalence of painful conditions among children and adolescents, (2) delineate their features (location, intensity, frequency, and duration), (3) describe their consequences (restrictions and health care utilization), and (4) elucidate factors that contribute to the occurrence of pain episodes among young subjects. METHODS: The study was conducted in 1 elementary school and 2 secondary schools in the district of Ostholstein, Germany. Children and adolescents, as well as their parents/guardians, were contacted through their school administrators. The teachers distributed an information leaflet, explaining the conduct and aim of the study, to the parents a few days before the official enrollment of the youths in the study. Parents of children in grades 1 to 4 of elementary school were asked to complete the pain questionnaire for their children at home, whereas children from grade 5 upward completed the questionnaire on their own during class, under the supervision of their teachers. The response rate was 80.3%. As previously stated, chronic pain was defined as any prolonged pain that lasted a minimum of 3 months or any pain that recurred throughout a minimal period of 3 months. The children and adolescents were surveyed with the Luebeck Pain-Screening Questionnaire, which was specifically designed for an epidemiologic study of the characteristics and consequences of pain among children and adolescents. The questionnaire evaluates the prevalence of pain in the preceding 3 months. The body area, frequency, intensity, and duration of pain are addressed by the questionnaire. In addition, the questionnaire inquires about the private and public consequences of pain among young subjects. Specifically, the questionnaire aims to delineate the self-perceived factors for the development and maintenance of pain and the impact of these conditions on daily life. RESULTS: Of the 749 children and adolescents, 622 (83%) had experienced pain during the preceding 3 months. A total of 30.8% of the children and adolescents stated that the pain had been present for >6 months. Headache (60.5%), abdominal pain (43.3%), limb pain (33.6%), and back pain (30.2) were the most prevalent pain types among the respondents. Children and adolescents with pain reported that their pain caused the following sequelae: sleep problems (53.6%), inability to pursue hobbies (53.3%), eating problems (51.1%), school absence (48.8%), and inability to meet friends (46.7%). The prevalence of restrictions in daily living attributable to pain increased with age. A total of 50.9% of children and adolescents with pain sought professional help for their conditions, and 51.5% reported the use of pain medications. The prevalence of doctor visits and medication use increased with age. Weather conditions (33%), illness (30.7%), and physical exertion (21.9%) were the most frequent self-perceived triggers for pain noted by the respondents. A total of 30.4% of study participants registered headache as the most bothersome pain, whereas 12.3% cited abdominal pain, 10.7% pain in the extremities, 8.9% back pain, and 3.9% sore throat as being most bothersome. A total of 35.2% of children and adolescents reported pain episodes occurring > or =1 time per week or even more often. Health care utilization because of pain differed among children and adolescents according to the location of pain. Children and adolescents with back pain (56.7%), limb pain (55.0%), and abdominal pain (53.3%) visited a doctor more often than did those with headache (32.5%). In contrast, children and adolescents with headache (59.2%) reported taking medication because of pain more often than did those with back pain (16.4%), limb pain (22.5%), and abdominal pain (38.0%). The prevalence of self-reported medication use and doctor visits because of pain increased significantly with age (chi2 test). The prevalence of self-reported medication use was significantly higher among girls than among boys of the same age, except between the ages of 4 and 9 years (chi2 test). The prevalence of restrictions in daily activities varied among children and adolescents with different pain locations; 51.1% of children and adolescents with abdominal pain and 43.0% with headache but only 19.4% with back pain reported having been absent from school because of pain. The prevalence of restrictions attributable to pain was significantly higher among girls than among boys of the same age, except between the ages of 4 and 9 years (chi2 test). The self-reported triggers for pain varied between girls and boys. Girls stated more often than boys that their pain was triggered by weather conditions (39% vs 25%), illness (eg, common cold or injury) (35.9% vs 23.9%), anger/disputes (20.9% vs 11.9%), family conditions (12.1% vs 5.2%), and sadness (11.9% vs 3.4%). In contrast, boys stated more often than girls that their pain was triggered by physical exertion (28% vs 17.2%). We used a logistic regression model to predict the likelihood of a child paying a visit to the doctor and/or using pain medication. Health care utilization was predicted by increasing age, greater intensity of pain, and longer duration of pain but not by the frequency of pain. We used a logistic regression model to predict restrictions in daily activities. Only the intensity of pain was predictive of the degree of restrictions in daily life attributable to pain; the duration of pain and the frequency of pain episodes had no bearing on the degree to which the daily lives of the children were restricted because of pain. CONCLUSIONS: More than two thirds of the respondents reported restrictions in daily living activities attributable to pain. However, 30 to 40% of children and adolescents with pain reported moderate effects of their pain on school attendance, participation in hobbies, maintenance of social contacts, appetite, and sleep, as well as increased utilization of health services because of their pain. Restrictions in daily activities in general and health care utilization because of pain increased with age. Girls > or =10 years of age reported more restrictions in daily living and used more medications for their pain than did boys of the same age. We found gender-specific differences in self-perceived triggers for pain. Pain intensity was the most robust variable for predicting functional impairment in > or =1 areas of daily life. Increasing age of the child and increasing intensity and duration of pain had effects in predicting health care utilization (visiting a doctor and/or taking medication), whereas restrictions in daily activities were predicted only by the intensity of pain. Our results underscore the relevance of pediatric pain for public health policy. Additional studies are necessary and may enhance our knowledge about pediatric pain, to enable parents, teachers, and health care professionals to assist young people with pain management, allowing the young people to intervene positively in their conditions before they become recurrent or persistent.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Blue versus periwinkle: color identification and gender.

This study examined the color identification and vocabulary skills of 101 female and 52 male college students. Femininity scores, color-related hobbies, and academic aptitude scores were also examined for their influence on color identification. The women identified significantly more elaborate colors than did the men. Color identification was significantly correlated with vocabulary but not with scores on femininity. Academic aptitude scores and having a color-related hobby also predicted color identification under some conditions.

Color Perception↗
PubMed2000

Sex and skill differences in translation of English color words by Chinese students.

The present study investigated sex and skill differences in color-word translation by Chinese-speaking students in university English classes. A questionnaire was administered to estimate the correlation between subjects' performance and their color-related hobbies. To conceptualize the issue better, two more groups of correlated parameter (academic achievements plus demographic factors) were introduced in this research as well. 40 English majors (20 women, 20 men), ranging in education from level one to level four, were randomly drawn from a metropolitan university and tested in the experiments as subjects. These university students were asked to provide Chinese equivalents for a list of 33 elaborated English color terms chosen from a thesaurus by mapping on the 11 color-tone categories defined by basic color theory. The results confirm the findings in relevant studies that used native speakers as subjects by observing that (1) women possessed a richer color vocabulary both in their source language and in their target language, (2) women also provided more elaborated Chinese equivalents to the color words used as stimuli, and finally, (3) women showed a superiority in accuracy in this color-lexicon matching or translating task. As a whole, the effects of skill and age were not significant. A significant correlation was found between the learners' proficiency in English and performance in translation of color words, but this relationship was rather weak and only true for the men. Color-related hobbies did not significantly correlate with the color-decoding performance of these language learners. Neither did the demographic factors. Taken together, it is sensible to state that differences reported here were affected primarily by the sex of the learn er. conditionally by language proficiency, and presumably by the cognitive and perceptual sex differences as well. These findings further indicate that the process of color codability is a complicated but unstudied issue in language learning and that sex should be treated as an independent variable in this area of research.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

[An preliminary study on Quality of Life Scale for Elderly: an examination in terms of psychological satisfaction].

The purpose of this study was to construct Quality of Life Scale for Elderly (QOLS-E), which was to evaluate the older person's physical, social, and psychological states synthetically, and to find out which factors most influenced the person's psychological satisfaction. Two groups of people, 42 in total who were between 65 and 90 years old, participated in the study, with 25 living in the nursing home, and 17 in the hospital. Although the factor structure of QOLS-E was reasonable, the reliabilities were not very high, meaning further research was necessary to improve the scale. Multiple regression showed that Satisfaction with Activities of Daily Life was apt to be related to psychological satisfaction. Also, enjoying a hobby and positive relationships with institutional staff members appeared important for other facets of psychological satisfaction. As for subscales of psychological satisfaction, enjoying a hobby was significantly related to Acceptance of Own Life, and number of diseases to Mental Stability. Another subscales of QOLS-E, Satisfaction with Family Relationships, was also related to Acceptance of Own Life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Interventional cardiology versus minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Comparing interventional cardiology with minimally invasive cardiac surgery 1998 goes back to the early 80s when cardiologists treated coronary artery disease patients with balloon angioplasty under a permanent observation of cardiac surgeons who could offer to the patient the well established Conventional CABG, which already had proven to be safe, effective, durable, reproducible, and complete. At that time some critics predicted PTCA would remain the hobby of some cardiologists. During the last two decades, however, an explosive proliferation in the number of PTCA procedures has occurred, which soon exceed the number of CABG procedures. As technology has advanced and operator experience has increased, the application of PTCA has expanded from dilatation of simple, concentric single-vessel stenotic lesions to progressively more complex lesions in multivessel disease. Within the last 5 years the minimally invasive cardiac surgery has progressed, which allows the performance of even complex cardiac surgery through small incisions with (port-access technique) or without (MIDCAB technique) cardiopulmonary bypass. The rationale of enthusiastic users of these new techniques leads to improved cosmetic results, less surgical trauma, decreased length of hospital stay, reduced cost, and comparable long-term results with respect to conventional CABG. Similar to the prediction about PTCA two decades ago, some critics say that minimally invasive cardiac surgery would remain the hobby of some cardiac surgeons.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2000

[An oral health scoring system for promoting 8020 achievement in residents].

The present study was undertaken to develop a self-scoring system which can be used by a resident to check lifestyle. The oral health scoring system which we used in Tobishima village, Aichi-ken, was named SAWAYAKA score. A total of 777 subjects were examined. The subjects responded to a questionnaire regarding their past individual lifestyles and dietary habits. Oral health conditions were also examined by dentists. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated both from retained tooth numbers and the questionnaire. Questions with significant odds ratio were selected and the partial regression coefficients of quantification II method by Hayashi were calculated. The results are as follows; 1) Eleven questions showed a significant odds ratio between retained tooth numbers and past lifestyle and dietary habits. The questions involved the frequency of snack intake, tooth brushing frequency, having own tooth brush, smoking, drinking, having a hobby, having a family dentist, consulting a dentist before a problem got serious, gum bleeding, swollen gums and toothache caused by sensitivity to cold water. 2) The eleven items were analysed by using Hayashi's quantification II method. 3) The results showed that unswollen gums affected the retention of teeth by the range of 1.240. Toothache caused by sensitivity to cold water affected the retention of teeth by the range of 0.765. Having a hobby affected the retention of teeth by the range of 0.691. 4) The "SAWAYAKA" score was used to select important items, excluding drinking. 5) When results were analysed with the SAWAYAKA score, an average of 9.6 was obtained. It was concluded that the scoring list could be used for checking resident's lifestyles, and for promoting the preservation of more than 20 teeth at the age of 80.

Adult↗