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PubMed1984

Physicians at risk. Some epidemiologic considerations of alcoholism, drug abuse, and suicide.

Physicians are at high risk of addiction by alcohol and other chemicals. The consequences are costly and disastrous, the scope of the problem is grossly underestimated and underreported, treatment is not overwhelmingly favorable, and prevention is even less successful. A modern treatment facility dealing with the problem is described and suggestions are made regarding the underlying issues and policies that face the administrators of training programs and treatment centers. Even more important is the need to persuade physicians to "cherish themselves" and avoid the dangers of "role strain" - two important self-help behavior modifications that may help lessen an important occupational health risk.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1982

[The influence of one's birthday on one's help-seeking behavior].

For 500 patients the date of the initial telephone contact for registration with a psychotherapeutic institution was considered in respect to the patients birthdays. With a supposed prohability of an even distribution between .10 and .20 a trend was observed showing that less than the expected percentage of patients made these contacts in the last two months preceding their birthdays whereas more patients than expected did so within the first two months after their birthdays.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive-Behavioral self-help for chronic pain.

Cognitive behavioral self-help is a potentially cost-saving method of delivering evidence-based treatment to a wide range of chronic pain patients. This article provides a rationale for self-help and focuses on the effectiveness of self-help in the management of chronic pain, which typically includes some degree of lay leader or professional facilitation. The evidence for these treatments is generally positive (e.g., reductions in pain and pain-related disability) across such illnesses as arthritis, back pain, headache, and temporomandibular joint disorders. When implementing self-help, professionals need to consider individual differences in suitability for using a self-management treatment and evaluate the outcome in the context of a stepped care approach. This article uses three case examples to illustrate the use of cognitive behavioral self-help delivered in the care of scleroderma patients.

Breathing Exercises↗
PubMed1995

Types of drunk-driving intervention: prevalence, success and gender.

OBJECTIVE: Survey research suggests that there are few, if any, gender differences in the types and frequency of informal drunk-driving intervention. This contrasts sharply with laboratory studies of helping behavior which report that men are more likely to help than are women. The present study examined the frequency and success rate of several different types of informal drunk-driving intervention for women and men. The influence of the gender of the intervenor and the intoxicated individual and the intervenor's familiarity with the individual on the use and success of the different interventions were also examined. METHOD: Students (N = 388) at a major West Coast university completed a drinking and driving questionnaire. Of these subjects 303 (78%) reported having been in a DUI situation within the last year, and 68% at these students (n = 206) who reported having intervened at least once in the past year were used in the present study. RESULTS: Women were just as likely as men to intervene. There were few gender differences in the frequency and success rates of the different types of intervention examined. Familiarity with the intoxicated individual increased the frequency and success of intervention. However, intervention with strangers occurred under certain circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that there are few gender differences in the use and success rate of different types of informal drunk-driving intervention. However, since the interventions examined in this study were determined a priori, gender differences may still be operative. There is some research evidence that suggests that men and women approach potential drunk drivers differently. Furthermore, the role of familiarity in drunk-driving intervention needs to be further examined.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Helping others: a response to HIV disease.

Previous research supports that helping behaviors can be as beneficial to the person providing the help as to the recipient. Ten individuals infected with HIV describe how helping others became an important strategy in helping them live with their diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. A grounded theory study was done to identify and describe psychosocial responses to being infected with HIV. Audiotaped interviews were analyzed using grounded theory methodologies. The core category that emerged from the data was fighting to survive. Taking care and restructuring one's life were the supporting concepts. Processes involved in taking care were everyday work and illness work. Helping others was one strategy of everyday work the participants found to be helpful in the fight to survive. The benefits of helping are described and the various ways of helping are presented in this article.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of a community-based system for training natural helpers. II. Effects on informal helping activities.

A set of 37 rural "natural helpers" chose to become involved in a community-based program of training to enhance their helping skills. Data were collected on the following dimensions of the helpers' informal helping activities: number of helping interactions, different persons helped, relationship to helpee, length of helping contact, location, types of helpee problems, kinds of helping behaviors used, and helper-perceived confidence, helpfulness, and satisfaction. Comparison of helpers' reports on these dimensions prior to and after training showed these changes: (a) a greater proportion of interaction with spouses, (b) more interaction in helpees' homes, and (c) more confidence in helping. Comparisons of changes between helpers who acquired specific helping skills and those who did not gave indeterminant results. Helpers' reports of their community behaviors were not congruent with direct observations of their behavior in evaluation sessions.

Community Health Workers↗
PubMed2005

The use of alternative medicine among Taiwanese psychiatric outpatients.

The present study is intended to examine the use of alternative therapy and their help-behavior among patients who first visited psychiatric clinic in Taiwan. We recruited 150 patients from three general hospital psychiatric clinics. We collected the information of their demographic data, help-seeking behavior, and the use of alternative therapy, then screened them using Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and World Health Organization's Quality of Life assessment. We found that 53 (35.3%) of 150 psychiatric outpatients visited an alternative therapists or received some type of alternative therapy at least once. Alternative medicine users were more likely to be married (P=0.004), to suffer from more intensive anxiety symptoms (P=0.018), to have visited more psychiatrists (P=0.006), to have visited more clinics (P=0.001), and to have taken longer between onset of the symptoms and their first visit to the psychiatric clinic (P=0.028). Based on these findings we suggest that alternative therapy plays important roles in the help-seeking behavior of Taiwanese psychiatric patients, and that alternative medicine users tend to delay proper psychiatric care. Clinicians should inquire about patients' past history of seeking alternative therapy, build a firm trust in the doctor-patient relationship, and increase the compliance of psychiatric treatment in alternative therapy users.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Self-help treatment for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is a prevalent health complaint that often remains untreated. Several interventions are efficacious but they are not widely available. This study evaluated the efficacy of a self-help behavioral intervention for insomnia. DESIGN: The study used a 2 (conditions; self-help treatment, no treatment control) x 3 (assessments; pretreatment, posttreatment, 6-month follow-up) mixed factorial design. SETTING: This study was part of a larger epidemiologic study conducted with a randomly selected sample of 2001 adults of the province of Quebec in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: One-hundred ninety-two adults (n = 127 women, 65 men; mean age, 46 years) with insomnia, selected from a larger community-based epidemiologic sample, were randomly assigned to self-help treatment (n = 96) or no-treatment control (n = 96). INTERVENTIONS: The self-help intervention included 6 educational booklets mailed weekly to participants and providing information about insomnia, healthy sleep practices, and behavioral sleep scheduling and cognitive strategies. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Participants completed sleep diaries and questionnaires at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Significant but modest improvements were obtained on subjective sleep parameters for treatment but not control participants. Treated participants averaged nightly gains of 21 minutes of sleep and a reduction of 20 minutes of wakefulness, with a corresponding increase of 4% in sleep efficiency. Improvements were also obtained on measures of insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index) and of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and those changes were maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A self-help behavioral intervention was effective in alleviating a broad range of insomnia symptomatology in a community sample. Self-help may be a promising approach to make effective intervention more widely available.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Sex differences in bystander intervention in a theft.

A series of studies demonstrated a strong relationship among the situation-defining variable of degree of harm to victim, sexual configuration among participants, and bystanders' willingness to intervene to stop a theft. A pretest showed that a prior verbal commitment was absolutely necessary for intervention. The remaining data showed that high harm to a victim produced a high rate of intervention and showed strong sex differences in helping behavior in low-harm conditions. A high percentage of female bystanders helped in both low- and high-harm situations, whereas frequent helping by males was observed only when harm to the victim was high. Female victims elicited a significantly greater amount of helping, and sex of thief had no effect. A significant sex of bystander, sex of victim, and harm to victim interaction best describes the data. Results are interpreted in terms of different motivational sets held by males and females when they are responsible for the fate of others. Results also support the utility of an interactionist approach to the question of how individual and situational variables influence prosocial action.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Dispositional attribution: multiple inferences about motive-related traits.

This research views dispositional inference as a process whereby perceivers integrate multiple inferences about a target person's motives and traits. The findings suggest that although perceived motives may stimulate extra attributional processing (S. Fein, 1996), the content of the inferred motive is important as well. Perceivers learned about situational forces implying that a target person had free choice, no choice, or an ulterior motive for helpful behavior. Inferences about the target's helpfulness differed depending on whether the target's behavior was attributed to an obedience motive (no-choice condition) or to a selfish motive (ulterior-motive condition). In general, inferences about motives were more predictive of dispositional inferences than were global causal attributions (to situational vs. dispositional forces) or base rate assumptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Calling emergency medical services during drug overdose: an examination of individual, social and setting correlates.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to examine individual, social and setting correlates of calling the emergency number, 911, during an overdose. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A sample of 397 current or former drug users in Baltimore, MD, USA who reported having ever witnessed an overdose. FINDINGS: Participants reported calling an ambulance in 23% of the overdose cases. Results from multivariate logistic regression indicate that having ever overdosed and having four or more bystanders present independently decreased the likelihood of calling 911. Having ever witnessed a fatal overdose and having any female bystanders present increased the likelihood of calling 911. There was a significant interaction between fear of arrest and prior exposure to the police. Setting of the overdose (public versus private) was not associated with calling 911 after controlling for other factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in addition to personal characteristics of witnesses, social factors influence calling 911. Intervention at the social level may be a viable means to increase bystander helping behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Responding to patients' concerns.

Training our nursing staff in reflective responding techniques was a worthwhile project, and patients are benefitting from a staff better prepared to help them cope with some of the emotional stresses they face. Staff members now possess some basic helping skills on which other counseling skills may be built and have eliminated many nonhelpful responses. The participants are more aware of their unique role in helping patients deal with feelings about illness. By using these helping behaviors nursing staff members fulfill an autonomous function in the health care field. "They feel satisfied because they are doing a good job."

Attention↗
PubMed1985

Consanguinity and kin level: their relative importance to the helping network of older adults.

The purpose of this research was to examine the help received by older rural-transitional adults from seven levels of consanguineous and affinal kin and to determine the correlates of help received according to kin type. The sample consisted of 321 working class adults, aged 65 to 96 years, selected by a compact cluster sampling procedure. The data showed that kin beyond the child, child-in-law levels was of little functional importance in the helping network of older adults. Proximity to kin was the only common denominator of help received across all levels of kin. Results of the study appear to support, in part, the kin-selection theory in that helping behaviors were usually based upon degree of consanguinity (and associated marriage tie) and extent of dependency of older adults as measured by their health status or age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Helping at the bedside: spouses' preferences for helping critically ill patients.

Spouses of patients in intensive care units (ICU) need to be close and helpful to ill partners. According to adult attachment theory, emotional responses may be related to preferences for closeness and helpfulness, and according to control theory optimism also may influence spouses' emotional responses. Spouses' goals and helping behaviors were assessed in 88 spouses of ICU patients. Using a repeated-measures design, the relationships of closeness, helpfulness, and optimism to emotional outcomes were assessed. Preferences for closeness and helpfulness were strongly related, and together with optimism, predicted spouses' mood at some point of the illness trajectory. Spouses who were over-involved with partners' care requirements were at greater risk for emotional distress. Results suggest that closeness and helpfulness are integrated concepts, and that attachment dimensions of a relationship and optimism are useful for understanding spouses' emotional responses to critical illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The primary group as supportive milieu: applications to community psychology.

The paper reviews evidence documenting the health-protective effects of the informal social support extended by kith, kin, and community gatekeepers. Noteworthy features of a classification scheme describing the substance of informal helping behaviors are reviewed. Implications for future research and action address: (a) the need for professionals to reexamine occasions for the provision of consultation and crisis-intervention services; (b) the potential for using social network analysis to identify vulnerable groups in the community; (c) the merits of advocating on behalf of informal support systems as favorable settings for the accomplishment of primary prevention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Service consumption patterns over time among adult day care program participants.

A study of 59 adult day care (ADC) programs funded by area agencies on aging in Pennsylvania provides data which profiles the classic package of ADC services utilized by elder participants and traces the relationship between formal service consumption and the helping behaviors of family caregivers. Elder clients rejected 1 or more services offered by ADC staff 59% of the time. Consumption of homemaking, transportation, and counseling services escalated over time although total formal services used remained minimal. Family helpers performed both a greater range and intensity of support functions as compared to ADC programs (p less than .001). Program strategies and future research directions are suggested.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informal support resources for vulnerable elderly persons: can they be counted on, why do they work?

The issue of informal support system resiliency is analyzed for approximately 700 vulnerable elderly persons in a variety of communities (e.g., urban age-segregated housing, ethnic urban age-integrated community, rural age-integrated, etc.). These samples, while geographically specific, are diverse, and a case can be made for generalizing the conclusions originating in this study to the larger population of vulnerable elderly persons in this country. There is a reexamination of the following questions: 1) Do informal support systems generally exist for vulnerable elderly persons; 2) Are significant levels of help being given by these helpers? An examination is also made of the following questions: 1) Can we depend upon these informal systems to continue to provide care now being given, and to respond to new needs that may arise in the future; 2) How is this helping behavior initiated? Within this study, the vulnerable elderly persons were generally found to have informal support systems characterized by active communication. The central role of the informal system is the transmittal of knowledge. Network members pick up information about the individual in regular ongoing communication of a noninstrumental character, interpret this information, act in ways that are responsive to the individual's needs, and are generally prepared to continue to act as new needs arise.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Hitchhikers' smiles and receipt of help.

The positive association of smiling on helping behavior is well established in social psychology. Nevertheless, no study was found for the effect of smiling on hitchhiking success. An experiment was carried out in France where hitchhiking is a legal and common practice. Four confederates, 2 young men and 2 young women, selected for their "average attractiveness" hitchhiked, signaled to 800 (503 men and 297 women) motorists driving along the road on a peninsula. In half of the cases, the confederate smiled at the motorist. Analysis showed that, when hitchhiking women were smiling, motorists stopped more frequently but not when hitchhikers were men. Also, in all conditions, motorists who stopped were male.

Adult↗