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Contralateral total hip arthroplasty or ipsilateral total knee arthroplasty in patients who have a long-standing fusion of the hip.

We studied the cases of twenty patients who had had an ipsilateral total knee arthroplasty or a contralateral total hip arthroplasty, or both, long after one hip had been fused in an acceptable position. Between 1972 and 1986, we performed twenty-one total joint arthroplasties (on thirteen hips and eight knees) and followed two additional patients (one hip and one knee) in whom the operation had been performed elsewhere. The average age of the patients at the time of arthroplasty was fifty-seven years (range, thirty-one to eighty-one years), and the average time from arthrodesis to arthroplasty was thirty-two years (range, eleven to fifty-four years). The results of eighteen of the twenty-three arthroplasties were evaluated at an average of seven years and nine months postoperatively. Four of the remaining five patients, who were followed for an average of eight years, died of a cause that was unrelated to the arthroplasty. After the hip arthroplasty, five hips were rated excellent; five, good; one, fair; and three, poor. Each hip that had a poor result was revised twice for mechanical loosening. Three hips for which the result was not considered poor had progressive radiolucency. After the knee arthroplasty, three knees were rated excellent; four, good; one, fair; and one, poor (because of infection). Seven knees were manipulated a total of fifteen times. Only one patient had progressive symptomatic radiolucency, nine years after the insertion of a posterior stabilized prosthesis. Clinically important ligamentous instability was not encountered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

Intra-articular volume and hip joint instability in dogs with hip dysplasia.

UNLABELLED: The nature of the instability of the hip joint in dogs with dysplasia of the hip was investigated. In the experimental canine model, instability of the joint, as shown by subluxation of the femoral head on a roentgenogram, was accompanied by an increase in the volume of the synovial fluid and of the ligamentum teres and, therefore, an increase in the intra-articular volume. Injection of a buffered solution of hyaluronic acid into non-subluxated hip joints in situ increased subluxation, whereas withdrawal of synovial fluid from one joint with severe subluxation reduced the degree of subluxation. The withdrawal of varying amounts of synovial fluid from excised but intact joints resulted in a decrease in the lateral displacement of the femoral heads. Injection of the hyaluronic acid solution into excised joints resulted in increased lateral displacement of the femoral heads. The results suggest that the joint instability associated with canine hip dysplasia is related to increased intra-articular volume. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Instability of the hip joint (abnormal laxity) is a feature of hip dysplasia in dogs and congenital dislocation of the hip in children. The canine disease can provide a valuable model in which to examine the pathogenesis of hip instability. The model may be useful to test prophylactic procedures to prevent joint instability and thus ameliorate disease.

Animals↗

Prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip in slipped capital femoral epiphysis : evaluation of long-term outcome for the contralateral hip with use of decision analysis.

BACKGROUND: The risk of a contralateral slip in patients who are first seen with a unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis has been reported to be 2335 times higher than the risk of an initial slip. The overall prevalence of bilaterality varies widely throughout the literature, with some reports indicating rates as high as 80%. This finding has led many authors to recommend prophylactic pinning of the contralateral asymptomatic hip in patients presenting with a unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. METHODS: A decision analysis model with probabilities for the occurrence of contralateral slip and for the severity of slip at different intervals of follow-up was used in the present study. These probabilities were compared with those for various outcomes when the contralateral hip is prophylactically pinned. Scores representing long-term outcome, according to the Iowa hip-rating system, were used in the model as a measure of utility. The probabilities of contralateral slip and the rates of slip severity were taken from large retrospective series. All meaningful clinical scenarios with regard to long-term outcome for the hip were considered in the model. Variables of uncertainty were subjected to sensitivity analyses in order to explore the effect on outcome over the range of plausible values for variables of interest. RESULTS: The results showed a benefit in the long-term outcome for patients who had prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip. The threshold level at which a benefit is obtained with prophylactic pinning is expressed according to the rates of sequential slip, rates of slips overlooked at follow-up, and complications associated with prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip. CONCLUSIONS: The decision model shows that, when pooled data are used to predict probabilities of sequential slip, treatment of the contralateral hip with prophylactic pinning is beneficial to the long-term outcome for that hip. When considering prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip, the clinician should use sound clinical judgment with respect to the age, sex, and endocrine status of the patient. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to establish the efficacy of prophylactic pinning, but the predictions in the present study, which are based on findings in the literature, support the safety of this procedure.

Bone Nails↗

Treatment of high dislocation of the hip in adults with total hip arthroplasty. Operative technique and long-term clinical results.

The clinical results of eighty-four total hip arthroplasties performed through a transtrochanteric approach in sixty-seven patients who had a high dislocation of the hip (the femoral head completely out of the acetabulum), from 1976 to 1994, were reviewed. The acetabular component was placed in the true acetabulum and the femur was shortened at the level of the femoral neck, along with release of the psoas tendon and the small external rotators, in order to facilitate reduction of the components and to avoid neurovascular complications. Eleven hip prostheses (13 per cent) failed at a mean of 6.4 years (range, two months to sixteen years) postoperatively; the failure was due to aseptic loosening of both components in four hips, aseptic loosening of the stem only in three, late infection in three, and malpositioning of the acetabular component that caused recurrent dislocations in one. The other seventy-three hips were functioning well at the latest follow-up examination, two to twenty years (mean, 7.1 years) postoperatively. The overall cumulative rate of success was 92.4 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 89.5 to 95.3 per cent) at five years and 88.0 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 82.2 to 93.8 per cent) at ten years. We believe that this operative technique of total hip arthroplasty is effective for the treatment of the difficult condition of high dislocation of the hip.

Adult↗

Osteotomy, compression and reaming techniques for internal fixation of extracapsular hip fractures.

BACKGROUND: Many different surgical techniques, such as osteotomy, have been used in internal fixation of extracapsular hip fractures. OBJECTIVES: To compare different aspects of surgical technique in internal fixation of extracapsular hip fractures that have been subjected to randomised trials in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group trials register, Medline, CENTRAL and reference lists of relevant articles were searched. Date of the most recent search: March 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised trials investigating operative technique for the treatment of extracapsular hip fractures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality, by use of an eleven item check list, and extracted data. Wherever possible and appropriate, results of outcome measures were pooled. MAIN RESULTS: All eight included trials were of only modest methodological quality. One trial of 65 patients undergoing fixation with a fixed nail-plate compared osteotomy versus anatomical reduction. There was a tendency to a reduced fixation failure rate after osteotomy. Four trials involving 465 patients undergoing fixation with a sliding hip screw (SHS) compared osteotomy versus anatomical reduction. Osteotomy was associated with an increased operative blood loss and length of surgery. There was also a tendency to an increased length of hospital stay and limb shortening for osteotomy. One trial of 200 patients undergoing fixation with a SHS compared results with or without compression across the fracture site. The only significant difference in outcomes was increased varus deformity in those fractures treated with compression. One trial of 19 patients reported reduced temperatures generated by a modified method of reaming the femoral head. Another study used oesophageal ultrasound to demonstrate reduced bone marrow intravascular embolism when a Gamma nail was inserted in 50 patients with, rather than without, a distal pressure venting hole in the femur. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is inadequate evidence to determine if any benefits exist for the routine use of osteotomy in conjunction with a SHS for the internal fixation of an unstable trochanteric femoral fracture. Osteotomy may be relevant if used in conjunction with a fixed nail plate. Based on the evidence of one trial only, there is inadequate evidence to support the application of compression across the fracture site of a trochanteric fracture during SHS fixation. Inadequate information exists for different reaming techniques during SHS or Gamma nail fixation to make definite conclusions.

Fracture Fixation, Internal↗

Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Fractures of the hip are an important cause of later ill health and mortality in elderly people. People with hip fractures are often malnourished at the time of fracture, and have poor food intake in hospital. OBJECTIVES: This review assesses the effects of nutritional interventions in elderly people recovering from hip fracture. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Embase, Biosis, Cinahl, Healthstar and reference lists. We contacted investigators, and hand searched Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Clinical Nutrition and The Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Date of the most recent search: June 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of nutritional interventions of mainly older patients (aged over 65 years) with hip fracture. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial allocation to included, excluded and awaiting assessment categories, was by consensus. Both reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. Additional information was sought from all trialists. Pooling of data for primary outcomes and select exploratory analyses were undertaken. MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen randomised trials involving 943 participants were included. Overall the quality of trials was poor; specifically in terms of allocation concealment, assessor blinding and intention to treat analysis. This, and the limited availability of outcome data, mean that the following results must be interpreted with caution. Oral multinutrient feeds (providing non-protein energy, protein, some vitamins and minerals), evaluated by six trials, may reduce unfavourable outcome (death or complications) (14/66 versus 26/73; Peto odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.11 to 0.67), but did not demonstrate an effect on mortality (12/91 versus 14/97; Peto odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 1.96). Four trials, examining nasogastric multinutrient feeding, showed no evidence for an effect on mortality (Peto odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 2.17), but the studies were heterogeneous regarding case-mix. Insufficient information was provided to evaluate unfavourable outcome. The effect of protein in an oral feed, tested in two trials, showed no evidence for an effect on mortality (Peto odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 2.79), but may have reduced days spent in rehabilitation wards. Two trials, testing intravenous thiamin (vitamin B1) and other water soluble vitamins, or 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (an active form of vitamin D) respectively, produced no evidence of benefit for either vitamin supplement. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The strongest evidence for the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation exists for oral protein and energy feeds, but the evidence is still very weak. Future trials are required which overcome the defects of the reviewed studies, particularly inadequate size, methodology and outcome assessment.

Aged↗

Prevalence and distribution of hip and knee joint replacements and hip implants in older Americans by the end of life.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hip and knee replacements have become increasingly common in the older population but the prevalence of these procedures and the potential impact on functioning towards the end of life have not been previously described. The aim of this study was to estimate the rates and distribution of hip and knee joint replacements and hip implants (surgical pins, screws, rods, plates, etc.) in people aged 65 and over who died in the US in 1993, and to measure mobility outcomes during their last year of life. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey; 7684 deaths in people aged 65 years or over were included. From these data full informant interviews were available for 6586 (86%). Three hundred and forty-four decedents had hip joint replacements, 357 had hip implants, and 102 had knee joint replacements. Replicate methods were used to obtain weighted estimates for all decedents in the 1993 US base population. RESULTS: Of female and male decedents, 15.5% (95% CI: 14.3-16.7) and 6.1% (95% CI: 3.9-8.2), respectively, had received the studied devices. About 80% of these had been implanted more than a year before death. There were large differences in the risks of receiving a hip joint replacement or a hip implant depending on gender, education and race. About 60% of recipients either had no difficulty in getting around their own homes during the last year of life or had difficulty lasting less than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Implanted hip and knee devices were common in older people who died in the US in 1993. Large sociodemographic differences in those who received vs those who did not were present at the end of life. While difficulty in walking is the main indication for joint replacements, a majority of those receiving replacements experienced less than 6 months of mobility difficulties in their own homes during the last year of their lives.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Total hip arthroplasty of dysplastic hip after previous Chiari pelvic osteotomy.

INTRODUCTION: Many reports have suggested that Chiari pelvic osteotomy would improve the results of acetabular component placement and fixation in subsequent total hip arthroplasty. However, little is known concerning the biomechanical, radiological, and clinical effects of Chiari pelvic osteotomy on subsequent total hip arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten total hip arthroplasties for developmental dysplasia of the hip after previous Chiari pelvic osteotomy (Chiari group) were compared with 20 total hip arthroplasties for developmental dysplasia of the hip without previous surgery (control group). Preoperative patient demographic data and operative technique were well matched between the groups. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.0 years. Biomechanical, radiological, and clinical evaluations were performed. RESULTS: No acetabular or femoral components exhibited loosening. All patients had good or excellent clinical score according to the Merle d'Aubigne-Postel rating system at the most recent follow-up. Abductor force and joint force were smaller in the Chiari group, although long operative time, more blood loss, and verticalization of joint force were noted in this group. CONCLUSION: This limited study suggested that Chiari pelvic osteotomy changed the biomechanical features of the hip joint, and that this alteration might have compromised subsequent total hip arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗

Hip replacement and hip hemiarthroplasty surgery: potential opportunities to shorten lengths of hospital stay.

The potential safety and effectiveness of a practice guideline recommending a 5-day postoperative stay in the acute care hospital for hip surgery patients without clinical findings predictive of a complicated hospital course was studied retrospectively in 230 patients hospitalized for total hip replacement, total hip replacement with osteotomy, or hip hemiarthroplasty. Seventy percent of total hip replacement and hip hemiarthroplasty patients were classified as being at "low risk" for complications by the guideline (161 patients, or 73% of patients who remained hospitalized). Use of the guideline could have reduced the hospital length of stay from 8.4 days (standard deviation 3.3) to 5.9 days for these selected low-risk patients. Moreover, physicians' implicit review determined that 0% of patients (95% confidence interval, 0% to 2.3%) had a complication that would have benefited from continued stay in an acute care hospital after the fifth postoperative day. Our practice guideline may have the potential to safely reduce acute care hospital length of stay for patients recovering after total hip replacement and hip hemiarthroplasty. The guideline will require further study in a prospective clinical trial before it can be recommended for widespread use.

Aged↗

Does hip strength analysis explain the lower incidence of hip fracture in the People's Republic of China?

To explore whether there are ethnic differences in calculated hip strength that might explain the low incidence of hip fracture in China, we used Lunar DPX 'beta' version of hip strength analysis (HAS) and hip axis length (HAL) programs to compare hip geometry, calculated strength and densitometric values from Chinese subjects in Shenyang to those of Caucasian subjects in Oslo and Leuven participating in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Subjects were 210 Chinese and 403 Caucasian men and women aged 53-77 years. Parameters investigated included bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) and section modulus (both indicating strength and rigidity of the femoral neck), HAL, neck length (NL), neck diameter, tensile stress (Tstress) and compressive stress (Cstress) (indicating the stress in the femoral neck at its weakest cross section arising from walking or a standard fall, respectively), safety factor (SF, indicating the resistance to fracture for forces generated during walking) and fall index (FI, indicating the resistance to fracture from force generated during a fall in the greater trochanter). The Chinese men and women were significantly shorter and lighter than their Caucasian counterparts (P<0.01) and had significantly lower BMD, BMC and BA of the femoral neck (P<0.01). After adjusting for BA, weight and height, there was no significant ethnic difference in either gender in BMC. CSMI and section modulus were significantly lower, and HAL, NL and neck diameter were significantly shorter in the Chinese men and women (P<0.01). These differences all remained after adjusting for weight and height. There were no significant differences in Tstress, Cstress, SF and FI between ethnic groups in either gender. Most of the parameters of calculated hip strength in the Chinese subjects were similar to or poorer than those in the Caucasian subjects. There was no evidence to indicate that Shenyang Chinese have superior BMD or BMC or better calculated hip strength. The short HAL and NL of the population, however, could be an independent factor contributing to the low incidence of hip fracture.

Aged↗

Aspiration arthrography of the hip joint. Its uses and limitations in revision hip surgery.

Seventy-one patients undergoing revision hip surgery over a 5-year period from 1988 to 1993 had aspiration arthrography of the hip as a preoperative investigation. Sixteen hips were found to be infected at operation. Preoperative aspiration yielded positive cultures in 11 of these 16 hips. There was identical correlation between the organisms isolated on aspiration and during surgery. There were 5 false positive cultures from the aspirates of the remaining 55 noninfected hips. All of the hips from which a true positive culture was obtained had either clinical or radiologic evidence suggestive of infection. Aspiration arthrography does not have a major role to play as a routine investigation prior to all revision hip surgery. It is recommended that its use be reserved for those hips in which there is either clinical, hematologic, or radiologic evidence of infection.

Adult↗

Subtrochanteric shortening and derotational osteotomy in primary total hip arthroplasty for patients with severe hip dysplasia: 5-year follow-up.

Twenty-one primary hip arthroplasties were performed in Crowe grade 3 or 4 hip dysplasia using a subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy. Average patient age was 48.2 years. Average follow-up was 5.8 years (minimum, 2 years). Femoral fixation was cemented in 10 hips and uncemented in 11 hips. All acetabular components were uncemented, with 33% requiring structural autograft. Ninety-one percent of femoral osteotomies healed without complication. Two osteotomy nonunions required revision. Two acetabular revisions were performed for malposition and polyethylene failure. Three patients experienced postoperative dislocation. One cemented femoral component was revised for loosening. However, no neurologic deficiencies were identified. Harris hip score improved from 32.5 to 73.6. Limp improved in 60% of patients and dependence on assistive walking device improved in 40% of patients. Subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy is a safe and predictable method of restoring the anatomic hip center in high developmental hip dislocation. However, the complication rate in these patients is higher than primary hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.

Adult↗

Effect of rehabilitation on hip and knee proprioception in older adults after hip fracture: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired proprioception may predispose patients with hip fracture to increased risk of future disability. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of rehabilitation on proprioceptive changes in both the hip and knee joints of patients after hip fracture. DESIGN: Data were collected on 30 patients with hip fracture (mean age, 79.6 +/- 6.7 yrs) who attended physical and occupational therapy sessions five times per week during a rehabilitation hospital stay of 24.8 +/- 8.1 days. Proprioception was assessed with an electrogoniometer within 48 hrs of admission to and discharge from the rehabilitation unit. The passive-to-active reproduction of joint angle technique determined absolute angular error in non-weight-bearing positions at 15, 30, and 60 degrees of hip flexion and knee extension in both injured and noninjured sides. RESULTS: Absolute angular error decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from admission (5.3 +/- 2.6 degrees, 4.1+/- 3.1 degrees) to discharge (3.0 +/- 2.3 degrees, 2.8 +/- 3.1 degrees) in hip flexion and knee extension, respectively, on the injured side. Absolute angular error was significantly less (P < 0.05) at 15 degrees compared with 30 and 60 degrees of hip flexion at admission and discharge on the injured side. CONCLUSIONS: Hip and knee joint proprioception significantly improved in the injured side after the rehabilitation program. This may be an important outcome regarding future disability in this population.

Aged↗

Comparison of normal and abnormal human fetal hip joints: a quantitative study with significance to congenital hip disease.

The presence, extent of abnormality, and measurement data in hips from six fetuses with congenital deformities and seven normal fetuses with 12 aberrant hips were compared with similar data from 140 normal fetuses. Six hips were abnormal on naked eye examination in fetuses with polycystic kidneys, multiple deformities, or cyclopia. Hips graded normal in two fetuses with cardiac defects were found to have dysplasia, greater on the left side, when measurement data were compared. Aberrant features observed resembled that reported in congenital hip disease. Although no joints were frankly dislocated, six hips were subluxated with marked deformity. Only two assessed abnormal hips did not have values outside normal limits for their comparison age group, and joints from six fetuses had some values that exceeded normal limits by 2 SD. In only two fetuses were the femoral angle values outside normal limits indicating that femoral angles alone may be poor criteria of hip dysplasia. Quantitative data for normal fetuses permit more precise evaluation of morphologically abnormal joints and enable detection of dysplasia not apparent on naked eye examination.

Diseases in Twins↗

Influence of hip dysplasia on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that in some patients with primary hip osteoarthritis (OA), the disease occurs as a consequence of acetabular dysplasia or hip dysplasia (HD). OBJECTIVE: To carry out a systematic review to investigate the association between acetabular dysplasia and hip OA. METHODS: A database search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library was carried out, and articles that aimed at studying the relationship between HD and hip OA were identified. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using a standardised set of criteria, and a best evidence synthesis was used to summarise the results from the individual studies. RESULTS: Five cohort studies and four case-control studies were included in this review. One cohort study had the correct design to answer the question and was considered to be a high quality study. This study reported a positive association between HD and hip OA. Overall, limited evidence was found for a positive association between HD and hip OA. Most studies included older people. In younger age groups the relation between HD and OA or hip complaints may be much higher. CONCLUSION: The evidence for the influence of HD on the occurrence of hip OA, at age 50-60 or older, is limited.

Aged↗

The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing position. Contribution to the evaluation of osteoarthritis of the adult hip.

OBJECTIVE: The technique and results of a special oblique radiograph of the hip called the "faux profil" (FP) of the hip are described. The FP was evaluated for the detection of joint space narrowing in incipient osteoarthritis of the hip (OAH) as compared with the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph. METHODS: 58 hips with incipient osteoarthritis (joint space narrowing, 0-25% on the AP view) in 48 patients were identified among 200 consecutive patients fulfilling American College of Rheumatology criteria for OAH. Joint space narrowing was measured on the AP and FP radiographs of these 58 hips. RESULTS: The FP view provides a true lateral projection of the femoral head and neck, and an oblique view of the acetabulum tangential to its superoanteromedial edge. On this view, the width of the anterosuperior and posteroinferior parts of the joint space can be measured and compared. Among the 58 hips with incipient OAH, 36 (62%) showed joint space narrowing on the AP view and 51 (91%) on the FP view. Among the 22 hips without joint space narrowing on the AP radiograph, 16 (72.7%) showed joint space narrowing on the FP view, involving the anterosuperior part of the joint in 11 cases and the posteroinferior part in five cases. CONCLUSION: The FP view in the standing position should be used in incipient OAH as a complement to the AP view in patients with suspected OAH but no joint space narrowing on the AP radiograph. In this situation, nearly three quarters of hips in the study had joint space narrowing on the FP view, usually in the anterosuperior part and less often in the posteroinferior part of the joint.

Adult↗