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PubMed1991

[The hemagglutinating activity of bacteria in the genus Klebsiella and the morphofunctional characteristics of their fimbriae].

The hemagglutinating activity of 77 Klebsiella strains from the international collection, grown in a culture medium prepared on the basis of soy-bean flour enzymatic hydrolysate, was studied. These strains could be divided into four groups according to their capacity for synthesizing different types of hemagglutinins on their surface: 2 strains carried mannose-sensitive hemagglutinins, 18 strains had mannose-resistant K-type hemagglutinins, 48 strains exhibited the signs indicating the presence of both mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant hemagglutinins, and 9 strains showed no hemagglutinating activity. The hemagglutinating activity of strains K-74, K-79, K-80, K-81 and K-82 was characterized. Of the reference strains under study, 22 strains were found to have mannose-resistant hemagglutinating activity with respect to fresh chick red blood cells. The occurrence of hemagglutinins in Klebsiella was shown to depend on the temperature of cultivation and the consistency of the culture medium. The formation of large-sized capsules in Klebsiella grown in the Werfel-Fergusson medium with a considerable content of saccharose was shown to cause the absorption of their fimbrial structures by the capsular substance and, as a consequence, the suppression of their hemagglutinating activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibody against bovine leukemia virus.

An indirect hemagglutination test was developed for detecting antibody against Bovine Leukemia Virus. Medium from Bovine Leukemia Virus infected monolayer fetal lamb kidney cell line cultures was concentrated by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and freezedrying. Tanned sheep red blood cells were exposed to p24 and GP antigens, separately and together. The GP antigen did not attach to the sheep red blood cells, while the p24 antigen did. On testing 150 samples from suspect animals with the crude antigen-coated sheep red blood cells, the indirect hemagglutination test detected almost the same number (74) of positive animals as the agar gel immunodiffusion test with GP antigen (79), and by each of these test a far greater number of cases of leukosis were detected than by hematologic examination (58) or agar gel immunodiffusion test with p24 antigen (44). These results suggest that the indirect hemagglutination test may detect almost the same number of positive as the agar gel immunodiffusion test with GP antigen. Moreover, its results can be read two days earlier, and an impression of the antibody level in the sera is obtained. In routine or large-scale work the indirect hemagglutination test is too troublesome and time-consuming compared to the agar gel immunodiffusion test. The indirect hemagglutination test may be improved if it becomes possible to sensitize sheep red blood cells with GP antigen.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hemagglutination patterns of uropathogenic Escherichia coli].

An hemagglutination (HA) type system has been applied to demonstrate mannose sensitive (MS) and mannose resistant (MR) hemagglutination produced by Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections. Hemagglutination types were obtained by the agglutination of different species of red cells -human, bovine, chicken and guinea pig- suspended in buffer phosphate (PBS), with and without mannose, with E. coli cells grown in CFA agar (Casamino acid 10 g, yeast extract 15 g, sodium chloride 2.5 g, potassium phosphate 8.7 g, magnesium sulfate 0.5 g, manganese chloride 0.005 g, agar 20 g). Salting out (hydrophobicity) and yeast agglutination assays were performed for a complete evaluation of results. The applicability of this system was based on the dates exhibited in Table 1. A significant proportion (45%) of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains showed RNNN HA patterns, and (16%) NNSS, and (15%) SNSS were also considered important. The application of this hemagglutination system on this kind of strains allowed the evaluation of the different types of hemagglutination and their relation with colonization capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Diagnosis of human hydatidosis by hemagglutination and complement fixation (Weinberg) tests].

397 sera were tested by passive hemaglutination and weinberg reactions to diagnose hydatid cysts. 5 of 211 sera (2.53%) gave positive and 206 sera (97.63%) gave negative results by passive hemagglutination test, whereas in weinberg reaction 204 of them (96.68%) were negative and 7 (3.32%) anticomplementary. 13 sera (14.13%) from another batch of 92 sera gave negative results and 79 of them (85.87%) remained negative by passive hemagglutination test, when 6 of them (6.52%) were positive and 96 (93.48%) negative by weinberg reaction. 56 (91.80%) of 61 sera taken from patients operated on for hydatid cysts gave positive and 5 (8.20%) of them negative by passive hemagglutination test. 29 (47.54%) were positive, and 32 (52.46%) negative by weinberg reaction. In another batch of 15 sera taken from patients, 3 were positive and 12 were negative by passive hemagglutination, 2 were positive and 13 were negative by weinberg test. When the two tests are compared, passive hemagglutination test gave better results both qualitatively and quantitatively than weinberg so that it may be preferred in laboratories having improved facilities.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1981

Hemagglutination test for adenoviruses using mouse erythrocytes.

Mouse erythrocytes were used, instead of rat erythrocytes, for typing adenoviruses by hemagglutination. Mouse erythrocytes were agglutinated by the prototype strains for adenovirus types 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 but not by types 3 and 7. Clear hemagglutination was observed without heterotypic antiserum by the microplate technique. No significant difference was observed in the hemagglutination titer using two strains of mice. Adenoviruses were identified by the hemagglutination inhibition test, using mouse erythrocytes and prototype strains 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. The use of mouse erythrocytes for typing adenoviruses is recommended.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1963

SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF O ANTIGENS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BY MEANS OF THE HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST.

Kunin, Calvin M. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville) and Mary V. Beard. Serological studies of O antigens of Escherichia coli by means of the hemagglutination test. J. Bacteriol. 85:541-548. 1963.-The serological interrelationships among most of the known O antigens of Escherichia coli were studied by the hemagglutination test. Good agreement with the bacterial agglutination test was found with the major antigens, but cross reactions among groups were much more limited with the hemagglutination test. Heterogenetic cross reactions with many Enterobacteriaceae species were observed with rabbit antisera to E. coli O14, O56, O124, and O144. This effect tended to elevate antibody titers observed in human serum against almost all O antigen groups, but could not by itself account for the wide diversity of antibodies to them. E. coli antibodies were localized in human gamma-globulin, but were present in the beta-globulin fractions of a number of domestic animals. Rabbits differed from other animals studied in that antibodies to E. coli were rarely found in their sera; this was attributed in part to the low density of E. coli populations in this animal. The hemagglutination test may be used in identification of unknown O antigens, but does not have special merit over the bacterial agglutination test; it does not further characterize rough or untypable strains other than by demonstrating that they also possess heterogenetic antigens.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1994

Isolation and characterization of a gene involved in hemagglutination by an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain.

In this article, we report the isolation and characterization of a gene that may be important in the adherence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli to the avian respiratory tract. The E. coli strain HB101, which is unable to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes, was transduced with cosmid libraries from the avian pathogenic E. coli strain chi 7122. Enrichment of transductants that could agglutinate chicken erythrocytes yielded 19 colonies. These isolates contained cosmids that encompassed four nonoverlapping regions of the E. coli chromosome. Only one group of cosmids, represented by pYA3104, would cause E. coli CC118 to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. A 10-kb fragment of this cosmid was subcloned in pACYC184. Transposon mutagenesis of this fragment with Tn5seq1 indicated that a contiguous 4.4-kb region of cloned DNA was required for hemagglutination. In vitro transcription/translation assays indicated that this 4.4-kb region of DNA encoded one protein of approximately 140 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of this region was determined and found to encode one open reading frame of 4,134 nucleotides that would encode a protein of 1,377 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 148,226. This gene confers on E. coli K-12 a temperature-sensitive hemagglutination phenotype that is best expressed when cells are grown at 26 degrees C, and we have designated this gene tsh and the deduced gene product Tsh. Insertional mutagenesis of the chromosomal tsh gene in chi 7122 had no effect on hemagglutination titers. The deduced protein was found to contain significant homology to the Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae immunoglobulin A1 proteases. These data indicate that (i) a single gene isolated from the avian pathogenic E. coli strain chi 7122 will confer on E. coli K-12 a hemagglutination-positive phenotype, (ii) chi 7122 contains at least two distinct mechanisms to allow hemagglutination to occur, and (iii) the hemagglutinin Tsh has homology with a class of proteins previously not known to exist in E. coli.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

[Protein quality and hemagglutin content in tender and dried bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) coscorrón variety].

Protein quality and hemagglutinating content in tender and dry seed beans: The chemical composition, hemagglutinating activity, protein queality (NPU10) and true digestibility of samples at three certified bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) var coscorrón, tender and dry (recollected 90-95 days and 120-125 days after seeding respectively), were determined. The tender and dry seeds were submitted to usual cooking (tender equals 30' boiling and dry equals 90' boiling previously soaked for +/- 14 hours in water). The hemagglutinating activity in raw tender and dry seeds was similar. The hemagglutinating activity was completely destroyed by these treatments. The protein quality and digestibility of cooked tender and dry samples were similar (NPU10) equals 48,4 and 47,5; true digestibility 79,9 and 80,1 respectively). It is concluded that heat treatments used are adquate to eliminate the hemagglutinating activity and toxicity of the seeds. In relation to protein quality there is no nutritional advantage of consuming tender or dry beans.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Hemagglutinating activity of enteroviruses recovered in two primary cell lines and a stable line.

A microhemagglutination technique was used to detect hemagglutinating properties of enteroviruses recovered in two primary cell lines, monkey kidney (MK) and human amnion (HAm), and in a continuous cell line, human embryonic lung (HEL). During a 3-year period, 1,528 isolations of enteroviruses were tested for hemagglutinating activity and hemagglutination inhibition response; 96.3% of the viruses were also identified by virus neutralization tests. Enteroviruses recovered in HEL were far less likely to develop hemagglutinins than viruses isolated in MK or HAm. Of the enteroviruses known to agglutinate human type O cells, 77.8% of the primary viral isolates from MK, 62.1% of the isolates from HAm, and 20.3% of the isolates from HEL exhibited this property. An additional 8.1% of the isolations obtained in HEL hemagglutinated human cells after a single passage in MK. The microhemagglutination technique using microtiter equipment was simple to perform, saved time and valuable typing sera, and helped to obtain identifications rapidly.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Hemagglutinating activity of Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Gingival isolates of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum strains (gram-negative anaerobic fusiform bacilli) have shown the characteristic ability to hemagglutinate a variety of erythrocytes (RBC) of human and animal origin. Other members of the genus tested (F. necrophorus, F. varium, and F. mortiferum) displayed little if any ability to hemagglutinate RBC. The hemagglutination (HA) activity could be observed in the F. nucleatum strains with the whole cells and in most instances with sonicated preparations of the organisms. The HA activity was observed in cell wall preparations of the organism and appeared dependent upon a heat-labile protein component of the cell wall. In decreasing order, the RBC that would hemagglutinate with the smallest concentration of HA preparations were rabbit, monkey, human, sheep, horse, and ox. No differences in HA activity of the preparations with cells from the various human blood types were noted. Absorption of the HA preparation of one strain with human cells removed HA moiety was bound to the cells via a Ca2+ binding site interaction since ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis-N,N'-tetraacetic acid inhibited binding, and HA could be reestablished by the addition of Ca2+ but not Mg2+. Rabbit antisera to the F. nucleatum strains inhibited HA activity when tested with the HA preparation in the standard test, whereas anti-Leptotrichia buccalis sera or normal rabbit sera had no effect. A tanned-cell passive HA test with rabbit anti-F. nucleatum sera displayed reactivity between the homologous strains but little reactivity with the other Fusobacterium species tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Hemagglutination activities of group B, C, D, and G streptococci: demonstration of novel sugar-specific cell-binding activities in Streptococcus suis.

A total of 378 streptococcal isolates of Lancefield groups B, C, D and G were tested for their ability to hemagglutinate untreated, sialidase-treated, and endo-beta-galactosidase-treated human erythrocytes. Of the 43 strains showing positive hemagglutination, 9 were inhibitable with neutral monosaccharides. Four strains were inhibited with galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, whereas five were inhibited with galactose only. A third, sialic acid-specific adhesion activity was suggested for two additional strains on the basis of their agglutination of native and endo-beta-galactosidase-treated but not sialidase-treated erythrocytes. All the sugar-specific agglutination activities detected were confined to Streptococcus suis strains of group D streptococci, whereas streptococci of other groups did not exhibit these types of hemagglutination activities. The adhesins were sensitive to proteases and heat treatment, which indicates that they were proteins. The hemagglutinating isolates of S. suis originated from pig brain and lung, human brain, and the tonsils of healthy pigs. No clear correlation with a particular serotype was observed. These results demonstrate the occurrence of unique sugar-specific adherence activities in S. suis, an important pig pathogen with occasional human pathogenicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Rubella virus hemagglutination with human and animal erythrocytes: effect of age and trypsinization.

Sensitivity to rubella virus hemagglutination differs considerably with newborn as opposed to adult erythrocytes (RBC) in several animal species. In humans, cord RBC are 16 times more sensitive to hemagglutination, whereas hemagglutination titers with newborn RBC are 6 to 16 times higher in chickens, mice, and rabbits. This higher sensitivity is, however, short-lived, and adult RBC values are observed 7 days after birth in mice. Trypsinization has no effect on newborn RBC, but increases sensitivity of adult RBC to that of neonatal RBC and tends to diminish differences among individuals. On the other hand, trypsinization does not further enhance the very high sensitivity of pigeon, duck, and goose RBC or the low sensitivity of both newborn and adult guinea pig RBC. Human cord RBC proved suitable for use in hemagglutination-inhibition tests, since they gave titers comparable to those obtained with other types of RBC and offered some advantages: by comparison with animal RBC, they did not require adsorption to remove nonspecific agglutinins; by comparison with adult human RBC, they did not need trypsinization.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Hemagglutinating properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

A total of 26 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were tested for their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of different origins. Seven different hemagglutination patterns were found. Ten (38%) isolates did not agglutinate any of the erythrocytes tested. The remaining 16 (62%) isolates agglutinated human erythrocytes, and among these, 12 also agglutinated rat, cat, dog, guinea pig, or bovine erythrocytes. No correlation was found between the seven different hemagglutination patterns observed and the serotypes. Hemagglutination activity was destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C as well as by formaldehyde treatment, but was not affected by heating at 60 degrees C, by treatment with trypsin or pronase, or by homogenization of bacterial cells. No fimbriae were observed on examination of bacterial cells negatively stained with phosphotungstate using electron microscopy. Hydrophobic surface properties of the isolates were evaluated. All the isolates appear to possess a hydrophilic cell surface. The present study provides evidence that certain isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae possess hemagglutinating properties which do not appear to be mediated by fimbriae or to involve hydrophobic interactions.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1987

[Hemagglutinating and adhesive capacities of Klebsiella and Enterobacter strains].

The authors analyze the data of studies on the hemagglutinating and adhesive capacity of 290 cultures, including 118 K. pneumoniae strains and 64 E. cloacae strains isolated from sick children, as well as 59 K. pneumoniae strains and 49 E. cloacae strains isolated from healthy children. The hemagglutinating properties of the strains were determined in the hemagglutination test with fresh, formalin- and tannin-treated red blood cells, the adhesive properties were studied by light microscopy. Among K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae strains isolated in acute intestinal infections, mannose-sensitive hemagglutination and pronounced adhesive activity were prevalent in most cases. Poorly adhesive and nonadhesive strains were characteristic of K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae cultures isolated from healthy children. The strains isolated from sick and healthy children differed only by the prevalence of adhesive cultures.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

[Hemagglutinating activity of enterotoxic strains of E. coli isolated from calves].

The manose-resistant hemagglutination activity of 272 E. coli strains isolated from calves sick or dead of colibacteriosis, 43 of which were enteropathogenic, was assessed. Strain enteropathogeneity was determined after the method of Smith and Halls (1967). It was established that 38 (88.3%) of the 43 enteropathogenic strains cause full or partial hemagglutination of horse or pig erythrocytes. Manose-resistant hemagglutination was not observed in the non-enteropathogenic E. coli strains. Manose-resistant hemagglutination of enterotoxic E. coli strains is in relation with their enteropathogeneity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hemagglutination (fimbriae) and hydrophobicity in adherence of Serratia marcescens to urinary tract epithelium and contact lenses.

The capacity of 59 isolates of Serratia marcescens, obtained from urinary tract infections, wounds, and contact lenses or their paraphernalia, to agglutinate erythrocytes from different animal species was tested. Three main patterns were found: mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea-pig, fowl or horse erythrocyte; mannose-resistant agglutination of chicken or pigeon erythrocytes alone or in combination with mannose-sensitive agglutination; and no agglutination. Hemagglutination capacity was associated with isolates from urinary tract infection, but not with isolates associated with contact lenses. Adherence to human urinary tract epithelium did not correlate with the hemagglutination patterns nor with the origin of the isolates. Some strains of different hemagglutination pattern were selected for the study of hydrophobicity and adherence to contact lens polymers. Hydrophobicity, as determined by degree of partition in hexadecane and water (BATH-values), correlated neither with degree of adherence to contact lens polymers nor with the hemagglutination pattern. For a representative strain there was an excellent correlation (r2 = 0.98) between adherence and the water content (hydrophobicity) of the lens polymers. These results suggest that, as with tissues, other factors interact with hydrophobicity in causing adherence to plastics.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1980

Increased sensitivity of rosetting assay for Fc receptors obtained by using non-hemagglutinating monoclonal antibodies.

The sensitivity of the conventional EA (Fc) rosetting assay for detecting Fc receptors could be significantly increased by coating sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) with high concentrations of a preparation of homogeneous monoclonal IgG2b anti-SRBC antibodies. This was made possible by virtue of the fact that the monoclonal antibody preparation used was completely incapable of directly hemagglutinating SRBC, although it possessed a high titer as assessed by direct hemolysis or direct hemagglutination. The monoclonal IgG2b- coated SRBC indicator cells were compared to SRBC coated with subhemagglutinating amounts of the IgG fraction of a hemagglutinating rabbit anti-SRBC antiserum: at high coupling concentrations, the monoclonal antibody-coupled SRBC gave consistently higher percentages of Fc rosettes, a large proportion of which were large and multi-layered, when various lymphoid cell populations and a variety of Fc receptor-positive cultured tumor cell line populations were tested. The increased sensitivity of the Fc rosette attained by this method may depend on the nature of the monoclonal anti-SRBC reagent used. Thus, indicator cells prepared by incubation with high concentrations of IgG1 subclass-specific non-hemagglutinating monoclonal anti-SRBC antibodies always gave significantly lower percentages of Fc rosettes than conventionally prepared indicator cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Binding and hemagglutinating properties of the B subunit(s) of heat-labile enterotoxin isolated from human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

The binding and hemagglutinating activities of the B subunit(s) of the heat-labile enterotoxin (LTh-B) isolated from human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were investigated. The binding of 125I-labeled LTh-B to neuraminidase-treated human type B erythrocytes was most effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1. A number of mono-, di- and polysaccharides, as well as several glycoproteins were at least 500 times less potent inhibitors. However, hemagglutination was effectively inhibited by galactose, melibiose and hog A + H but not by ganglioside GM1. Preincubation of the LTh-B with ganglioside GM1 gave much stronger hemagglutination than LTh-B alone. These results suggest that the predominant binding substance for LTh-B on neuraminidase-treated human type B erythrocytes is ganglioside GM1, but indicate that the interaction of LTh-B with ganglioside GM1 is different in hemagglutination.

Bacterial Toxins↗