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PubMed1997

Tobacco smoke habits in a group of adolescents: responsibility of the cohabitants in the active and passive exposure.

Several studies in adults demonstrated a positive relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and the urinary cotinine. The aim of this work was to analyze the passive and active smoking exposure of 333 sixteen-year-old students, demonstrated by their urinary cotinine, in comparison with the smoking habits of all the cohabitants. This last information was obtained from a questionnaire and urinary cotinine in mothers. The second purpose of this work was to observe whether the smoking habits of parents can promote the voluntary active exposure to tobacco smoke in children. The considered students represent a particular group of people (16 years old) having a life-style still strictly bound to the smoking habit of parents. In fact, the nonactive smokers show urinary cotinine levels described by the following means: 28.81, 39.35, 39.62, and 57.67 ng/mL. This finding demonstrates a trend of exposure from no exposure to a maximum level of passive exposure. Similar results can be observed by considering the urinary cotinine of mothers. Finally, the active smoking habit potentially acquired by the adolescents seems to be induced also by emulation of the smoking habits of fathers. This possibility is demonstrated by a light positive and statistically significative correlation with the number of cigarettes actively smoked and, consequently, with urinary cotinine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of ALDH2, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms and smoking and drinking habits on toluene metabolism in humans.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of ALDH2, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms and smoking and drinking habits on the toluene metabolism. The study subjects were 92 male workers who handle toluene in a printing factory, an electrical parts factory, and a painting workplace in Japan. Their exposure levels to toluene were monitored using the diffusion-type sampler. Benzyl alcohol concentrations in their blood and hippuric acid (HA) and creatinine concentrations in their urine at the end of a workshift were determined. The genotype of ALDH2 was classified into the homozygous genotype of a normal ALDH2 gene (NN), the homozygous genotype of an inactive ALDH2 gene (DD), and the heterozygous genotype of normal and inactive ALDH2 genes (ND). The genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 were also determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A strong correlation between the personal exposure level and the urinary HA concentration was observed. Regression lines were calculated after being divided by the five factors, i.e., ALDH2, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, smoking, and drinking. The HA formation from toluene was significantly (p < 0.001) different among the genotypes of ALDH2. The slopes of the regression lines decreased from NN to ND to DD in this order. The benzyl alcohol concentration in the blood of the DD group was significantly higher than that found in the NN and ND groups. This result demonstrates that ALDH2 polymorphism affects the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid. The toluene metabolism was also affected by CYP1A1 polymorphism. The slope for the Ile/Ile (the predominant homozygous allele) group was significantly lower than that for the Ile/Val (the heterozygous allele) and Val/Val (the rare homozygous allele) group after correction for creatinine. A drinking habit significantly (p < 0.05) reduced urinary HA concentration in the NN group. A smoking habit also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced urinary uncorrected HA concentration in both the NN and ND groups. In a multiple regression analysis, ALDH2 and the drinking habit were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with HA excretion after toluene exposure with and without correction for creatinine, and the corrected HA concentration was also significantly (p < 0.01) increased in the Ile/Val and Val/Val group of CYP1A1. The smoking habit reduced the corrected HA concentration (p < 0.05); however, the polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of CYP2E1 did not affect HA appearance in urine.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Surveillance of dietary habits and lifestyles among 5-6 year-old children and their families living in Central-North Italy.

OBJECTIVES: To study dietary habits and behaviours of a representative sample of 5-6-year-old children and their families. METHODS: A stratified population sample of the general population (5508 children out of 5551 residents) born in 1997 and attending a nursery school was analysed. Weight and height were measured. Information was collected via questionnaire. A "normal" body mass index (BMI) ranged between 13.61-18.09 and 13.31-19.79 kg/m2 for boys and girls respectively. RESULTS: The response rate was 89%. 79% of the boys had a normal BMI, 0.9% had a low BMI, 18% were overweight, and 1.8% was obese; 87% of the girls had a normal BMI, 2.6% had a low BMI, 10% were overweight, and 0.7% were obese. The main sources of dietary information were professionals of the national health system and mass-media. The main barriers to healthy dietary habits were busy daily activities, working timetable, time needed to cook and tasty and healthy food cost. The main changes in dietary habits occurred in the family habits after a child's birth. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed a crucial role played by professionals of the national health system and by mass-media on eating behaviours among children and their parents. Birth of a child is a receptive context to promote healthy habits.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking habits and postural stability.

PURPOSE: It has been reported that tobacco smoking temporarily affects postural stability We have examined whether smoking habits have a long-term effect on the body balance control using computer-aided posturography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The postural stability of 80 male forest workers was measured with a force platform technique with eyes closed. Average body sway velocity (ASV [mm/s]) was determined and used as a stability index. Detailed interviews on tobacco smoking and otologic examinations were carried out. Smoking habits were classified into five categories: nonsmokers (53.8%), ex-smokers (17.5%) and current smokers, comprising light (3.8%), moderate (15%), and heavy (10%) smokers. RESULTS: The smoking habits of the subjects correlated significantly with ASV, but hours of the exposure to noise and hand-arm vibration from chain saws did not. The correlation of the smoking habits remained significant even after eliminating the effect of age and exposure by partialization. Age in itself had no effect on ASV but interacted with smoking to increase ASV. The group means of ASV increased with the increase in smoking. Significant differences in ASV were found in the moderate and heavy smokers compared with the nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: Smokers exhibited more unstable posturographic results than nonsmokers. Smoking habits were suggested to have a long-term effect on the posture control system.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sucking habits and facial hyperdivergency as risk factors for anterior open bite in the mixed dentition.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate sucking habits and hyperdivergency as risk factors for anterior open bite in mixed-dentition subjects. METHODS: Anamnestic and pretreatment cephalometric records of 1710 mixed-dentition subjects were assessed for sucking habits, dental open bite, and facial hyperdivergency. RESULTS: The rate of anterior open bite was 17.7%. Multiple logistic regression showed that both prolonged sucking habits and hyperdivergent vertical relationships significantly increased the probability of an anterior dentoalveolar open bite, with a prevalence rate of 36.3%. This was 4 times the prevalence of sucking habits and facial hyperdivergency in subjects without anterior open bite (9.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged sucking habits and hyperdivergent facial characteristics are significant risk factors for anterior open bite in the mixed dentition.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

The seven habits of highly effective data users.

Effective data interpretation is a habit, not a random event. By applying the seven habits outlined in this article, any otolaryngologist--regardless of the level of statistical knowledge or lack thereof--will be able to use data effectively. The seven habits are (1) check quality before quantity, (2) describe before you analyze, (3) accept the uncertainty of all data, (4) measure error with the right statistical test, (5) put clinical importance before statistical significance, (6) seek the sample source, and (7) view science as a cumulative process. The same habits apply whether interpreting one's own data, interpreting someone else's data, reviewing an unpublished manuscript for a journal, or reviewing a grant application for a funding agency. The basic principles that underlie these habits provide a systematic process for moving from observations to generalizations with predictable degrees of certainty--and uncertainty.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and habits of alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking: a cohort of 2416 HBsAg-seropositive and 9421 HBsAg-seronegative male residents in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the world. The specific aim of this study is to assess the associations between the risk of HCC and habits of alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking among subjects with and without chronic HBV infection. METHODS: A total of 11,837 male residents in Taiwan were recruited in this community-based cohort study. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in serum were determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the habits of alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking were collected through standardized personal interview according to a structured questionnaire. During the follow-up period of 91,885 person-years, 115 incident HCC cases were identified through data linkage with national cancer registry profile. The relative risk (RR) of developing HCC for habits of various substance use and chronic HBV infection were estimated by Cox's proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS: Significantly increased HCC risk was observed for seropositives of HBsAg or anti-HCV, alcohol drinkers, betel quid chewers and cigarette smokers. There was a significant dose-response relationship between the risk of HCC and the number of habits of substance use. The highest multivariate-adjusted HCC risk was observed among HBsAg-seropositive substance users (RRs: 17.9-26.9), followed by HBsAg-seropositive non-users (RRs: 13.1-19.2), HBsAg-seronegative substance users (RRs: 1.6-2.7) and HBsAg-seronegative non-users (referent with RR = 1). The multivariate-adjusted relative HCC risks for habits of use of various substances were more profound among HBsAg-seronegatives than HBsAg-seropositive ones. CONCLUSION: Habitual alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking are associated with an increased risk of HCC. Abstinence from substance use is important for the prevention of HCC in areas where chronic HBV infection is endemic.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The impact on eating habits of temporary translocation from a Mediterranean to a Northern European environment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of temporary translocation from a Mediterranean to a Northern European environment on the eating habits of a group of foreign students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of eating habits before and after moving from Greece to Glasgow, Scotland. SETTING: University of Glasgow. SUBJECTS: Eighty post-graduate Greek students. INTERVENTIONS: A self-administered questionnaire comprising of three major sections: (1) general eating habits; (2) frequency of eating selected food items; (3) opinion of food availability in Glasgow. RESULTS: After moving to Glasgow, significant decreases were reported in the frequency of consuming fresh fruit, raw vegetables, fish, legumes, meat, poultry and fresh fruit juice. The frequency of eating biscuits, savoury snacks, soft/fizzy drinks, alcoholic drinks and mayonnaise, dips and sauces increased. The estimated median daily consumption of fruit and vegetables decreased from 363 g in Greece to just 124 g in Glasgow, well below the Scottish and WHO dietary target of 400 g/day. The main perceived barriers to maintaining customary eating habits were the price of food, the lack of familiar tastes, the greater availability of convenience food and the limited variety of food available in Glasgow, when compared to Greece. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the difficulties that migrant populations face in retaining traditional, often healthier, eating habits when migrating to a foreign country. Barriers of high cost, limited availability and poor quality of familiar foods, need to be addressed in order for migrants to maintain their customary eating patterns. Furthermore, these barriers need to be addressed before nutritionists can expect to see the widespread adoption of the Mediterranean diet by Western populations less familiar with this eating pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of dietary habits on prevalence of anemia in pregnant women of Delhi.

AIM: To see the effect of various dietary habits, such as a vegetarian diet or various types of meat, on the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women. METHODS: A study was carried out in Delhi to determine the effect of different dietary habits on prevalence of anemia during pregnancy by questioning the women during pregnancy regarding their dietary habits (vegetarian diet, jhatka or halal meat) and assessing their hemoglobin levels. The data was compiled and chi2 test was employed for understanding the associations between the effect of food habits on prevalence of anemia. RESULTS: Mean age was 26.5 years. Most women were in the second (26%) or third trimester (63.2%) of pregnancy. Prevalence of anemia was found to be very high. Of 1150 women, 96% were anemic (89.8% mildly anemic, 5.3% severely anemic). Anemia was seen in 96.18% cases in vegetarian women, 95.3% in halal meat eaters, and 96.2% in jhatka meat eaters (not significant). Although the percentage of women with < 11 g/dL Hb was less in the jhatka group eating meat more than 5 times per month, than in halal meat eaters and vegetarians, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There is very high prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Delhi, probably due to very low frequency of meat eating in India. Different types of dietary habits had no effect on the prevalence of anemia in pregnant Indian women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Perceived tiredness among adolescents and its association with sleep habits and use of psychoactive substances.

This study investigated the variation in perceived tiredness among 11, 13 and 15-year-old Finnish adolescents (n = 4187). Additionally interrelationships between sleep habits, use of psychoactive substances (alcohol, tobacco and coffee) and perceived tiredness among 15-year-olds were examined. This study is part of an international, WHO-coordinated survey of school children's health and lifestyle (the HBSC Study). In Finland, research data represented the whole country. The data were collected in March-May 1994. Pupils responded anonymously to a standardized questionnaire during a class period. Subjective tiredness was very common and increased with age among adolescents. Perceived tiredness on at least four school mornings a week increased from 24 to 35% among boys and from 16 to 34% among girls. Feeling tired more often than once a week increased from 20 to 37% in girls and from 24 to 50% in boys. Structural equation models showed that interrelationships between three factors--sleep habits, use of psychoactive substances and perceived tiredness--were statistically significant. For these three factors the two remaining factors explained 24% of the variance of perceived tiredness among boys and 20% among girls, and the two remaining factors explained 42% (16%) of the variation in sleep habits. For the variance of the use of psychoactive substances sleep habits and perceived tiredness explained 26% (12%). Subjective tiredness is strongly age related; this together with the use of psychoactive substances and sleep habits regulate adolescents' daily life and well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Practice-based criteria for assessing anaesthetists' habits of action: outline for a reflexive turn in practice.

BACKGROUND: From an ecological perspective, we have demonstrated two distinct logics of practice in anaesthesia. One reflected attitudes characteristic of traditional medical thinking, while the other an insight into the uncertainty of actual situations. OBJECTIVE: We explored interactions between anaesthetists and patients, i.e. anaesthetist's habit of action. By tools we mean information, drugs, and concepts. METHODS: For studying the expert anaesthetists' habits of action in clinical circumstances, wide-ranging material was necessary including video recordings, documented observations and interviews. For each anaesthesia, characteristic cycles between perceived information and regulative actions were constructed. Together with meanings of distinct actions, they constituted the material for analysis of the criteria for evaluation. RESULTS: Besides differentiating the two habits of action, the criteria might provide a perspective for assessing trainees' performances. The 'reactive' habit of action was qualified by conservative and monological ways of using tools and reluctance to construct subjective evaluations. A failure to recognise the semantic aspect of information contributed to the absence of learning. The 'interpretative' habit of action, however, was qualified by creative and interactive use of tools. Ongoing sense-making and anticipation were achieved through cumulative learning based on a dialogical and reflective way of constructing subjective interpretations. CONCLUSION: Professional behaviour was defined through selectivity, interpretation, and judgement. To argue for a professional artistry view is to argue for how we should use our conceptual and material tools in striving for excellence.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2003

An inexpensive modification of the laboratory computer display changes emergency physicians' work habits and perceptions.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how the availability of laboratory data affects emergency physicians' practice habits and satisfaction. We modified our clinical information system to display laboratory test status with continuous updates, similar to an airport arrival display. The objective of this study was to determine whether the laboratory test status display altered emergency physicians' work habits and increased satisfaction compared with the time period before implementation of laboratory test status. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of emergency physicians' actual use of the clinical information system before and after implementation of the laboratory test status display. Emergency physicians were retrospectively surveyed regarding the effect of laboratory test status display on their practice habits and clinical information system use. Survey responses were matched with actual use of the clinical information system. Data were analyzed by using dependent t tests and Pearson correlation coefficients. The study was conducted at a university hospital. RESULTS: Clinical information system use by 46 emergency physicians was analyzed. Twenty-five surveys were returned (71.4% of available emergency physicians). All emergency physicians perceived fewer clinical information system log ons per day after laboratory test status display. The actual average decrease was 19%. Emergency physicians who reported the greatest decrease in log ons per day tended to have the greatest actual decrease (r =-0.36). There was no significant correlation between actual and perceived total time logged on (r =0.08). In regard to effect on emergency physicians' practice habits, 95% reported increased efficiency, 80% reported improved satisfaction with data access, and 65% reported improved communication with patients. CONCLUSION: An inexpensive computer modification, laboratory test status display, significantly increased subjective efficiency, changed work habits, and improved satisfaction regarding data access and patient communication among emergency physicians. Knowledge of the test queue changed emergency physician behavior and improved satisfaction.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed2002

Morphologic changes in the microcirculation induced by chronic smoking habit: a videocapillaroscopic study on the human labial mucosa.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Although an impressive literature does exist on the subject, no evidence is available on morphologic changes induced with chronic smoking habit in the human microcirculation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred healthy subjects, 50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers, underwent videocapillaroscopy of the labial mucosa. For each subject, the caliber of capillary loops, the number of visible capillary loops, the background optical transmittance, the tortuousness of capillary loops, the presence of microaneurysms, the presence of microhemorrhages, and the cumulative smoking habit (pack-year index) were noted. RESULTS: Smokers had a lower caliber of capillary loops (P <.001), with a higher number of visible capillary loops (P <.001), a lower background optical transmittance (P <.001), and a more marked tortuousness of capillary loops (P <.001). Microaneurysms and microhemorrhages were absent in nonsmokers, and 1 smoker of 3 had microaneurysms alone, and 1 smoker of 3 had both microaneurysms and microhemorrhages. A significant correlation was found between cumulative smoking habit and tortuousness of capillary loops (P <.001) and between cumulative smoking habit and total score (tortuousness score + microaneurysm score + microhemorrhage score; P <.005). CONCLUSION: Chronic smoking habit does induce significant morphologic changes in the microcirculation of the human labial mucosa, and these changes can be easily and comfortably recorded with videocapillaroscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Food habits of young Swedish and Norwegian vegetarians and omnivores.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vegetarianism and compare food habits among vegetarian and omnivorous adolescents in Sweden and Norway. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by questionnaire in Sweden and Norway to gather information about food habits. SETTING: The municipalities of Umeå and Stockholm in Sweden, and Bergen in Norway. SUBJECTS: In total 2041 ninth-grade students (578 from Umeå, 504 from Stockholm and 959 from Bergen), mean age 15.5 years, were included. The response rate was 95% in Umeå, 91% in Stockholm and 83% in Bergen. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher prevalence of vegetarianism in Umeå (15.6%) than in Stockholm (4.8%) and Bergen (3.8%). Vegetarians generally wanted more information about a healthy diet and vegetarian females ate dietary supplements to prevent deficiencies more often than omnivorous females (P < 0.01). The young male vegetarians more or less excluded animal products from their diet without changing their food frequency intake or modifying their dietary habits in other respects, while the young female vegetarians more often consumed vegetables and dietary supplements (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the intake of fruits/berries, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, sweets/chocolates and fast foods by vegetarians compared with omnivores. CONCLUSIONS: There were three to four times more vegetarians in Umeå than in Stockholm and Bergen. The food habits of the young vegetarians differed from those of omnivorous adolescents and also in some respects from previously published comparative studies of vegetarians' and omnivores' food habits. It is uncertain whether the health benefits shown in previous studies on vegetarianism will be experienced by this young generation of vegetarians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Habit lag: when "automatization" is dysfunctional.

La Fave's habit lag construct, which specifies conditions under which previously automatized motor responses become disruptive of subsequent performance, was tested. Performance under stress was also examined as a possible factor in the occurrence of habit lag. Following a visual discrimination task, 48 women performed motor responses simultaneously: (a) repeating an invariant lever movement and (b) pushing one of two keys. The habit lag construct was supported, as Ss who had automatized responses produced more errors than nonautomatized Ss. Performance under stress, by calling attention to the risk of habit lag, reduced errors. Habit lag accounts for an intrusive type of error often found in motor performance where negative transfer fails to do so.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Smoking habits in early pregnancy and attitudes towards smoking cessation among pregnant women and their partners.

One-hundred and eighty-seven general practitioners in western Norway recorded smoking habits among 2379 women, consulting for their first regular medical check-up in pregnancy. Forty-six per cent had been daily smokers the last 3 months before pregnancy. Thirty-nine per cent were still smoking at the time of their first check-up. Sixteen per cent of the daily smokers stopped smoking spontaneously during the first few weeks of pregnancy. Fifty-seven per cent of women younger than 20 and 28% of women 30 years and older, did smoke at the first check-up. Single women smoked more often than women living with a partner (58% versus 38%). Smoking habits were not associated with number of previous pregnancies. At the first check-up, 530 pregnant women, still smoking daily, 18-34 years of age, living with a partner, accepted to participate in a smoking intervention study. They filled in a questionnaire about their smoking habits, the smoking habits of their partners and their attitudes towards smoking cessation. Sixty-five per cent reported a reduction in their use of cigarettes after becoming pregnant. The mean reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked daily was 4.0 (31%). Most of the respondents expressed a strong motivation to quit or reduce their smoking habits during their pregnancy. Seventy-two per cent of the partners were daily smokers. Reduction in the consumption of cigarettes, negative attitudes towards smoking and determination to stop smoking was significantly higher among women who were encouraged by their partners to stop smoking and in those who perceived that their partners were willing to reduce their consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A cephalometric evaluation of patients presenting with persistent digit sucking habits.

Persistent digit sucking habits are an important aetiological factor for malocclusion, and patients with persistent habits are frequently referred for orthodontic treatment. The present study investigated the effects of digit sucking habits on vertical and anteroposterior dentofacial characteristics by employing a cephalometric analysis of patients with persistent digit sucking habits compared with patients without such habits. Significant differences were seen in maxillary prognathism, relative prognathism, maxillary incisor angulation, interincisal angle, maxillary length and maxillary plane angulation. No significant differences were observed for mandibular prognathism or length, maxillary mandibular plane angle, cranial base measurements nor any measurement of facial height. The digit sucking group were also found to have a larger variation of lower incisor angulation than the controls, although no significant difference in the mean value for this variable was detected. It is concluded that persistent digit sucking may cause largely dentoalveolar change, together with some minor effects on the skeletal pattern.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing health status with healthy habits in elderly assisted-living residents.

There is a growing number of older adults in America. Assisted-living facilities have become a more prevalent residence for this increasing population. In the study described in this article, a secondary data analysis was completed using residents of several LifeTrust America, Inc.,'s assisted-living facilities across the Southeastern United States. There were 1,079 residents who completed the Healthy Generation Survey. Residents were asked whether they currently, previously, or had never had certain health conditions. They also responded to various questions about their current participation in healthy habits, such as using cigarette or tobacco products, moderate alcohol consumption, eating breakfast, eating healthy snacks, getting 7-8 hours of sleep each night, drinking the daily recommended amount of water, and participating in regular physical exercise. The research question asked if there was a relationship between current healthy habits and physical health. The study found that individuals with more current physical health conditions also reported greater participation in healthy habits. This could lead to the conclusion that after individuals acquired certain physical health conditions, they began to participate in more healthy habits. Also of significance was the finding that participation in physical exercise and recreational activity related to greater participation in all other healthy habits.

Age Distribution↗