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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Characterisation of non-maternal serum proteins in amniotic fluid at weeks 16 to 18 of gestation.

Proteins found in amniotic fluid are mainly serum proteins, probably of maternal origin. About 5% of the total protein concentration has the potential of being fetal or decidual in origin. Only a few of these proteins have been isolated and characterised. In order to describe the foetal and decidual components in amniotic fluid more extensively, a polyspecific antiserum to amniotic fluid at weeks 16-18 of gestation was raised. Specificities in the antiserum to serum proteins were removed by adsorption. Several proteins of non-serum protein origin reacted with the antiserum. Three of these proteins were chosen for isolation and further characterisation. With the use of immunological methods, SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing we identified two of the proteins as C-terminal propeptides of procollagen Type I and Type III, which have not hitherto been described in amniotic fluid. The third protein, called here protein-4, showed up as homologous to fetal antigen-1 (FA-1) and human dlk, containing EGF-like domains and associated with growth in neuroendocrine tissues and tumours.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

A receptor for the lipocalin placental protein 14 on human monocytes.

Human placental protein 14 (PP14), a member of the lipocalin structural superfamily, is an abundant amniotic fluid glycoprotein with documented immunoinhibitory activities. While receptors have been characterized for several other lipocalins, none have been reported to date for PP14. In the present study, two-color immunofluorescence and flow cytometry was used to screen peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations for their capacity to engage fluoresceinated recombinant PP14. The tagged PP14 bound strongly in a specific and saturable fashion to CD14+ (monocyte lineage) cells, but not to CD20+ (B cell lineage) or CD3+ (T cell lineage) cells. This binding was both pH- and temperature-sensitive, and was reduced by proteolytic pre-digestion of the cells with trypsin or proteinase K. Scatchard analysis demonstrated a single class of receptors on CD14+ cells, with a K(D) of approximately 1 x 10(-8) and approximately 10-35,000 receptors per cell. These findings constitute the first report of a cell surface-associated binding protein for PP14 and set the stage for exploring the molecular mechanisms of PP14-mediated signaling and immunomodulation.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1992

The secretory endometrial protein, placental protein 14, in women with ectopic gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the serum level of the secretory endometrial protein, placental protein 14 (PP14) and progesterone (P) in women with ectopic gestation. DESIGN: Blood samples were collected prospectively and preoperatively. Reference range was determined from a prospective population of 98 women with uncomplicated pregnancies and normal outcome. SETTING: The women were admitted to a university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-nine women with laparoscopically verified ectopic pregnancy entered the study. INTERVENTION: At the time of diagnosis PP14 and P were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: After observing the low serum levels of PP14 and P, a correlation analysis was made and compared with the findings in normally pregnant women. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation was found between the level of PP14 and P (P less than 0.00002), not found in normal intrauterine pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the regulation of the PP14 production involves either a control mechanism from the ovary or is mediated by paracrine secretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An analysis of the variation of plasma concentrations of placental protein 14 in artificial cycles.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors affecting the variation of plasma concentration of placental protein 14 (PP14) in artificial cycles. DESIGN: The effects of different hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens were examined in a crossover design. SETTING: Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Eighteen women with premature ovarian failure: 6 associated with Turner's syndrome and 12 with idiopathic premature ovarian failure. INTERVENTIONS: Four different HRT regimens; 36 study cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma PP14 concentrations on days 1, 15, 19, and 29 of the artificial cycles. RESULTS: In cycles treated with a standard HRT, the levels were similar to those of the natural cycle. Subjects with Turner's syndrome did not have elevated PP14 levels, whereas the majority (9/12 [75%]) of those with idiopathic premature ovarian failure had elevated levels on day 29 of the cycle. Levels of PP14 were reduced when either the doses of estradiol valerate were reduced to 1/3 or the doses of progesterone (P) were reduced to 1/5 of the standard HRT. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of PP14 are dependent not only on P stimulation but also on adequate estrogen priming.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Placental protein 14 secretion during in vitro fertilization cycles with and without human chorionic gonadotropin for luteal support.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate levels of placental protein 14 (PP14) in in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients with and without exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for luteal support. DESIGN, PATIENTS: Thirty-one women undergoing IVF were studied. For 18 women, hCG was administered in the luteal phase, and 12 became pregnant. Five pregnancies occurred in 13 women not receiving exogenous hCG. SETTING: All the patients attended the University of Southampton/Chalybeate Hospital IVF program. RESULTS: There was no change in PP14 levels 2 days after embryo transfer (ET), but small significant rises were noted by day 8 in all patients. Thereafter, levels rose further in pregnant subjects but showed no change in nonpregnant patients. The highest level of PP14 was seen in the group of women on hCG support, but there was no overall statistical difference between those on support and those not. In the nonpregnant group, there was no significant correlation between progesterone (P) and PP14 8 days from ET, whereas a highly significant correlation was noted in the pregnant group. CONCLUSIONS: Neither hCG nor P are primary factors in the control of endometrial PP14 secretion, but PP14 and P may have common underlying control mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Placental protein 14 levels in uterine flushing and plasma of women with unexplained infertility.

OBJECTIVES: To measure concentrations of placental protein 14 (PP14) in uterine flushings and plasma samples obtained from patients with unexplained infertility and to compare the results of those of normal fertile women. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Infertility and gynaecology outpatient clinics at the Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Sixteen patients with unexplained infertility and 12 normal fertile women who had been previously sterilized. INTERVENTIONS: Daily monitoring of luteinizing hormone (LH) to detect the LH surge; uterine flushings and blood samples were obtained on days 7, 10, and 12 after the LH surge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The measurement of PP14 concentration in uterine flushings and plasma samples throughout the luteal phase. RESULTS: Levels of PP14 in uterine flushings of patients with unexplained infertility were significantly lower than those of normal fertile women on days LH +10 and LH +12. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in PP14 levels in uterine flushings on day LH +7 and plasma samples on days LH +7, LH +10, and LH +12. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with unexplained infertility have reduced concentrations of PP14 in uterine flushings but not in plasma samples as compared with normal fertile women. Placental protein 14 measurement in uterine flushings may be a more valuable method of assessing endometrial function in infertile patients than plasma levels of the protein.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Vaginal color Doppler assessment of uterine artery impedance correlates with immunohistochemical markers of endometrial receptivity required for the implantation of an embryo.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between uterine artery impedance with immunohistochemical histologic, and ultrasonographic markers of uterine receptivity. DESIGN: A prospective study of subfertile women undergoing a frozen embryo replacement cycle. SETTING: A tertiary infertility clinic. PATIENTS: The study was based on 86 patients who had failed to become pregnant during a standard IVF treatment cycle and who had at least two good quality embryos cryopreserved. INTERVENTIONS: All patients had pituitary desensitization with the GnRH analogue buserelin acetate, followed by E2 and P replacement therapy. Vaginal color Doppler images of both uterine arteries were obtained on days 7, 14, and 21 of the first (trial) cycle. On day 21, an endometrial biopsy was taken for dating a 24-kd protein, placental protein 14, and E2 receptor assessment. After a menstrual bleed had been induced, administration of estrogen and P was reinstituted and embryos transferred to the uterus on the 3rd or 4th day of P administration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean pulsatility index of the left and right uterine arteries, a semiquantitative score of endometrial 24-kd protein, PP14, and E2 receptor assessment, endometrial histologic dating, and pregnancy outcome. RESULTS: Nineteen of 76 patients who had a successful ET became pregnant. The pulsatility index on day 14 of both the trial and ET cycles was significantly lower in those who achieved pregnancy as compared with those who did not conceive: 2.65 (range 1.3 to 3.4) versus 3.85 (1.8 to 6.8) and 2.85 (1.4 to 3.6) versus 4.15 (2.1 to 6.8), respectively. There were significant correlations between pulsatility index and 24-kd protein, E2 receptor, and endometrial histology but not with PP14 and endometrial thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Uterine artery impedance has a significant correlation with biochemical markers of uterine receptivity and accurately predicts the probability of pregnancy in frozen embryo replacement cycles. It is a useful method for assessing uterine receptivity in assisted conception programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Factors affecting fertilization: endometrial placental protein 14 reduces the capacity of human spermatozoa to bind to the human zona pellucida.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether placental protein 14 (PP14) may affect directly those sperm functions crucial to fertilization and early embryo development. DESIGN: In these prospective studies, we evaluated semen samples of fertile men incubated under capacitating conditions with and without PP14. SETTING: Academic tertiary institution. INTERVENTIONS: Biologically active PP14 was purified from human midtrimester amniotic fluid by anion exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography. After separation of the motile fraction, spermatozoa were incubated for 30 minutes with or without PP14 (concentration range of 0.01 to 100 micrograms/mL), washed, and then aliquots were prepared for use in the different assays. Human sperm-zona pellucida (ZP) binding was assessed using the hemizona assay (HZA) in a 4-hour gametes coincubation period. Sperm motility parameters were evaluated using a computerized semen analyzer. The acrosome reaction (AR) was determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin and indirect immunofluorescence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sperm-ZP binding, sperm motility patterns, and AR. RESULTS: Preincubation of sperm (and not the hemizonae) with PP14 produced a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of binding in the HZA. Monoclonal antibodies generated against PP14 showed no direct effect in the HZA and partially neutralized the inhibitory activity of PP14 in the HZA. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), an endometrial stromal cell product, showed no effect in the HZA. Neither PP14 nor IGFBP-1 interfered with sperm motility parameters or the AR. CONCLUSIONS: Placental protein 14 produced a potent, fast, and dose-dependent inhibition of binding of human spermatozoa to the human ZP without affecting other prefertilization events (i.e., hyperactivated motility or AR). The detrimental effect on sperm-zona interaction seems to be specific for this endometrial epithelial protein (not observed with an endometrial stromal product) and may have fundamental bearance to the fertilization process thus providing a mechanism for endometriosis-related infertility.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1995

Habitual abortion is accompanied by low serum levels of placental protein 14 in the luteal phase of the fertile cycle.

OBJECTIVE: To study serum levels of placental protein 14 (PP14) in relation to endometrial function in women with a history of habitual abortion. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Departments I and II of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. PATIENTS: Fifty patients (26 primary and 24 secondary habitual aborters) and 38 controls without a history of abortion studied during a regular cycle. RESULTS: Habitual aborters as a whole or when subgrouped into those with normal cycles (n = 40) or with a luteal phase defect (LPD; n = 10) and control women demonstrated a distinct increase in PP14 levels from late follicular to late luteal phases. In the luteal phase, serum PP14 levels were lower in the patients than in the controls (27.2 +/- 3.1 versus 48.5 +/- 10.1 micrograms/L), but the differences in PP14 levels between habitual aborters with or without LPD was not significant (16.3 +/- 4.3 versus 29.9 +/- 3.7 micrograms/L). CONCLUSIONS: Habitual aborters exhibit lower serum PP14 levels in the late luteal phase compared with normal fertile women.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1996

Correlation of serum and follicular fluid concentrations of placental protein 14 and CA-125 in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study serum and follicular fluid (FF) concentrations of placental protein 14 (PP14) and CA-125 in patients participating in an IVF-ET program. DESIGN: Determination in serum and FF on the day of hCG administration, day of oocyte retrieval, and on ET day of PP14 and CA-125. SETTING: Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Athens; Euromedica IVF Unit; and Hellenic Pasteur Institute. PATIENTS: Thirty-three patients undergoing IVF-ET divided in three groups: 8 with conception, 18 with fertilized oocytes but no conception, and 7 without fertilized oocytes. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent an ovarian stimulation with a short protocol of GnRH analogue-pure-FSH-hMG. Three blood probes were collected from each patient, on the day of hCG administration, on retrieval day, and on ET day, respectively, whereas FF was collected on retrieval day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Determination in serum and FF of CA-125 and PP14. RESULTS: On the day of oocyte retrieval, both mean values of serum PP14 and CA-125 were significantly higher in conceptional than nonconceptional cycles. On the day of ET, the mean values of serum PP14 increased significantly in conceptional cycles whereas CA-125 showed no difference. The mean concentration of PP14 in FF was significantly higher in conceptional cycles whereas there was no significant change in the mean concentration of FF CA-125. CONCLUSIONS: In conceptional cycles after IVF, PP14 increases in serum significantly from hCG day to ET day compared with nonconceptional cycles, whereas CA-125 increases from hCG day to oocyte retrieval day and decreases on ET day. In FF, PP14 was increased in conceptional cycles, whereas CA-125 in FF showed no change.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Circulating levels of placental protein 14 and progesterone following Mifepristone (RU38486) and Gemeprost for termination of first trimester pregnancy.

Ten patients underwent successful termination of first trimester pregnancies with RU38486 (Mifepristone, Roussel Laboratories Ltd., Broadwater Park, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom) followed 2 days later by a prostaglandin (Gemeprost, May and Baker Ltd., Dagenham, Essex, United Kingdom) pessary. Four hours after administration of RU38486, the levels of progesterone (P) started to fall and continued to show a gradual decline until the abortion was completed, when a steep fall to follicular phase values was observed. Levels of placental protein 14 remained unaltered until 2 days after RU38486 administration, when levels were increased. The rise in placental protein 14 in association with falling P concentrations suggests that the decidual secretion of placental protein 14 might be independent of P. Fertil Steril 52:66, 1989.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1998

Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function.

OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma androgen concentrations in women who have recurrent miscarriages and in fertile women, and to correlate the results with concentrations of the endometrial protein PP14 in uterine flushings and plasma from women who have recurrent miscarriages. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Hospital research unit. PATIENT(S): Women attending a recurrent miscarriage clinic and normal fertile volunteers. Ten of the women with recurrent miscarriages had polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) as assessed by ultrasonography or increased follicular LH levels. INTERVENTION(S): Plasma samples were obtained from the women on days LH-7, LH-4, LH+0, and LH+7 or LH+10 of a cycle. An endometrial flushing sample and a biopsy specimen were taken from women with recurrent miscarriages on day LH+7 or LH+10. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Androstenedione, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in the plasma samples. The endometrial protein PP14 was measured in the uterine flushings and in the LH+7 or LH+10 plasma samples from the women with recurrent miscarriages. RESULT(S): Testosterone concentrations were higher in the women with recurrent miscarriages both with and without PCOD on days LH-7 and LH-4 of the cycle. Concentrations of androstenedione also were higher in the women with recurrent miscarriages, but without PCOD on day LH-7. Testosterone SHBG ratios were higher in the women with recurrent miscarriages, without PCOD compared with the controls on days LH-7, LH+0, and LH+7. Mean follicular testosterone concentrations were correlated negatively with both uterine (r = -0.47) and plasma (r = -0.49) PP14 levels on day LH+10. Mean luteal phase testosterone SHBG ratios were correlated negatively with uterine PP14 concentrations on day LH+7 of the cycle (r = -0.674). CONCLUSION(S): Androgen levels are higher in women who have recurrent miscarriages than in normal fertile controls. These high levels of androgens may have a detrimental effect on endometrial function.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1987

Identification of placental protein 14 as an immunosuppressive factor in human reproduction.

Extracts of human decidual tissue obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy showed potent suppressive activity in mixed lymphocyte cultures. These extracts contained substantial amounts of the decidual protein PP14. Purified PP14 also exhibited in vitro immunosuppressive activity, and such activity in decidual extract and purified PP14 preparations was removed by treatment with a monoclonal anti-PP14 antibody-based immunoadsorbent. PP14 was present in seminal plasma, which also exhibited immunosuppressive activity that could be reduced, but not removed, by the immunoadsorbent. PP14 may be an important immunomodulator in the human reproductive system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of placental protein 14 (PP14) in the mother and fetus to specific products of the human placenta.

Levels of placental protein 14 (PP14), human placental lactogen (hPL) and unconjugated oestriol (E3) were measured in maternal peripheral and umbilical arterial and venous blood obtained from 65 normal pregnancies at term delivery. PP14 levels were one order of magnitude higher in the mother than in the fetus. Neither maternal nor fetal levels of PP14 were related to the birthweight of the fetus. There was a relationship between maternal and umbilical venous levels of PP14, which suggests that fetal PP14 is derived by transfer from the mother, or that there is an independent fetal source with a control mechanism similar to that of the mother. The findings are compatible with earlier observations to the effect that PP14, in contrast to products such as hPL and E3, is not specific to the trophoblast.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunochemical and biochemical relationship between human pregnancy-associated secreted endometrial alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG) and the soluble placental proteins 12 and 14 (PP12 and PP14).

Two proteins, pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG), synthesized de novo and secreted by the human endometrium and decidua during pregnancy, have been demonstrated to be immunochemically related to the soluble placental proteins PP12 and PP14 isolated from term placenta. However, although these immunochemically similar endometrially- and placentally-derived proteins differ in their reported biochemical properties, in this report we have demonstrated that PP12 and PP14 are biochemically identical to alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG with respect to subunit size. We conclude that these placental proteins are derived from the endometrium by de novo synthesis, and we suggest that the localization of these proteins to the placenta reflects either absorption, specific binding or processing by the trophoblast. The significance of clinical studies involving PP12 and PP14 measurement must therefore be reassessed in the light of their exclusive endometrial origin.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed2000

Chromosomal location, exon/intron organization and evolution of lipocalin genes.

Lipocalins exhibit low sequence similarity that contrasts with a tightly conserved folding shared by all members of this superfamily. This conserved folding can be, at least partly, accounted for by a highly conserved gene structure. The array of lipocalin genes that have so far been studied mostly in mammals indicate a large conservation of a typical seven exon/six intron arrangement. Other conserved features include a partly coding exon 1 of variable size, fixed sizes of exons 2-5 that code for an array of lipocalin-specific beta-strands and a tendency of the last exons to either fuse or expand into further exons without major changes in the length of the resulting open reading frame. The conserved exon/intron arrangement as well as a clustering of most lipocalin genes in given chromosomes of human and mouse indicate that the lipocalin genes diverged from a shared ancestor by successive rounds of duplications followed by late changes in exon arrangements.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Lipocalins and cancer.

Lipocalins are mainly extracellular carriers of lipophilic molecules, though exceptions with properties like prostaglandin synthesis and protease inhibition are observed for specific lipocalins. The interest concerning lipocalins in cancer has so far been focussed to the variations in concentration and the modification of lipocalin expression in distinct cancer forms. In addition, lipocalins have been assigned a role in cell regulation. The influence of the extracellular lipocalins on intracellular cell regulation events is not fully understood, but several of the lipocalin ligands are also well-known agents in cell differentiation and proliferation. Lipophilic ligands can, after lipocalin-mediated transport to the cell surface, penetrate the cell membrane and interact with proteins in the cytosol and/or the nucleus. The signaling routes of the lipocalin ligands, retinoids and fatty acids are presented and discussed. Tumor growth in tissue is restricted by extracellular protease/protease inhibitor interactions. Several lipocalins also have protease inhibitory properties and possess the ability to interact with tumor specific proteases, revealing another pathway for lipocalins to interact with cancer cells.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1997

Development of a purification procedure for the placental protein 14 involving metal-chelate affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography.

Placental protein 14 was isolated from the biological material of patients undergoing legal abortions. The major part of ballast protein was removed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and CM-Sepharose. Albumin was separated by chromatography on Blue-Sepharose. Complete purification was obtained by metal-chelate affinity chromatography on Nickel-Chelate Sepharose and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose and Octyl-Sepharose. The protein was not exposed to denaturing agents or extreme pH.

Abortion, Legal↗