[Sick-listing--and family practice as a garbage can].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Family Practice↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Garbage”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Serum leptin levels as a marker for a syndrome X-like condition in wild baboons.
We measured serum leptin levels in two groupings of wild male baboons, one with access to abundant quantities of food from gardens and garbage dumps near human habitations (Garbage; n = 11) and one without access (No Garbage; n = 10). A Garbage subgroup had high leptin levels (Garbage HL), whereas the rest of the Garbage group had low leptin levels (Garbage LL) similar to those in the No Garbage group. The Garbage HL individuals were obese, with higher mass, body mass index, and leptin to mass ratios; were insulin to resistant, with elevations in serum insulin, glucose, and insulin to glucose ratios; and were hyperlipidemic. This syndrome X-like condition occurred only in the Garbage HL subset. The Garbage LL subset did not differ from the No Garbage individuals in mass, body mass index, leptin to mass ratio, insulin, glucose, or insulin to glucose ratios. The highest cholesterol levels, however, occurred in the Garbage LL individuals, suggesting that susceptibility to hyperlipidemia is distinguishable from susceptibility to obesity and insulin resistance. The differences were not explained by age or social status. These results show that a subgroup of wild baboons is susceptible to developing obesity and insulin resistance and that this susceptibility is not related to age or social rank.
Age Factors↗
Respiratory disorders and atopy in Danish refuse workers.
This survey describes respiratory and mucosal symptoms of garbage-handling and recycling workers in Denmark. The study includes 20 paper-sorting workers, eight compost workers, and 44 garbage-handling workers. As a control group, 119 workers from water purification plants of Copenhagen were chosen; workers in our study had a lower mean age and shorter mean employment time than did members of the control group. There was no significant difference in tobacco consumption between the groups. Garbage-handling workers were exposed to a significantly higher mean concentration (SD) of total dust than were water supply workers-0.74 (0.77) mg/m3 compared with 0.42 (0.25) mg/m3 (p < 0.05). Total count of microorganisms was significantly higher in garbage-handling and composting areas compared with paper-sorting as well as water supply areas 0.46 (0.125) x 10(5), 0.54 (0.77) x 10(5), 4.7 (5.89) x 10(3), and 0.08 (0.04) x 10(3) cfu/m3, respectively (p < 0.05). This difference could not be explained as an effect of differential growth requirements. Significantly higher amounts of gram-negative bacteria were found in composting and garbage-handling plants than in water-supply plants. In garbage-handling plants only, there were significantly higher amounts of endotoxins than in paper-sorting plants. Significantly higher prevalence of chest tightness (14%), flu-like symptoms (14%), itching eyes (27%), itching nose (14), and sore or itching throat (21%) were found among garbage-handling workers, compared with, respectively, 1, 1, 11 and 0% among water-supply workers. Furthermore, prevalence of nausea and vomiting or diarrhea rose from 2% and 7% among the water-supply workers to 19% and 27% among the garbage workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Distributions of iron, manganese, copper and zinc in various composts and amended soils.
A detailed observation was conducted on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the composts derived from seafood processing by-product, garbage, swine manure and sewage sludge, respectively, as well as in amended farmlands. All elements were at lower levels of total contents but a higher percentage of water-soluble and exchangeable forms in composted seafood processing by-product and composted garbage than in composted swine manure and composted sewage sludge. Total contents increased in the order: composted seafood processing by-product approximately composted garbage < composted swine manure < composted sewage sludge. The applications of composted seafood processing by-product and composted garbage have neither caused Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn accumulation nor changed their distribution in soils; while the application of composted swine manure has largely increased Cu and Zn contents in soils, mainly in organic matter-bound form, and that of composted sewage sludge increased Mn, Cu and Zn in soils mainly in carbonate-bond and Fe-Mn oxides-bound ones. Fe is an exception, its total contents in soils decreased with the applications of composts except for composted garbage. Also, the rainfall and irrigation were another two main factors that affected available elements in soils.
Animals↗
[Environmental and occupational problems in the utilization of industrial and home waste].
One of the acute hygienic problems of today is handling industrial and consumer wastes stored in Russia in the amount of 30 milliard tons; 30 million of solid garbage and 120 million tons of industrial wastes being formed. There are 4 garbage-handling and 10 garbage disposal plants built in the country. A third of them don't operate now. An absence of the initial selection in garbage collection causes the situation when only 3% of solid garbage is being processed. There is no state unified wastes recycling and utilizing system, no training of personnel to work out special technologies and do this work. Special attention should be given to medical wastes dangerous for the epidemiological situation, since they contain pathogenic microorganisms and helminth eggs; they may as well be contaminated by toxic and radioactive chemicals. A complex solution of the problems of industrial and consumer wastes handling is of vital importance for human health protection and protection of environment.
Environmental Pollution↗
[Waste from hospitals, health resorts and sanatoria].
As part of the waste disposal planning in the administrative districts in Nordrhein-Westfalen, the present expertise intends to determines the requirements to be satisfied by the collection and intermediate storage of hospital waste, and to answer the question from a hygienic point of view as to what sort of waste may be taken to an internal garbage dump and what waste is to be burned. From among the variety of hospital refuse, that material was selected for which, as a result of the direct contact between waste and patient, a certain hygienic risk could not be entirely ruled out. This includes waste from the wards similar to private houshold garbage, medical soft waste (swabs, dressings etc.) medical solid waste (syringes, cannulae etc.). For waste other than this, disposal by way of garbage dumps is considered unproblematic or else such waste is to be disposed off in compliance with legal provisions (infection wards). For organ refuse, the only mode of disposal is by burying or burning. On perusal of the literature it was found that with regard to the hygienic condition of the above-mentioned waste, views differ widely ranging from "unobjectionable" to "infectious". Apart from this, these views are not supported by microbiological data ascertained experimentally. However, a reliable assessment cannot do without such data. Preliminary investigations were carried out to see what waste disposal routes exist in the various hospitals; then in two hospitals the waste volume of each ward was determined on 7 workdays over a total period of approx. two months and the waste was checked for the three sorts of refuse mentioned above. It was found that the refuse averaged 0.54 or 0.56 kgs per bed per day and 5.44 or 5.43 litres per bed per day with a specific weight of 0.10 kg/l. The microbiological analyses included both hospital refuse and "normal" household garbage from three dumps. Within the first group of waste the analyses covered not only waste conglomerates but also individual refuse ingredients (e.g. syringes). The workup comprised 264 waste samples from the hospital area and 21 samples from dumps, which were subjected to quantitative and qualitative microbiological tests. The results showed that hospital refuse very often contains less pathogens than household garbage and that it was even germ-free in some cases; especially individual samples repeatedly proved to be free of bacterial growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Bacteria↗
[Health risk to workers in recycling plants and on waste disposal sites].
Two groups of workers in garbage sorting plants and waste landfills and a control group of community employees were physically examined. In garbage sorting plants elevated microbial counts were measured in the air of the workplace compared to outdoor air microbial counts (cfu/m3). Workers in garbage treatment plants were higher exposed to airborne microbial agents. In consequence immunological reactions and the occurrence of workplace related symptoms were found more frequently, These symptoms are described in literature as mucous membrane irritation syndrome (MMI). More infectious diseases were seen in workers in garbage treatment plants than in the control group. As significant more health problems were seen in groups exposed to very high concentrations of microbial agents in the air at the workplace (moulds more than 10(5) cfu/m3, bacteria more than 10(4) cfu/m3), this study supports the recommendations in the LASI-guidelines 1, 13 and 15 and the TRGS 540 to reduce the microbial load in the air at the workplace.
Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
Participatory management of waste disposal.
The general objective of this study was to develop a sustainable waste disposal management model in Yom riverside communities by creating a sense of ownership in the project among the villagers and encourage the community to identify problems based on their socio-cultural background. The participatory approach was applied in developing a continual learning process between the researcher and stakeholders. The Tub Phueng community of Si Samrong, Sukhothai Province was selected as the location for this study. From the population of 240 households in the area, 40 stakeholders were selected to be on the research team. The team found that the waste in this community was comprised of 4 categories: 1. Occupation: discarded insecticide containers used for farming activities; 2. Consumption: plastic bags and wrappers form pre-packed foods; 3. Traditional activities: after holding ceremonies and festivities, the waste was dumped in the river; and 4. Environmental hygiene: waste water from washing, bathing, toileting, cooking and cleaning was directly drained into the Yom River. The sustainable waste disposal model developed to manage these problems included building simple waste-water treatment wells, digging garbage holes, prosecuting people who throw garbage into the river, withdrawing privileges from people who throw garbage into the river, and establishing a garbage center. Most of the villagers were satisfied with the proposed model, looked forward to the expected positive changes, and thought this kind of solution would be easy to put into practice.
Community Health Planning↗
Vesicular exanthema of swine.
Vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) was first recognized in 1932. At the time, eradication measures and, later, quarantine procedures were instituted and extension of the disease to surrounding farms appeared to have been prevented. Between 1932 and 1936, however, seemingly unrelated epizootics continued among swine herds being fed raw garbage. In 1936, VES disappeared only to reappear in 1939. The disease was contained within California until 1952, at which time it spread to all the major swine producing areas of the United States. The disease was eradicated in 1959, through the enforcement of laws prohibiting the feeding of raw garbage to swine. Other than the association with raw garbage, a reservoir for VES virus (VESV) was never found. In 1972, a virus isolated from California sea lions--and thus named the San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV)--proved to be distinguishable from VESV. When SMSV was injected into swine, clinical signs of vesicular exanthema developed, leading to the conclusion that, for all practical purposes, SMSV and VESV were the same. To date, 5 species of marine mammals and 2 species of terrestrial mammals, including feral swine, have been shown to possess antibodies to 1 or more of the 4 distinct SMSV serotypes. Current evidence suggests that SMSV infections occur among both terrestrial and marine mammals inhabiting the California coastal zones. This and the practice of shipping frozen meats known to contain SMSV to mink ranches in Utah point to the possibility that domestic swine in the United States are occasionally being exposed to SMSV. Although marine mammals are a source of SMSV, the primary virus reservoir is thought to be 1 or more submammalian marine species common to the southern California coastline. Such a primary reservoir presumably is the source of a new SMSV serotypes infecting marine mammals and may have been the original source of the VESV serotypes that infected swine through the intermediary of raw garbage.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an urban area of Minas Gerais State.
In order to understand the determinants of human infection by Leishmania chagasi in an urban area, a cross-sectional population based study was conducted using molecular and serologic methods to identify infection. Participants were interviewed using a pre-coded questionnaire. Two criteria were tested to identify risk factors: Model 1--including all participants positive in hybridization by Leishmania donovani complex probe; Model 2--including all participants positive for hybridization and at least one serologic test. In Model 1, the variables associated with infection were: ownership of birds, time spent outside house between 6:00-10:00 PM and garbage not collected. In Model 2, the variables associated with infection were: family with knowledge of the vector, garbage not collected, garbage not removed or buried, ownership of birds and eroded areas in the neighborhood. The risk factors identified were associated with household conditions, presence of animals and the likelihood of contact with phlebotomine sandflies.
Adolescent↗
[Mutual relations between plastic materials and bacteria (author's transl)].
The complex problems of microbiological degradation of synthetic plastics and a fairly wide variety of 62 testing materials, belonging to 14 major groups of plastics, are described. Adaequate and reliable testing techniques had to be devised. Drawing on the experiences of H. Braun, 1930, and of Bushnell and Haas, 1941, as to the metabolism of bacteria and the utilization of certain hydrocarbons by microorganisms, and previous research work by A. Schwartz in Berlin, 1959-60, on microbial corrosion of plastics, methods of laboratory testing were developed. The bacteriological technique was based on selection of aerobic microorganisms, which were, by starvation, adapted to use the plastic materials as their only carbon source; foreign carbon sources had to be strictly eliminated; emphasis was laid on proper, double control cultures. The test organisms involved included P. aeruginosa and fluorescens strains, also a certain species of Candida, and mixtures of soil, sewage and garbage organisms grown on exposed plastic surfaces. By means of series of passages the selective adaptation and conservation of these organisms was continued up to 4 1/2 years. An anaerobic adaptation method for Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was developed and used successfully. After preliminary experimentation (Soil burial, sewage and garbage exposure tests) in the laboratory as well as in the open, a large scale Field testing programme under realistic and to some extent extreme conditions was implemented: Nine different plastic materials comprising eight plain high polymer plastics and for comparison one synthetic Cellulose derivate, together with glass control samples, were exposed in twelve different sewage, garbage, and soil media over a period of 3 months to 2 years, and subsequently examined. On the basis of the bacteriological results obtained from the adaptation series the test materials were classified into three categories, corresponding to the stimulation of bacterial growth: Group one, which allowed strong proliferation, included certain types of plasticized P.V.C. and Cellulose esters, as expected, and, as a new result, Polyurethane rubber; the latter showed clear signs of surface corrosion. Group two, which induced a clear but moderate growth, comprised a nylon trade type of Polyamide. Gruop three, allowing weak but still recognisable growth, included Formaldehyde pressure resing (Bakelite). This was surprising as it was thought that the formaldehyde and phenol components would exert a bacteriocidic or at least bacteriostatic effect. The results of the long and time consuming adaptation series with Pseudomonas aeruginosa were confirmed by the manometric dissimilation method of O. Warburg by means of the Braun/Melsungen apparatus. With this subtle but elegant procedure results and graphical recordings were obtained within hours and days...
Candida↗
The lysosomal-mitochondrial axis theory of postmitotic aging and cell death.
Aging (senescence) is characterized by a progressive accumulation of macromolecular damage, supposedly due to a continuous minor oxidative stress associated with mitochondrial respiration. Aging mainly affects long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes, which neither divide and dilute damaged structures, nor are replaced by newly differentiated cells. Because of inherent imperfect lysosomal degradation (autophagy) and other self-repair mechanisms, damaged structures (biological "garbage") progressively accumulate within such cells, both extra- and intralysosomally. Defective mitochondria and aggregated proteins are the most typical forms of extralysosomal "garbage", while lipofuscin that forms due to iron-catalyzed oxidation of autophagocytosed or heterophagocytosed material, represents intralysosomal "garbage". Based on findings that autophagy is diminished in lipofuscin-loaded cells and that cellular lipofuscin content positively correlates with oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, we have proposed the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory of aging, according to which mitochondrial turnover progressively declines with age, resulting in decreased ATP production and increased oxidative damage. Due to autophagy of ferruginous material, lysosomes contain a pool of redox-active iron, which makes these organelles particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Oxidant-mediated destabilization of lysosomal membranes releases hydrolytic enzymes to the cytosol, eventuating in cell death (either apoptotic or necrotic depending on the magnitude of the insult), while chelation of the intralysosomal pool of redox-active iron prevents these effects. In relation to the onset of oxidant-induced apoptosis, but after the initiating lysosomal rupture, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria and caspases are activated. Mitochondrial damage follows the release of lysosomal hydrolases, which may act either directly or indirectly, through activation of phospholipases or pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bid. Additional lysosomal rupture seems to be a consequence of a transient oxidative stress of mitochondrial origin that follows the attack by lysosomal hydrolases and/or phospholipases, creating an amplifying loop system.
Aging↗
Mutagenic activity of sweepings and pigments from a household-wax factory assayed with Salmonella typhimurium.
The mutagenic activity of garbage originating from a household wax industry was determined by the Salmonella/microsome assay, using the bacterial strains TA100, TA98 and YG1024. The garbage was obtained by sweeping the floor of the factory at the end of the work shift. Organic compounds were extracted by ultrasound for 30 min in dichloromethane or 70% ethanol. After evaporation of solvent, these extracts (HFS: household-wax factory sweepings) were dissolved in DMSO, and were tested for the mutagenic activity at varying concentrations (HFS-ET: 0.08-0.68 mg/plate, HFS-DCM: 0.60-7.31 mg/plate). The colouring agents (pigments) used in the production of the wax were also dissolved in DMSO and tested with the assay. The concentrations tested for each pigment were: Amaranth: 0.46-3.65 mg/plate, Auramine: 0.15-1.2 mg/plate and Rhodamine B: 0.22-1.82 mg/plate. Both ET and DCM organic extracts had mutagenic activity, especially in the YG1024 strain. The pigments behaved in a similar way, demonstrating that YG1024 was the most sensitive strain for the detection of mutagenicity, and that metabolization increased the activity. Human exposure (occupational and non-occupational) to industrial residues generated during the household-wax manufacturing and packaging process should be monitored, since this type of garbage is normally deposited in the environment without any control.
Animals↗
Mitochondrial damage and intralysosomal degradation in cellular aging.
Normal mitochondrial respiration is associated with a continuous production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, inevitably resulting in minor macromolecular damage. Damaged cellular components are not completely turned over by autophagy and other cellular repair systems, leading to a progressive age-related accumulation of biological "garbage" material, such as defective mitochondria, cytoplasmic protein aggregates and an intralysosomal undegradable material, lipofuscin. These changes primarily affect neurons, cardiac myocytes and other long-lived postmitotic cells that neither dilute this "garbage" by mitotic activity, nor are replaced by newly differentiated cells. Defective mitochondria are insufficient in ATP production and often generate increased amounts of reactive oxygen species, further enhancing oxidative stress. Lipofuscin-loaded lysosomes, in turn, poorly turn over mitochondria that gradually leads to the overload of long-lived postmitotic cells with "garbage" material, decreased adaptability and eventual cell death.
Animals↗
[Present-time problems of medical waste].
To handle medical garbage is a urgent problem in Russia, which has been poorly solved so far. This kind of garbage is epidemiologically hazardous and may contain radioactive substances. The published sanitary rules have approved five hazard classes for medical garbage. Little attention is paid to technologies of their elimination.
Humans↗
[Evolution of environmental determinants of health in childhood in the city of São Paulo, Brazil].
OBJECTIVE: Two consecutive household surveys undertaken in mid-80s and mid-90s in the city of S. Paulo Brazil, made possible to establish time trends of several child health determinants and indicators as well as to analyse the relationships among them. The study intends to report trends in environmental determinants of child health. METHODS: Random samples of the population aged from zero to 59 months were studied: 1,016 children in the period of 1984-85 and 1,280 children in 1995-96. Both surveys investigated several housing characteristics--materials used in the building, size, occupation density, existence of shower, toilet, running water in the kitchen, and the presence of smoker dwellers--as well as access to water supply, sewage, garbage disposal and pavement of public areas. RESULTS: Improvements from mid-80s to mid-90s are observed regarding both housing characteristics and the implementation of basic services public services. The only indicator showing no improvement was the proportion of children living in slums, near 12% in both surveys. However, housing characteristics in slums showed an impressive improvement in the period between the surveys as well as the access of this population to water supply and garbage disposal services. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in housing characteristics are consistent with increases in the purchasing power reported in the same period. The expansion of public basic services resulted from both public investments and a significant reduction in population growth. The noticeable increase in the coverage of water supply and garbage disposal in the slums indicates a more equitable delivery of the basic services. The same trend was not seen regarding sewage and street paving, which are not widespread in slum areas. The influence that changes in the physical environment may have exerted on several child health indicators is examined in subsequent articles.
Brazil↗
3D measurements on extrusion marks in plastic bags.
The surface of different types of garbage bags was scanned using non-contact laser profilometry. Manufacturing defects known from visual inspection of the bags (fish eyes, arrowheads, and surface scratches) appear as differences in the height profile. Extrusion lines could only be detected in low-density polyethylene bags. Their correlation length is a couple of centimeters, whereas visually they continue over meters. This can be used to link together the end of one garbage bag with the beginning of the subsequent bag. Extrusion lines are of the order of 0.1 microm for high-density polyethylene garbage bags.
Journal Article↗
[Hygienic aspects of the impact of solid waste disposal sites on the habitat].
The "Dmitrovsky" solid garbage (SG) ground is one of the largest enterprises of this kind in the Moscow Region. A total of 200,000-750,000 tons of solid garbage (91%) and industrial waste products (9%) annually come to the ground. A total of 5,500,000 tons of garbage and waste products have been accumulated since it was put into operation. From the accumulated SG deposits, iron, manganese, beryllium, titanium, barium, boron, petroleum products enter the surface and underground waters, methane, carbon oxide, ammonia, toluene, xylene, hydrogen sulfide, cresol, phenol come into the atmospheric air; the compounds of zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, magnesium, and cobalt do into the soil. The studies conducted in 1997-2002 make it possible to establish that the ground has a negative impact on the environment and to evaluate the efficiency of nature-conservation and hygienic measures, and to improve the technological process of SG utilization.
Environment↗