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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Calcium intakes of adolescent female gymnasts and speed skaters: lack of association with dieting behavior.

Calcium intake and its association with dieting behavior were assessed in female adolescents competing in an aesthetic and a nonaesthetic sport (gymnastics and speed skating). Athletes were 25 skaters and 32 gymnasts competing at a provincial level or higher. Calcium intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire; dieting behavior by the Eating Attitudes Test Dieting subscale; and body composition by skinfolds, height, and weight. Mean calcium intakes of both groups of athletes exceeded Canadian recommendations, and skaters' mean intakes exceeded U.S. recommendations; however, many individuals had low intakes. Gymnasts were leaner than skaters and had lower calcium intakes, but this difference was not associated with Dieting subscale scores, which were similar between sports and were not correlated with calcium intake. Athletes had higher mean calcium intakes than normally active adolescents studied (measured with a similar protocol) and had lower Dieting subscale scores. Thus, although calcium intakes of some athletes require attention, sport participation was associated with increased intakes. Also, for these athletes, dieting behavior did not directly interfere with calcium intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of under-reporting of energy intake by elite female gymnast.

This study examines the degree of under-reporting of energy intake by elite, female gymnasts, and the impact this predicted under-reporting has on associated macro and micro nutrient intake. Twenty-eight female U.S. national team artistic gymnasts participated in the study. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day food records, and the degree of under-reporting was predicted from the ratio of reported energy intake (EI) to predicted basal metabolic rate (BMRestd), using the standards described by Goldberg et al. (10). Sixty-one percent of the subjects had an EI/BMRestd ratio of < 1.44, and were classified as under-reporters. The under-reporters had higher BMIs and percent body fat, and lower reported total energy intakes than the adequate energy reporters. Additionally, under-reporting of energy intake had a significant impact on reported micro nutrient intake. The under-reporting of energy intake seen in these subjects has an impact on the reported intake of macro and micro nutrients that can influence the interpretation of the nutritional status of these athletes and the strategy for nutrition intervention. Therefore, when assessing dietary intakes of elite gymnasts, some means of determining the accuracy of the reported energy and nutrient intake should be employed to more accurately identify the true nutritional problems experienced by these elite athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Impact modeling of gymnastic back-handsprings and dive-rolls in children.

This study was to determine estimates of the stiffness and damping properties of the wrist, and shoulder in children by examining wrist impacts on the outstretched hand in selected gymnastic activities. The influence of age, mass, and wrist and torso impact velocity on the stiffness and damping properties were also examined. Fourteen young gymnasts (ages 8 to 15 yrs) were videotaped while performing back-handspring trials or dive-rolls. Kinematic and ground reaction analysis provided input for computer simulation of the body as a rheological model with appropriate stiffness and damping. A significant positive linear relationship was obtained between wrist damping in dive rolls and age, mass, and wrist and torso impact velocity, while shoulder damping in the back-handsprings had a significant positive linear relationship with body mass. This new information on stiffness and damping at the shoulder and the wrist in children enables realistic mathematical modeling of children's physical responses to hand impact in falls. This is significant because modeling studies can now be used as an alternative to epidemiological studies to evaluate measures aimed at reducing injuries in gymnastics and other activities involving impact to the upper extremity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Strength and flexibility in gymnasts before and after menarche.

simple anthropometric measures, flexibility, and strength performance tests were conducted on 30 young gymnasts and repeated one year later. During the intervening year, 13 gymnasts, average age 14.5 at the second year, reached menarche, while the remaining 17, average age 14.1 years, did not. Multivariate analyses of covariance were calculated to test for differences between the groups at Year 2, using the Year 1 scores as covariates. No significant differences between the groups were found. Tendencies to linearity of physique and late maturation, noted in the literature among very skilled gymnasts, seemed to be confirmed among this group of local competitors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Wrist pain, distal radial physeal injury, and ulnar variance in the young gymnast.

In gymnastics, the wrist joint is subjected to repetitive loading in a weightbearing fashion. In this setting, chronic wrist pain is quite common. Because gymnasts ordinarily enter the sport at very young ages and train for several years before skeletal maturity is attained, the growth plates of the wrist are at risk for injury. In addition, imaging studies have identified evidence of injury to the distal radial physis and the development of positive ulnar variance. Recent studies provide more information on the relationships between these findings, as well as factors that may predispose some gymnasts to wrist pain. This article provides a comprehensive review of these issues and offers suggestions for management, preventive measures, and future research.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cortical desmoid-like lesion of the proximal humerus and its occurrence in gymnasts (ringman's shoulder lesion).

Eighteen gymnasts were interviewed and examined radiographically for a cortical irregularity of the proximal humerus simulating malignancy. Fifty percent of the gymnasts had the lesion which is considered to be a benign reactive lesion secondary to excessive forces at the pectoralis major insertion to the proximal humerus. All patients were asymptomatic. The lesion is probably unique to gymnasts, particularly those involved with strength moves.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elbow injury in women's gymnastics.

This investigation reports on 30 female gymnasts with 32 elbow injuries acquired in gymnastics. Thirty of the injuries were acute fractures and dislocations, and two developed Panner's disease of the humeral capitellum. Primary treatment included 14 closed reductions and 11 open surgical procedures. Those who returned to competition lost an average of 4.1 months. Spotters were not present during nearly 60% of these injuries. The mechanism which led to a variety of elbow injuries was possibility singular: a fall on an outstretched arm. More than twice as many injuries occurred on this mats or the bare floor than on thicker mats. The authors concluded, after the study, that elbow immobilization for as short a time as possible was beneficial to regaining range of motion. We recommend reducing injuries by employing spotters, using thicker mats, and educating young gymnasts in techniques of falling.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dismounts in gymnastics: should scoring be reevaluated?

Eleven high school and college gymnasts who sustained 12 major knee injuries were surveyed. Seven were injured as the result of dismounts from the beam of the uneven bar. Five of the seven used a twist in the maneuver. Present dismounts scoring constitutes a significant amount of the total score of a gymnastic routine. We question the need to reevaluate gymnastic scoring to encourage less difficult dismounts in an attempt to reduce the number of significant knee injuries.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stress changes of the distal radial epiphysis in young gymnasts. A report of twenty-one cases and a review of the literature.

Between 1980 and 1983, 21 young, high-performance gymnasts with stress changes related to the distal radial epiphysis, were treated and followed for a mean of 24 months (range, 6 to 42 months). Eleven of the gymnasts presented with roentgenographic changes of the distal radial epiphysis, and in these recovery took at least 3 months. This group was compared to a group of ten gymnasts who had similar symptoms but no roentgenographic changes, and who recovered within an average of 4 weeks. The roentgenographic changes, which are described in detail, are considered to represent stress changes, possibly stress fractures, of the distal radial epiphysis. No residual growth-related problems have been observed. Possible etiologic factors are discussed, and the literature as it pertains to stress-related adaptation and injury in the growing athlete is reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An epidemiologic investigation of injuries affecting young competitive female gymnasts.

A prospective study of injuries affecting 50 highly competitive young female gymnasts was conducted over a period of 1 year. Many of the findings of this investigation were consistent with previous studies and suggest particular injury trends in women's gymnastics. These results included injury location, injury severity, nature of onset, event, and activity at the time of injury. Some of the descriptive results, however, provided information that was heretofore unreported or inconsistent with previous investigations. These findings involved injury rate, reinjury rate, time loss, injury type, hours of practice, and incidence of physician-seen injuries. Some of these findings were disturbing and echo concerns registered in the professional literature. In particular, the reinjury rate is alarming and points to the need for complete rehabilitation before return to full participation. The results of the analytic component of the study alluded to the potential role of competitive level and maturation rate in the profile of the injury-prone gymnast. Specifically, rapid periods of growth and advanced levels of training and competition appeared to be related to injury proneness. Pursuant to the descriptive and analytic results of the investigation, recommendations for injury prevention and continued research are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spine injuries in gymnasts and swimmers. An epidemiologic investigation.

Three groups of top level female gymnasts of preelite, elite, national and Olympic caliber were studied without regard to back pain or injury. These athletes were compared to a similar group of national caliber female swimmers. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of each participant were used to document disk or bony abnormalities. The relationship between magnetic resonance imaging findings and age, height, weight, previous injuries, back symptoms, and hours of training per week each year was examined. Nine percent of preelite (1/11), 43% of elite (6/14), and 63% of Olympic level (5/8) gymnasts had spine abnormalities; 15.8% of all swimmers had spine abnormalities. Average hours of training per week and age were found to be associated with abnormalities seen on magnetic resonance imaging. Increased intensity and length of training correlated with previous data that suggests the female gymnast is prone to spine injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Delayed but normally progressed puberty is more pronounced in artistic compared with rhythmic elite gymnasts due to the intensity of training.

CONTEXT: Elite gymnasts are subjected to intense training, which may alter pubertal development. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the investigation was to study the impact of gymnastics on pubertal development in rhythmic (RGs) and artistic gymnasts (AGs). DESIGN: Evaluation of somatometric parameters, pubertal stage, and intensity of training in the competition field were studied. SETTING: The study was conducted at European and world championships of years 1997-2004. SUBJECTS: Subjects included 433 elite RGs and 427 AGs, aged 11-23 yr. INTERVENTION: There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean chronological and bone ages of each pubertal stage and their relation to the intensity of training were measured. RESULTS: AGs and RGs showed a delay in skeletal maturation (Delta age-bone age, 2.13 and 1.28, respectively; P < 0.001). AGs were subjected to higher levels of physical training. Thelarche occurred at 12.9 yr for RGs and 13.2 yr for AGs (P = 0.003) and pubarche at 12.5 and 12.9 yr, respectively (P = 0.002). Puberty was delayed but normally progressed. AGs entered each pubertal stage later than RGs. The delay was influenced by the amount of energy output. Menarcheal age was 14.6 yr for RGs and 14.9 yr for AGs. Menarche was influenced in AGs by bone age (b = 0.333; t = 2.521; P = 0.020), pubarche (b = 0.322; t = 2.401; P = 0.026), and body fat (b = -0.458; t = -3.412; P = 0.003) and in RGs by bone age (b = 0.378; t = 3.689; P < 0.001) and pubarche (b = 0.525; t = 6.017; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In RGs and AGs, pubertal development was shifted to a later age, maintaining a normal rate of progression, which followed the bone age. AGs, who were exposed to a greater and more sustained energy output than RGs, presented a more pronounced delay in both skeletal maturation and pubertal development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

New strategies in the management of low back injuries in gymnasts.

Low back pain is an extremely common complaint in competitive gymnasts, and these athletes are at risk for multiple potential structural injuries to the spine. Of particular concern among gymnasts is spondylolysis. Unfortunately, there are no published, controlled trials on the diagnosis or treatment of spondylolysis in adolescent athletes. However, based on the current literature, there would appear to be little role for the use of plain radiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic spondylolysis; nuclear imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) appears to represent the best screening tool for diagnosis. Given the limited specificity of nuclear imaging in the spine, it is generally best to follow any positive study with a limited thin-cut computed tomography scan of the region of concern on the SPECT. Treatment should be based on the radiographic stage of the lesion. Relative rest is an essential component of care. Although the rehabilitation of gymnasts with lumbar injuries is poorly studied, the related literature would support incorporating the concepts of dynamic lumbar stabilization and sport-specific training into their rehabilitation programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Chronic stress injuries of the elbow in young gymnasts.

The radiological changes of chronic stress injuries of the elbow in 19 adolescent elite gymnasts are reported. The principal abnormalities were avascular necrosis of the capitellar epiphysis (Panner's disease) (one patient), post-traumatic subarticular necrosis (osteochondritis dissecans) of the capitellum (six patients) and the medial articular eminence of the distal humerus (one patient). Flattening and anterior depression of the radial head epiphysis with an underlying metaphyseal notch associated with an epiphyseal cleft (three patients), which, in one patient who continued training, developed into a chronic Salter Type IV stress fracture. A further patient, post-epiphyseal fusion, showed osteochondritis dissecans of the anterior aspect of the radial head. Seven patients exhibited a spectrum of olecranon changes from fragmentation of the epiphysis to chronic Salter Type I stress fractures of the growth plate. A follow-up survey found that, of those who responded to a questionnaire, nearly all the patients with articular surface damage failed to continue with competitive gymnastics whereas those with olecranon abnormalities were able to continue gymnastics at the same level. The mechanism of injury and the pathological changes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of 16 weeks of training prior to a major competition on hormonal and biochemical parameters in young elite gymnasts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the response to 16 weeks of training on selected hormonal and biological parameters in seven international competition level female artistic gymnasts (14.5 +/- 1.2 years). Data were collected at the beginning of the first training week (W1) and in the 16th week (W16). Assessments also included anthropometric measurements, dietary intake for 7 days and Tanner staging. No gymnast had reached menarche and the puberty stages corresponded to Tanner's pubertal stage 2. The gymnasts were smaller than average for their age group, with a height:weight ratio above the 50th percentile. Energy intake was about 31% lower than recommendations. Significant decreases in IGF-I, IGFBP3, IGF-I:C ratio and triglyceride values and increases in uric acid and creatinine levels were noted. Cortisol values were high regardless of the period. This training provided evidence for alterations in resting somatotropic and adrenocorticotropic parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Upper-body power as measured by medicine-ball throw distance and its relationship to class level among 10- and 11-year-old female participants in club gymnastics.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a relationship existed between upper-body power and class level among female club gymnasts. Sixty female gymnasts between the ages of 10 and 11 and between class levels 5 and 8 participated in the study. The distance of a medicine-ball throw was used to measure upper-body power. Three types of throws--overhead forward throw, overhead backward throw, and chest pass--were performed with a 6-lb rubber medicine ball. The mean distances of 2 trails were calculated and categorized into age group and class level. An analysis of variance design was used to determine the relationship between mean throw distances and throw type, age, and class level. No significant differences were found between mean throw distances and throw type, age, or class level. The results of this study show no relationship between upper-body power of female gymnasts and throw type, age, and class level.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of kinesthetic deficits indicative of balance control in gymnasts with unilateral chronic ankle sprains.

If ankle proprioception can be determined to be impaired, then treatment can be more specifically directed toward correcting the proprioceptive deficit, thereby improving functional ability. The purpose of this study was to determine if collegiate level gymnasts with unilateral, multiple ankle sprains (ie., chronic ankle sprains) had decreased ability to detect passive plantar flexion of the ankle (ie., decreased ankle proprioception) and to determine if balance deficits existed during one-legged stance. Eleven gymnasts participated in 30 passive movement trials (15 movement and 15 nonmovement) presented randomly on both the injured and noninjured sides. The nonmovement trials consisted of either no movement of the ankle or passive movement of the ankle into 5 degrees of plantar flexion. Luce's choice theory determined that subjects were not biased in responding to a "yes" in perceiving movement or no movement during the movement/nonmovement trials of passive plantar flexion. Subjects were better able to detect movement during movement trials with their uninjured ankles than their injured ankles. Subjects also performed single 30-second trials of one-legged standing on each leg, with eyes open and with eyes closed. Subjects reported better balance when standing on the uninjured ankle during the one-legged stance conditions. Although our results cannot be extrapolated to balance abilities during complex gymnastic routines, they do suggest that physical therapy assessment includes passive detection of joint position as well as single-legged stance tests, and that perhaps rehabilitation programs incorporate sports-specific balance activities for such injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Interinnominate motion and symmetry: comparison between gymnasts and nongymnasts.

Some clinical approaches to the treatment of low back pain evaluate and treat observed asymmetries of pelvic posture and motion. Scientific evidence suggests the motion available between the innominate bones is small and variable in nature. The purposes of this investigation were 1) to determine if interinnominate motion of subjects without low back pain was symmetrical in reciprocal test posture combinations, 2) to assess innominate bone symmetry in standing, and 3) to determine if a difference in the magnitude of interinnominate motion was present between a subject group which performs more frequent flexibility activities compared with a subject group representing the general population. Thirty-four subjects (eight male gymnasts, nine female gymnasts, eight male nongymnasts, and nine female nongymnasts) were evaluated in standing and three other reciprocal postures (modified standing, modified sitting, and half-kneeling). In each posture, the Metrecom Skeletal Analysis System was used to obtain coordinates for the anterior and posterior iliac spines. Projection angles were used to determine the relative positions of the right and left innominate bones. Results suggest that stand to right modified standing and stand to left modified standing oblique sagittal interinnominate composite motions were symmetrical, stand to right modified sitting and stand to left modified sitting oblique sagittal interinnominate composite motions were asymmetrical, and stand to right half-kneel and stand to left half-kneel oblique sagittal interinnominate composite motions' symmetrical properties were mixed depending on the group. Gymnasts as a group were found to have asymmetrically positioned innominate bones while nongymnasts as a group had symmetrically positioned innominate bones.

Adolescent↗