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216 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Contribution on disinfection of dental impressions].

The effectiveness of various measures of disinfection with stomatological impressions had microbiologically been tested. The most efficient reduction of the number of germs could be stated after a five minutes influence of 0.5% commercial solution of peracetic acid on calcinate impressions. Gargling by Sol. chlorhexidini SR before taking the impression and a 60 minutes formaldehyde gasification of plaster casts also resulted in an essential reduction of the number of germs, too.

Dental Impression Materials↗
PubMed1989

Effectiveness of oral chlorhexidine for reducing stomatitis in a pediatric bone marrow transplant population.

Disruption of the oral mucosal lining and the lack of normal defense mechanisms predispose bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients to life-threatening infections, often caused by oral flora. Chlorhexidine, used as an oral antiseptic, appears promising in limiting oral bacteria and fungi, and therefore, may decrease oral complications associated with BMT. The purpose of this study was to determine in pediatric BMT recipients if a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse, used as an adjunct to normal in-hospital oral care regimens, would decrease the severity of oral mucositis as measured by oral ulcerations, bacteremia, and length of hospital stay. Forty-seven pediatric BMT subjects were included in this double-blind study. Subjects were instructed to use 15 ml of a mouthrinse 3 times daily to be swished and gargled for 30 sec. Each subject had 7 oral sites scored for the percentage of ulcerated mucosa twice weekly until day +35 or hospital discharge or death. Blood was cultured daily during neutropenia. Additionally, the number of days from onset of cytoreduction to hospital discharge or death was recorded for each subject. Alpha was set at .05. There was no significant difference in the severity of oral ulceration between the chlorhexidine and placebo groups (P = .18). Chlorhexidine did not reduce the development of bacteremia (P greater than .5), nor did it significantly decrease the length of hospital stay (P = .68).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Survival of bacteriophage 1 of the Salmonella typhimurium phage typing scheme in different liquid pharmaceutical preparations.

The survival of bacteriophage 1 of the Salmonella typhimurium phage typing scheme was studied in seven commonly used liquid pharmaceutical preparations of different composition. Commercially available flacons of Septobore colyre, Thilodexine eye drops, Bradoral gargle solution, Novalgin drops, Garamycin injection, Anatoxal-antigen tetanic purificate and Antidiphtheric serum, were used. It was found that the phage viability in these drugs varied greatly. Thus in Septobore the page was almost completely eliminated in less than one week, while in Garamycin the number of plaque forming units (PFU) remained stable during the experiment (18 months). The viability of the phage showed intermediate values in the other five pharmaceutical preparations. The possible reasons for these differences in viability and the significance of phage (and viruses) survival in medicins are discussed.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1987

[New pharmacologic and biochemical findings on the mechanism of action of the non-steroidal antiphlogistic, benzydamine. A synopsis].

Benzydamine (Tantum) is an indolic non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) for systemic use in acute traumatic lesions and locally as mouth gargle wash. Benzydamine is lipophilic at pH 7.2, has an affinity for membranes and shows membrane stabilizing properties with local anaesthetic effects. Contrary to other NSAID, benzydamine does not inhibit the cyclo- nor the lipoxygenase (10(-4) mol/l) and is also not ulcerogenic in the rat. Phospholipase A2 is slightly inhibited as well as the lysophosphatide-acyltransferase (greater than 10(-4) mol/l). Macrophage PGE2 synthesis is enhanced at 10(-4) mol/l. The production of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes is effectively inhibited (10(-5)-10(-4) mol/l). Phagocyte degranulation and aggregation are also inhibited (10(-4) mol/l). The strongest in vitro effect is the inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium (3-4 X 10(-6) mol/l). Benzydamine is also antithrombotic in the rat (ED35 8.5 mg/kg p.o.) and reduces PAF (platelet activating factor)-induced mortality in the mouse (50 mg/kg p.o.; p less than 0.05). It is concluded that benzydamine is antiinflammatory by preventing vessel wall damage from activated, adhering and emigrating leukocytes i.e. being vasoprotective.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

An approach of the in vivo antibacterial activity of benzoxonium chloride and comparison with other buccopharyngeal disinfectants.

Different pharmaceutical forms of N-benzyl,N-dodecyl-N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride (benzoxonium chloride, Orofar) have been tested on the overall buccopharyngeal bacterial count in healthy volunteers, and compared to competitors. Gargle solutions are most effective in reducing initial bacterial count. An open repeated dose study has been performed on 38 patients with sore throat to assess the safety and the efficacy of benzoxonium chloride tablets and gelsolets at doses of 6 mg and 10 mg daily for 4 to 6 days. Pathogens disappeared or were clearly reduced and the syndrome resolved. Tolerance was good. Differences in methodologies are discussed.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1985

Double-blind study of benzydamine hydrochloride, a new treatment for sore throat.

Forty-four patients with sore throat participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of benzydamine hydrochloride administered as a gargle. After medical evaluation and throat culture, 21 patients were treated with a solution containing benzydamine and 23 patients with a placebo solution. Statistical analysis of scores from patients' diaries showed that benzydamine solution afforded significantly greater (P less than 0.001) relief of pain and dysphagia at 24 hours than did the placebo solution. Physician evaluations at 24 hours showed that the benzydamine solution had significantly greater effect than did placebo on hyperemia (P less than 0.004) and edema (P less than 0.005). Side effects were minimal and of no clinical significance. The findings indicate that benzydamine hydrochloride is safe and effective therapy for the signs and symptoms of sore throat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Determination of ABH secretor status by an electronic quantitation method.

Blood Group A and B substances in secretor (Se) and nonsecretor (se) salivas were tested by means of an electronic data processing-hemagglutinin-inhibition test (EDP-HAIT) with immunoglobulin M (IgM) isohemagglutinins. Besides a difference in quantity, the blood group substances in Se saliva showed high binding efficiencies compared with those in se saliva. EDP-HAIT with IgG isohemagglutinins proved no difference in the binding efficiencies of Se and se salivas. The determination of secretor status by EDP-HAIT with IgM isohemagglutinin was accurate because the conclusion was obtained based on two different quantitative results. Secretor status of some salivas in gargled water could be determined by comparing the binding efficiencies.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacokinetics of benzydamine.

Clinically, benzydamine can exert its action locally or systemically. Consequently the pharmacokinetics of this drug have been studied after its administration by several different routes. Oral doses of benzydamine are apparently well absorbed and plasma drug concentrations reach a peak fairly rapidly (e.g. 0.8 micrograms/ml after a 100-mg dose) and then decline with a half-life of about 13 h. Less than 20% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins. Assuming complete oral systemic availability, values of 193 ml/min and 213 litres respectively were calculated for the systemic clearance and volume of distribution of benzydamine. Cutaneous doses of benzydamine are more slowly absorbed and lead to peak drug levels about three-fold lower, but more persistent than those after oral administration. Although local drug concentrations are relatively large, the systemic absorption of mouthwash-gargle, vaginal and rectal doses of benzydamine is relatively low compared to oral doses: this lower absorption should greatly diminish the potential for any systemic drug side-effects when benzydamine is administered by these routes. Benzydamine is metabolized primarily by oxidation, conjugation and dealkylation.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Circulatory response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation with or without prior oropharyngeal viscous lidocaine.

Oropharyngeal topical anesthesia with viscous lidocaine (25 ml of 2% as a "mouthwash and gargle" 10 min before laryngoscopy) attenuated the pressor but not heart rate (HR) response during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Compared with control patients, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased less in response to tracheal intubation (23 +/- 5 torr versus 39 +/- 4 torr, p less than 0.05) and returned toward awake levels sooner in patients receiving viscous lidocaine. MAP increased more than 40 torr in response to intubation in 6/20 patients treated with viscous lidocaine, while 12/20 control patients manifested this degree of blood pressure elevation. HR increased about 20 bpm (p less than 0.05) with or without viscous lidocaine. Arterial lidocaine concentrations were less than 0.5 microgram/ml after oropharyngeal anesthesia. Prior topical anesthesia of the oropharynx with viscous lidocaine should be considered when pressor responses during tracheal intubation would be particularly likely or hazardous.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1984

Alcohol and the young child.

With the increasing availability of alcohol in modern times, the child neglect and abuse portrayed in Hogarth's engraving Gin Lane may once again be witnessed. Reports occur occasionally of alcohol being given deliberately to infants to quieten them, but alcohol poisoning in the slightly older child is not uncommon. The introduction of child-proof containers has altered poisoning figures recently. However, alcohol poisoning tends to occur at ages 3 and 4, that is, about 2 years after the peak of all poisonings in children. This difference may be an indication that alcohol is taken in imitation of parents' drinking, a suggestion which has some support from reported cases of mouthwash poisoning. Holidays and high days where children and alcohol mix, are potentially dangerous periods. Since alcohol poisoning can be fatal, yet if recognised is relatively easily managed, every child with the slightest degree of drowsiness should be suspect until proven or not by blood alcohol. The prevention of alcohol poisoning in the young child consists in protecting the alcohol by lock and key, not setting an example by drinking or gargling in front of children. Many substances such as mouthwash and perfume should also be under supervision. Once actual poisoning has occurred blood sugar is probably more important than the level of blood ethanol and blood sugar levels should be monitored frequently and the child treated with glucose, preferably intravenously.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

[Microflora of the upper part of the small bowel in healthy Peruvian subjects].

In 20 healthy Peruvians aerobic cultures were done of upper small bowel contents, obtained following the method of the string capsule or Enterotest, and of faringeal material, obtained doing gargles with sterilized water. In 15 (75%) of the 20 subjects cultures of small bowel contents either were sterile (in 5 subjects, or 25% of the total) or revealed only diverse aerobic germs (in 10 subjects, or 50% of the total), the germs more frequently found being: negative coagulase staphylococcus albus (in 7 subjects, or 35% of the total), alpha hemolytic streptococcus (in 4 subjects, or 20% of the total) and Neisseria catarrhalis (in 4 subjects, or 20% of the total). In 5 (25%) of the 20 subjects, coliform bacteria were found in the upper small bowel (Klebsiella pneumonia in 2, and Escherichia coli in the remaining 3). Of those 5 subjects, only 2 (10% or the total of 20) had the microorganisms exclusively in the bowel, and in both the concentration of germs was 10(4)/ml. On the contrary, the 3 remaining subjects (15% of the total) had coliforms also in the pharynx; in 2 of the 3 subjects the concentration of germs found in the bowel was 10(3)/ml, and, in the remaining one, 10/ml; only one of the 3 subjects presented germs in the pharynx in a greater concentration than in the bowel, while another presented germs in the same concentration in both localizations, and the remaining one presented germs in the bowel in a concentration lower than in the pharynx.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons.

We compared the prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli in the pharyngeal flora of two groups of patients with a known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (chronic alcoholics and diabetics), two other groups of aspiration-prone persons with no known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (epileptics and narcotic addicts), and normal control subjects. Quantitative cultures of saline gargles showed pharyngeal Gram-negative bacilli to be significantly (P less than .05) more prevalent among alcoholics (35%) and diabetics (36%) but not epileptics (17%) or addicts (20%) than controls (18%). Counts of greater than or equal to 100 Gram-negative bacilli per milliliter were also significantly more common in alcoholics (14%) and diabetics (24%) than controls (5%, P less than .05). Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were the most common Gram-negative bacilli isolated. Increased colonization by Gram-negative bacilli might be a factor contributing to the propensity of alcoholics and diabetics for Gram-negative pneumonia.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1980

In vivo comparison of triamcinolone and beclomethasone inhalation delivery systems.

The efficiencies of two metered dose delivery systems designed for oral inhalation of glucocorticoids (triamcinolone acetonide and beclomethasone dipropionate) were compared in an open-labeled, randomized, crossover fashion in 18 asthmatic patients. Measurements were made of the mean amount of glucocorticoid released per actuation at the aerosol valve of each delivery system, the mean amount in a post-dose gargle and saliva specimen and the mean amount that remained in the oral adapter after use of each system. Retention in the oropharyngeal cavity was 7.3% and 40.3% of delivered dose for the triamcinolone acetonide and beclomethasone dipropionate systems (P < 0.001). The amount of glucocorticoid potentially available to the bronchial airways was 92.7% of the delivered dose for the triamcinolone acetonide and 59.7% for the beclomethasone dipropionate system.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1993

Treatment of stomatological complications in 31 cases of acute leukemia with Chinese herbal drugs.

The authors treated 31 cases of stomatological complications of acute leukemia with Chinese herbal drugs. It was found that the prevalence of oral mucosal ulcers was the highest (80%) in acute lymphocytic leukemia, and the prevalence of gingival swelling was the highest (44%) in acute monocytic leukemia. In accordance with symptom differentiation, Qing Wei San (Powder for Clearing Stomach-heat) with modifications was administered in cases of exuberance and Yü Nü Jian (Gypsum Decoction) with modifications was administered in cases of deficiency, plus gargling solution and hemostatic powder for external use. As a result, 7 cases (22.6%) were markedly effective, and 19 cases (61.3%) effective, the total effective rate being 83.9%. The authors believed that stomatological complications of leukemia were due to insufficiency of yin and blood in the body or to the toxicity and heat of anti-neoplastic medication, and the Chinese herbal drugs were to replenish yin and clear the heat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Glucocorticosteroid therapy in bronchial asthma].

Corticosteroid inhibits airway inflammation associated with eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchial asthma. Asthma severity is classified according to symptoms, airflow obstruction (PEF) and treatment requirement. Step 1: A patient has mild asthma. Inhaled corticosteroid, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), is used not to exceed 200 micrograms a day. Step 2: A patient has moderate asthma. The primary therapy is 200-400 micrograms of BDP a day. Step 3: If the patient experiences exacerbations, 400 to 1000 micrograms of BDP a day are required. Step 4: A patient has severe asthma. Oral corticosteroid and/or 800-1600 micrograms of BDP are available. Intravenous corticosteroid therapy for acute exacerbation of asthma is applied for patients who have moderate or severe exacerbation. Corticosteroids are currently the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of asthma. Corticosteroids, however, have many sort of adverse effects. Adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids are less than those of oral corticosteroid except for local effects. Use of spacer and gargle after the inhalation are recommended to reduce the local adverse effects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

Meeting the challenge of emerging pathogens: the role of the United States Air Force in global influenza surveillance.

Influenza virus is one of the most ubiquitous organisms on the planet, causing illness in much of the population each year. The dynamic nature of the influenza virus requires similarly dynamic surveillance and prevention initiatives. The efforts of national surveillance programs, overseen by the World Health Organization and administered by institutions such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. armed forces, and 60 to 70 collaborating laboratories, annually culminate in the development of effective influenza vaccines. The U.S. Air Force's contribution is via Project Gargle, through which bases in various locations worldwide conduct active surveillance and submit throat swab specimens for virus isolation and characterization; the results of these laboratory analyses help determine the composition of the following year's influenza vaccine. These collaborative efforts have resulted in an identical or close antigenic match between vaccine and epidemic strains in 8 of the last 9 influenza seasons.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1997

[The combined treatment of lichen ruber planus of the mouth mucosa].

The treatment of 53 patients with lichen planus of the buccal mucosa included common methods of detoxication and immunomodulators in order to normalize the immune status and was supplemented with applications of codfish oil enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids. As a result of such treatment, the duration of exacerbation was shorter and a stable more than one-year remission was attained, associated with normalization of the immunological parameters. In patients with the erosive ulcerative form of lichen local applications of codfish oil and gargling with Potentilla tormentilla tincture were conducive to a sooner control of the process.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1997

[The nature of the action of chemical substances on the activity of the microflora in soft dental deposits].

Effects of the principal mineral and mineralizing components of the saliva, nutrient organic acids (carbohydrate and some others substances' metabolites) on the activity of microflora of soft dental deposit were studied in vitro. The inhibitory effect was assessed visually from the appearance or absence of deposit coating, pH measurement, and by photo- and nephelometry. Concentrations of lactic acid and sucrose were measured. The inactivating effects of the reagents were assessed by double control: qualitative, by comparing the specimen with the optic density of the extract from aqueous suspension of the deposit, and time control, by comparing the specimen with the optic density of extracts from deposit suspensions directly after mixing with the medium. Acid medium was found to block the formation of soft dental deposit and inhibit the production of lactic acid by bacterial deposit. Hence, weakly acid gargle is recommended as an effective and physiological measure preventing cariogenic situation resultant from the intake of easily fermenting carbohydrates.

Cariostatic Agents↗