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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Growth of adult Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under free-air ozone fumigation.

This study attempted to detect the impact of ozone on adult trees of Norway spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) in an experimental mixed stand in Southern Bavaria, Germany. The aim was to examine whether there is a decrease in growth when trees are exposed to higher than atmospheric concentrations of ozone. This exposure was put into effect using a free-air fumigation system at tree crown level. Growth analysis was carried out on a group of 47 spruce and 36 beech trees, where radial stem increment at breast height - a sensitive index for stress - was measured. The ozone monitoring system allowed values to be obtained for the accumulated ozone exposure (SUM00) of each individual tree, so that their radial increment over three years could be correlated with the corresponding ozone exposure for the same time period. Correlation and regression analysis were then carried out to test the influence of ozone on diameter increment. In both spruce and beech, the initial stem diameter was the most influential factor on radial increment in the following year. A linear model was applied, including the diameter of the preceding year and the ozone exposure of the current year as predicting factors. For spruce trees, a significant negative influence of ozone exposure was found. In contrast, no significant ozone effect on diameter increment of beech was detected. The effect of ozone stress on a large spruce tree can lead to a decrease in potential radial increment of 22 %. The results are discussed in relation to other stress factors such as drought and lack of light.

Fagus↗
PubMed1992

Bioavailability to rats and toxicity of bound residues in bean seeds fumigated with 14C-methyl bromide.

Fumigation of Vicia faba seeds with 14C-methyl bromide for two weeks followed by four-week aeriation period resulted in the formation of bound residues equivalent to 33% of the terminal residue or approx. 30 ppm. Of this amount, 3.4% was incorporated into the seed DNA. The effect of cooking on the treated-aerated beans showed that 50% of the initial dose remained bound to seed tissues. A bioavailability study of 14C-bound residues showed that over 70% of the ingested dose was bioavailable to the rat. The major radioactivity was eliminated in urine (36.6%), feces (24.1%) and CO2 (19.3%). Analysis of the urine showed that 36% of the radioactivity was in the purine fraction; one fifth of this amount was associated with 7-14C-methylguanine. Subacute feeding of bound residues to mice for 8 weeks at a dietary level of 30 ppm resulted in a significant decrease in the number of white blood cells and an increase in the activity of SGOT and SGPT of the treated mice. Blood urea nitrogen was also increased while blood creatinine remained unaltered. The data indicate that seed-bound 14C-methyl bromide residues are highly bioavailable to the rat. The bound residue also possesses a toxicological potential, as manifested by hepatic and glomerular injuries in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Exposure of the skin to methyl bromide: a study of six cases occupationally exposed to high concentrations during fumigation.

1 The effects of exposure of the skin to high concentrations of methyl bromide were studied in 6 cases, who had been unintentionally exposed. 2 Exposure to high concentrations of methyl bromide (approximately 40 g/m3) for 40 min can lead to redness and blistering of the skin. This cannot be prevented by wearing standard protective clothing. 3 Skin lesions show a preference for relatively moist skin areas. 4 Plasma bromide levels were highest immediately following exposure (mean 9.0 +/- 1.4 mg/l) and fell in subsequent hours (mean 6.8 +/- 2.3 mg/l 12 h after the exposure), suggesting absorption of (methyl) bromide through the skin. 5 No systemic effects were noted in this series. 6 Fumigation with methyl bromide should not be done in such a way as to require the presence of workers inside closed areas, where methyl bromide is released.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A double fatality with children due to fumigated wheat.

Two children, four and two years old, played on top of wheat, that had been fumigated with malathion, pyrethrum and phosphine. Both died within 18 hours. Because after the autopsy, death could not be attributed to any organic or violent cause, a toxicological analysis was carried out. No drugs, except alcohol, was detected. Those results were attributed to hydrolysis of malathion, yielding two molecules of ethanol. As this was an indirect proof of malathion ingestion, it was assumed that phosphine had been ingested as well and that consequently this was the cause of death, because it is much more toxic than malathion and because it was continuously generated from not completely dissolved aluminiumphosphide tablets, while the children were still playing.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chromosome rearrangements in fumigant appliers: possible relationship to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma risk.

Appliers of pesticides (n = 18) who are exposed to the fumigant phosphine or who have a mixed exposure to other pesticides and phosphine demonstrate a significant increase in chromosome rearrangements in G-banded chromosomes from peripheral blood compared to control subjects (n = 26). Appliers who had discontinued using phosphine for at least 8 months prior to specimen collection (n = 5) do not demonstrate significant increases in chromosome rearrangements compared to controls. Breakpoint analysis of 6,138 metaphases from all subjects demonstrates 196 breaks per 3605 metaphases in exposed subjects and 102 breaks per 2,533 metaphases in control subjects. Bands with significantly more breaks than expected based on band length in all study subjects were 1q32, 3p14, 7p15, and 14q11. Three of these four bands had significantly more breaks than expected in the exposed group, and all four bands had a significant excess of breaks in the control group. There are four bands with a significant excess of breaks in the exposed group and no breaks in the control group; each of these occurs in a known protooncogene region. These are 1p13 (NRAS), 2p23 (NMYC), 14q32 (ELK2), and 21q12 (ETS-2). Most breaks at bands 1p13, 14q32, and 21q22 are associated with chromosome rearrangements and occurred in appliers who have a mixed exposure to phosphine and other pesticides. Cytogenetic abnormalities, i.e., rearrangements and/or deletions involving bands 1p13, 2p23, and 14q32, are associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We speculate that these findings could relate to the risk of evolution of a neoplastic clone in these workers. Epidemiological studies of similarly exposed workers indicate an excess of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Chromatids↗
PubMed1964

ASSESSMENT OF THE KILL OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE BY THE FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE DICHLORVOS IN EXPERIMENTAL HUTS.

As part of the World Health Organization's programme for the evaluation and testing of new insecticides, different types of dichlorvos dispenser were installed in experimental huts in Tanganyika for study of their effectiveness in killing Anopheles gambiae. It was found that satisfactorily high mosquito mortalities of 75% or more were maintained for one to two months after installation of a dispenser. Mortalities were about 10% higher in huts with grass roofs than in those with mud-lined roofs. The vapour toxicity was similar in the two types of hut, but the results of bio-assay tests on different types of surface showed that there was a residual contact effect of the insecticide as well as the fumigant effect; the lower mortalities in the mud-roofed huts may be due in part to removal or decomposition of the dichlorvos by the mud surface.Measurements of blood pseudo-cholinesterase levels in persons who slept in the experimental huts gave no indication that the dichlorvos had any harmful effect on them.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Modification of the AOAC method for determination of fumigants in wheat.

The official first action AOAC method for determination of residues of fumigants in grains has been modified for use by 6 laboratories in an FDA pesticide surveillance program. A 15% OV-17 gas-liquid chromatographic column, installed in a chromatograph equipped with a constant current 63Ni electron capture detector, provides for improved resolution, multiresidue capability, and lower limits of detection. A study was made of the behavior of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and ethylene dibromide through the method. Recoveries from fortified wheat samples averaged 105-115%. Experimental evidence is presented which suggests that part of the consistent trend toward high recovery can be attributed to selective sorption of acetone by the CaCl2 used in the final drying step.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1996

[Clinical observation on fumigation and inhalation of huayin powder in treating psoriasis].

Thirty-nine psoriasis (PS) cases were treated by using fumigation and inhalation of Huayin Powder, it's effect was observed and comparison with composite Qingdaiwan group 34 cases was made. The result, showed that the efficacy overall was 94.90% in the treatment group, and 61.80% in the control (P < 0.01); recurrence rate and side effects of treatment group were obviously lower than those in the control; the medium molecular substance (MMS) content of treated group was higher than that of control (P < 0.01); and significantly lower in the treated group before treatment in comparison with that after treatment (P < 0.05) as well as lower than that of control. Before treatment there was insignificant difference in circulatory immune complex(CIC) between the treatment and control group (P < 0.05); however, after Huayin Powder was given, the CIC of treated group was significantly lower than that of before, treatment (P < 0.01). It indicated that both Huayin powder and composite Qingdaiwan were effective in treating PS, but the former being obviously better than the latter.

Administration, Inhalation↗