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PubMed1987

Hormonal regulation of sodium-fluid balance and some hemodynamic parameters in the rat. II. The effect of sodium depletion and sodium loading on rats with inherited diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain).

The effect of furanthril after an acute (24 hours) and chronic administration (7 days), and the effect of 7-days sodium loading was followed on control Long Evans (LE) and Brattleboro rats with inherited hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI). In addition to the routine sodium-fluid balance study, plasma renin activity and prostaglandins excretion were examined. In control LE rats was found a typical diuretic- and natriuretic effect of furanthril only after an acute (14 hours) administration of the drug. This effect was attributed to the stimulation of renal PGE2 synthesis. In sodium-depleted state (7 days after administration of furanthril) the diuretic- and natriuretic effect was missing due to the extensive sodium deficit. In DI rats was found a paradoxical antidiuretic effect of furanthril after either an acute or chronic treatment, which was attributed to the per se stimulated renin-angiotensin system and suppressed PG-synthesis typical for these rats. The conclusion of this studies was that an availability of ADH is necessary for PG-response to sodium depletion. After sodium loading, an exaggerated natriuresis, decreased PRA, and depressed PG-synthesis was found in DI rats. The feedback mechanism between renin axis and prostaglandin system in the absence of ADH was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Midazolam-fentanyl-isoflurane anaesthesia is suitable for haemodynamic and fluid balance studies in pigs.

The domestic pig is a useful model in certain areas of biomedical research. Effective use of this species is often encumbered by lack of reference values in conscious as well as anaesthetized animals. Anaesthesia itself influences physiological and biological variables; the anaesthetic technique often affects experimental results. The relationship between anaesthesia and haemodynamics is well characterized in man, but less established in pigs. We studied the effect of midazolam-fentanyl-isoflurane anaesthesia in six immature, male, domestic pigs (Norwegian landrace). Haemodynamic variables (heart rate, arterial systolic, mean, diastolic pressures, pulmonary systolic, mean, diastolic pressures, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure), tissue perfusion, lymph flow (thoracic duct) were recorded for 3 h in animals with open chest through midline sternotomy. Variables relevant to fluid balance, e.g. interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi), serum-colloid osmotic pressure (s-COP) and serum-albumin (s-albumin) and -protein (s-protein) concentrations were measured. With the chosen anaesthetic technique haemodynamic variables, including lymph flow, and laboratory variables remained constant during the study period. Most variables were similar to conditions in humans. In contrast to adult humans exposed to the same anaesthetic technique, these pigs had lower haemoglobin-, s-albumin- and s-protein concentrations. A finding which may reflect immaturity. Liver and lung perfusion decreased significantly during the study period whereas perfusion of the other organs studied remained constant. Lack of responses to defined noxious stimuli during the study period suggest adequate analgesia. We conclude that midazolam, fentanyl and isoflurane provide cardiovascular stability including normal microvascular fluid exchange, which are essential elements for securing the quality of results obtained during cardiovascular research in anaesthetized pigs.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cellular localization of Na+,K+-ATPase in the mammalian cochlear duct: significance for cochlear fluid balance.

Cytochemical and autoradiographic procedures were employed to determine the cellular distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase in the guinea pig cochlea. The highest activity was associated with the stria vascularis and was restricted almost entirely to the contraluminal extensions of the marginal cells. Elevated levels of activity were also observed in stromal cells of the spiral prominence, external sulcus, and spiral limbus. The pattern of activity in the latter tissues was unusual in being symmetrically distributed along the plasma membranes of the reactive cells. In the organ of Corti, only neural elements showed appreciable activity. Possible functions of the enzyme are discussed in relation to cochlear fluid balance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fluid balance and colloid osmotic pressure in acute respiratory failure: emerging clinical evidence.

Available evidence suggests that both hydrostatic and osmotic forces are important in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or, more broadly, acute lung injury (ALI). More than 80% of ARDS patients in a large-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) exhibited, at least intermittently, pulmonary artery wedge pressures (PAWP) above 18 mmHg. Retrospective analyses have shown that PAWP elevation is associated with increased mortality. Reduction in serum total protein (STP) has been shown, in a recent retrospective analysis of data from a sepsis patient population with a high frequency of ARDS, to be highly predictive of positive fluid balance, weight gain, development of ARDS, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and mortality. These findings suggest that therapy with diuretics and colloids might be of benefit in the prevention or treatment of ALI. A prospective RCT was designed and conducted to evaluate combination therapy with furosemide and albumin over a 5-day period in 37 ALI patients. Both mean serum albumin and mean STP increased promptly and substantially in furosemide + albumin recipients. The furosemide + albumin group also achieved a mean weight loss of 10 kg by the end of the treatment phase, and their weight loss exceeded that of placebo patients throughout. Hemodynamics improved in the treatment group during the 5-day protocol. Oxygenation, as assessed by the ratio between the fraction of inspired oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2/FiO2), was significantly higher within 24 h after commencement of treatment in the furosemide + albumin than the placebo group. No clinically important adverse effects of furosemide + albumin therapy were encountered. These results provide evidence that combined therapy with furosemide and albumin is effective in augmenting serum albumin and STP levels, promoting weight loss, and improving oxygenation and longer-term hemodynamic stability. Although mortality did not differ between groups, the RCT showed a trend toward reduced duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit in patients receiving furosemide + albumin. The findings of the RCT further highlight the importance of both hydrostatic and osmotic forces in hypoxemic respiratory failure, a subject that requires further investigation.

Diuretics↗
PubMed1986

Atrial natriuretic factor receptors in rat kidney, adrenal gland, and brain: autoradiographic localization and fluid balance dependent changes.

Mammalian atria contain natriuretic peptides designated atrial natriuretic factors (ANF). Using in vitro autoradiography with 125I-labeled ANF, we have localized high-affinity (Kd = 150 pM) ANF binding sites to the glomeruli of the kidney, zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland, and choroid plexus of the brain. The numbers of sites in both kidney and adrenal are increased in rats deprived of water; increases are detectable within 72 hr of water deprivation in the kidney and within 24 hr in the adrenal gland. Receptor numbers decline in rats given 2.0% NaCl as drinking water and in diabetic rats. The discrete localizations and dynamic alterations of these receptors suggest that ANF regulates fluid balance through diverse but coordinated effects on receptors in numerous organs including the kidney, adrenal, and brain.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1956

Fluid balance.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2000

Dexamethasone treatment and fluid balance in preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease.

UNLABELLED: The influence of dexamethasone on diuresis in preterm infants has not been well studied. We examined 15 preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease with gestational ages ranging from 26 to 29 wk (median 27.6 wk) and birthweights ranging from 700 to 1485 g (median 965 g). Urine output, blood glucose, serum urea, serum creatinine, serum sodium and serum potassium, as well as systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were measured on the day before, and on 4 consecutive days after starting treatment with dexamethasone (0.25 mg kg-1 i.v., twice daily). We found an increase of diuresis of 30 ml kg -1 d-1, 48-96 h after starting dexamethasone treatment. This coincided with a gradual but significant increase of serum urea levels and arterial pressure. During the study period, fluid and protein intake remained constant. Blood glucose and serum creatinine levels did not change. Our findings suggest that the increased urine output following dexamethasone treatment might be caused by two factors: (1) pressure diuresis induced by the increase of arterial pressure and (2) an increase of the osmolar load to the kidney due to an increase of serum urea. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that a significant increase of diuresis occurs in preterm infants, 48-96 h after starting dexamethasone. A careful monitoring of fluid balance during the first days of dexamethasone treatment is recommended.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1986

Fluid balance during food deprivation and after intraruminal loads of water or isotonic saline in lactating and anoestral goats.

A study was made of water and salt balance during a 28 h period of starvation in lactating and anoestral goats. Food deprivation caused diminished water intake in all but one animal, and the secretion of urine and milk gradually decreased. The plasma volume and the glomerular filtration rate were reduced, the plasma Na concentration lowered, and the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration raised during starvation. After 28 h without food the goats were given a load of water or saline into the rumen. The fall in the plasma protein concentration that occurred indicates that the plasma volume increased in all animals within 4 h of receiving saline, but was unchanged after the water load. The plasma Na concentration decreased further after the water load, but increased in all animals after the saline load. The plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration remained elevated after the intraruminal water load, but fell towards basic values after the saline load. The renal Na excretion decreased during food deprivation, and showed no increase within 4 h of saline loading. It appears that only the load of saline restored the salt and water homoeostasis of the animal. Lactating and anoestral goats do not apparently differ in their response to starvation. The effects of starvation on fluid balance seem to become as severe in goats as in monogastric species despite food reservoirs in the reticulo-rumen and omasum at the onset of food deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Alterations in pulmonary fluid balance induced by positive end-expiratory pressure.

We examined the consequences of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP) on pulmonary lymph flow in normal lungs and in lungs with alloxan-induced vascular injury. Studies were made in anesthetized sheep prepared with a lung lymph fistula. Prior to lung injury, the sheep were subjected to a protocol consisting of ventilation with zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) for 1 h followed by ventilation with 20 cm H2O PEEP for 1 h. Subsequently, each animal received an infusion of alloxan (0.75 mg/kg i.v.) during ZEEP ventilation to induce lung vascular injury. ZEEP ventilation was maintained for 1 h and was followed by 1 h of PEEP ventilation. Alloxan infusion more than doubled lymph flow and lymph protein flux from baseline. PEEP ventilation did not affect lymph flow and lymph protein flux of normal lungs. However, in the alloxan-injured lung, PEEP ventilation caused significant decreases in lymph flow and lymph protein flux. Although PEEP ventilation redistributed regional pulmonary blood flow, as determined by radiolabelled microspheres, changes were identical in the normal and the alloxan-injured lung. The results indicate that PEEP ventilation does not alter fluid balance in the normal lung. However, PEEP ventilation depresses lymphatic flow in the injured lung, which may increase extravascular lung water content.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Walking in a vacuum-assisted socket shifts the stump fluid balance.

Gains in stump volume have been documented in trans-tibial amputees while walking in custom made under-sized, total surface-bearing, vacuum-assisted sockets (Board et al., 2001). These gains raised doubts as to whether the sockets were truly under-sized and concerns that using an over-sized socket with vacuum-assist could lead to swelling, resulting, in discomfort or pain. The purposes of the present study were to determine if: (a) walking in a vacuum-assisted socket causes the stump to retain or gain volume in excess of the available socket volume and (b) the resulting increase in stump volume with an over-sized socket causes discomfort, pain, and/or the skin to redden. The results of this study showed the stump retained or gained volume in excess of the available socket volume while walking in vacuum-assisted sockets of various sizes. The stump lost less volume than predicted, or gained volume, in under-sized sockets. It also gained more volume than predicted in over-sized sockets. No discomfort, pain, or skin reddening, resulting from the volume gain was reported by any of the subjects after walking in an over-sized socket. This change in fluid balance towards a net gain supports the findings by Board et al. (2001) that vacuum-assist ensures a good fit during the day in ambulatory trans-tibial traumatic amputees with mature stumps.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Leukocyte involvement in pulmonary localization of blood-borne microparticulates: relationship to altered lung fluid balance.

The lung lymph fistula preparation in sheep was used to study the influence of localization of blood-borne foreign microparticulates in the lung on lymph flow (Qlym); lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratios (L/P); pulmonary transvascular protein clearance (Qlym X L/P); and pulmonary hemodynamics. Test particles small enough to readily pass through capillary beds were infused intraarterially to avoid acute lung vascular injury by macroembolism. In sheep, tissue distribution patterns demonstrated that by 15 min after intravenous infusion of the gelatinized reticuloendothelial (RE) test lipid emulsion (0.8-1.0 micron) or gelatinized colloidal carbon (250 A), 30-35% of the injected particle dose localized in the lung, with approximately 15-22% in RE cell-rich organs such as the liver. Particle infusion resulted in an acute neutropenia in the absence of a decline in platelets. Electron microscopy revealed that the increased particulate localization in the lung reflected particle uptake by marginated phagocytic cells as well as the presence of microaggregates within the vascular space. Lung localization of both particulates resulted in approximately a 200-300% increase in both lymph flow and transvascular protein clearance. The hemodynamic response coupled with the pattern of transvascular protein clearance in relationship to lymph flow suggests that the alterations in fluid and protein flux were due to both an increase in microvascular pressure as well as an increase in lung vascular permeability. Marginated phagocytic cells which rapidly ingest the blood-borne foreign test particles may contribute to the altered lung fluid balance seen with the entrance of foreign or abnormal microparticulates in the blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects on fluid balance induced by non-febrile intracerebroventricular infusions of PGE2, PGF2alpha, and arachidonic acid in the goat.

Prostaglandins (PG) E2, F2 alpha (30 ng/kg . min-1) and arachidonic acid (150 and 300 ng/kg . min-1) were infused for 30 min into the lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious hydrated and non-hydrated goats. Like previously shown as concerns PGE1 PGE2 was found to inhibit the water diuresis and cause some increase in the renal sodium excretion in the hydrated animal, and to elicit thirst in the non-hydrated goat. The effects of PGE2 were enhanced when hypertonic (0.25 M) NaCl was simultaneously infused into the ventricle. The antidiuretic effect of PGF2 alpha was less pronounced, and drinking only occasionally occurred when this PG was infused into the non-hydrated animal. Only a weak, post-infusion reduction of the water diuresis was observed when arachidonic acid was administered into the hydrated goat. Neither the PG:s, nor arachidonic acid affected the temperature regulation of the animals. The possibility is discussed that the lack of febrile response was due to the choice of platinum-iridium as material for the cerebral implantations. It is suggested that PGE2 might have interacted with CSF Na+ in stimulating juxtaventricular receptors involved in the control of fluid balance. The experiments do not support the concept that PG:s of the E series constitute a cerebral humoral link in pyrogen-induced fever.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Extended use of hemofiltration and high perfusion flow rate in cardiopulmonary bypass improves perioperative fluid balance in neonates and infants.

We evaluated the efficacy of the extended use of hemofiltration (EHF) and high perfusion flow rate in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in pediatric open-heart surgery retrospectively. In the EHF method, hemofiltration was used for hemic prime before initiation of the bypass and ultrafiltration was used throughout the bypass. Thirty-four children, with transposition of great arteries who were undergoing arterial switch operation with the use of hemic prime, were subjects of this study. They were divided into 2 groups, a control group (n = 16) and a group (n = 18) that underwent EHF. There were no significant differences between groups in demographics, but the maximum perfusion index and lowest rectal temperature were higher in the EHF group. This study compared urination during bypass, arterial oxygen pressure at the end of bypass and operation, the duration of the ventilation, and postoperative soft tissue index (STI) expressing the severity of edema. In the EHF group, urination during bypass was significantly higher, and there was a tendency to higher arterial oxygen pressure. The patients in the EHF group were weaned from the ventilator significantly earlier. Postoperative STI was significantly higher, so edema was more severe in the control group. We consider that the use of EHF and a high perfusion flow rate in CPB are an ideal method to improve the perioperative fluid balance in pediatric open-heart surgery. We suspect that these good clinical effects result from maintaining the inflammatory mediators at a low level throughout the bypass, reducing the following release of the mediators and attenuating the interaction of the mediators.

Blood Flow Velocity↗