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PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998.

CONTEXT: While general consensus holds that food portion sizes are increasing, no empirical data have documented actual increases. OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in food portion sizes consumed in the United States, by eating location and food source. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1989-1991, 1994-1996, and 1998). The sample consists of 63 380 individuals aged 2 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: For each survey year, average portion size consumed from specific food items (salty snacks, desserts, soft drinks, fruit drinks, french fries, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, pizza, and Mexican food) by eating location (home, restaurant, or fast food). RESULTS: Portion sizes vary by food source, with the largest portions consumed at fast food establishments and the smallest at other restaurants. Between 1977 and 1996, food portion sizes increased both inside and outside the home for all categories except pizza. The energy intake and portion size of salty snacks increased by 93 kcal (from 1.0 to 1.6 oz [28.4 to 45.4 g]), soft drinks by 49 kcal (13.1 to 19.9 fl oz [387.4 to 588.4 mL]), hamburgers by 97 kcal (5.7 to 7.0 oz [161.6 to 198.4 g]), french fries by 68 kcal (3.1 to 3.6 oz [87.9 to 102.1 g]), and Mexican food by 133 kcal (6.3 to 8.0 oz [178.6 to 226.8 g]). CONCLUSION: Portion sizes and energy intake for specific food types have increased markedly with greatest increases for food consumed at fast food establishments and in the home.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2005

Food advertising on Australian television: the extent of children's exposure.

The objective of this study was to investigate the extent and nature of food advertising during Australian children's television (TV) viewing hours and programs, and to determine whether confectionery and fast food restaurant advertisements were more likely to be broadcast during children's programs than during adults' programs on Sydney television stations. One week (390 h) of Australian advertising data broadcast during children's TV viewing hours over 15 television stations were analysed to determine the proportion of food advertisements and, in turn, the proportion of those advertisements promoting foods high in fat and/or sugar. One week (346 h) of confectionery and fast food restaurant advertisements broadcast over three Sydney television stations were analysed to determine whether these types of advertisements were more likely to be advertised during children's programs than adults' programs. Half of all food advertisements promoted foods high in fat and/or sugar. 'Confectionery' and 'fast food restaurants' were the most advertised food categories during children's TV viewing hours. Confectionery advertisements were three times as likely, and fast food restaurant advertisements twice as likely, to be broadcast during children's programs than adults' programs. It can be concluded that foods most advertised during children's viewing hours are not those foods that contribute to a healthy diet for children. Confectionery and fast food restaurant advertising appears to target children. Australian children need protection from the targeted promotion of unhealthy foods on television, but currently little exists.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

A qualitative assessment of nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake of schoolchildren in Hyderabad.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake pattern of schoolchildren belonging to two groups of different socio-economic status (SES; high income/high SES and low income/low SES). DESIGN: A purposive sampling method was employed. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was administered to assess the dietary intake of schoolchildren in four schools from two different socio-economic strata in the month of January 2001. The children were divided into two groups, one serving as the experimental group and the other as the control group. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy-two children aged between 12 and 14 years. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement (P<0.001) in the knowledge levels of high-SES schoolchildren as compared with low-SES schoolchildren. A significant difference was observed in the intake of protective foods like milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables and fruits between the two income groups. However, children from the high SES background preferred fast foods such as noodles and corn flakes to traditional foods. Irrespective of income group, most of the children consumed carbonated beverages. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in the intakes of protective foods and fast foods between the different income groups. However, the increased intake of fast foods and carbonated beverages by the children irrespective of SES needs to be discouraged as a part of nutrition education. The study indicated the need for repeated interventions for improvement of nutrition knowledge levels in low-SES children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

US adult attitudes and practices regarding smoking restrictions and child exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: changes in the social climate from 2000-2001.

OBJECTIVE: A substantial proportion of homes and automobiles serve as settings for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and many public settings that children frequent are still not smoke-free. Tobacco control efforts are attempting to increase smoking bans. The objective of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of smokers and nonsmokers regarding smoking bans and child ETS exposure in multiple public and private settings and to report changes from 2000-2001. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the annual Social Climate Survey of Tobacco Control were analyzed for changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding tobacco. These data were collected via automated, random-digit-dialing telephone surveys that were conducted in the summers of 2000 and 2001. The samples were weighted by race and gender to be representative of the US population. RESULTS: Response rates for eligible adults actually contacted were 1501 (75%) of 1876 in 2000 and 3002 (84%) of 3566 in 2001. The majority of adults, both smokers and nonsmokers, support smoking bans in a wide variety of places. The percentage of all respondents reporting the presence of smoking bans in several public and private places increased from 2000-2001: the household (69%-74%), in the presence of children (84%-88%), convenience stores (68%-74%), fast-food restaurants (52%-58%), and non-fast-food restaurants (25%-28%). Support for smoking bans also increased in shopping malls (71%-75%), fast-food restaurants (77%-80%), and indoor sporting events (78%-80%). There were no significant changes in support for smoking bans in convenience stores, restaurants, or outdoor parks. Adults' knowledge of the harm caused by tobacco was unchanged, with the vast majority of adults recognizing the dangers of exposure to ETS from parental smoking (95%) and exposure to ETS in cars (77%). CONCLUSIONS: Small improvements in adult attitudes and practices regarding children's ETS exposure occurred from 2000-2001. However, a significant number of adults in the United States still report ignorance of the harmful effects of child ETS exposure, and there was no improvement in reported knowledge in this 1-year period. In contrast, a growing majority of smokers and nonsmokers favor restrictions on smoking in public settings, suggesting that states and communities have public support for broad public smoking restriction policies. There are significant roles that pediatricians can play in preventing children's ETS exposure, through both patient and family education and by moving smoking restriction policies forward on their community's agenda.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Food taxation and pricing strategies to "thin out" the obesity epidemic.

This article highlights characteristics of two related yet distinct economic approaches to addressing the current obesity epidemic in the United States: the general taxation of soft drinks, snack foods, and/or fast foods, and the application of pricing incentives/disincentives on foods sold in schools and worksites. The article specifically focuses on the: (1) rationale for, (2) potential barriers and limitations to, and (3) possible unintended consequences of implementing these policy interventions at the state level. Novel empirical evidence showing strong positive associations between the presence of state-level taxation on soft drinks or snack foods between 1991 and 1998 and relative changes in obesity prevalence over the same time period is further presented. The article concludes by summarizing the similarities and dissimilarities of the two approaches, and by emphasizing some of the gaps and priorities regarding these strategies that should be addressed in future research and policies to best effect obesity prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Increased fruit, vegetable and fiber intake and lower fat intake reported among women previously treated for invasive breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the dietary intake patterns of women before and after breast cancer diagnosis. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: 3,084 women (age range 27 to 70 years) who had been treated for early-stage breast cancer, who were free of recurrent disease, and who were willing to complete study questionnaires. DESIGN: A descriptive analysis of baseline demographic and lifestyle questionnaire data, including reported dietary intake data from women who have had breast cancer participating in a randomized, controlled dietary intervention trial. Outcomes include dietary intakes of high- and low-fat foods, fruits and vegetables, and whole grains. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Analyses included frequency of intake of selected food items, chi2 analysis to determine associations between reported intakes and demographic and personal characteristics, and logistic regression to assess odds of making more healthful changes. RESULTS: Women who have had breast cancer reported higher fruit, vegetable, and fiber-rich food intakes (58%, 60%, 38% more, respectively) and lower intakes of high-fat foods, including fast foods, after diagnosis. Those older than age 60 years were more likely to report no change in intake, including red meat (41%), vegetables (51%), and whole grains (62%). Odds ratios (OR) for more healthful diet choices varied by age and time since diagnosis. The longer the time since diagnosis the more likely women selected low-fat (vs high-fat) foods (OR 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-2.09 for 3 to 4 years vs <1 year after diagnosis) and reduced added fats (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17-1.84 for 3 to 4 years vs <1 year after diagnosis). APPLICATIONS: Women who have had breast cancer report more healthful diet habits after diagnosis. Through nutrition education and counseling, dietetics professionals may be able to promote healthful and evidence-based eating habits among women previously treated for breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Family history and colorectal cancer: predictors of risk.

INTRODUCTION: While the association between family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives and risk of developing colon cancer has been well defined, the association with rectal cancer is much less clear. The purpose of this study is to define rectal cancer risk associated with family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives. We also evaluate diet and lifestyle factors associated with developing colorectal cancer among participants with a positive family history. METHODS: Data were available from two population-based case--control studies of colon and rectal cancer. Participants were members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (KPMCP) or residents of the state of Utah. Cases were first primary colon cancer diagnosed between 1991 and 1994 (n = 1308 cases and 1544 controls) or rectal cancer diagnosed between 1997 and 2001 (n = 952 cases and 1205 controls). RESULTS: A family history of colorectal cancer in any first-degree relatives slightly increased risk of rectal cancer (OR: 1.37 95% CI: 1.02-1.85). Family history of colorectal cancer was associated with the greatest risk among those diagnosed at age 50 or younger (OR: 2.09 95% CI: 0.94-4.65 for rectal tumors; OR: 3.00 95% CI: 0.98-9.20 for distal colon tumors; and OR: 7.88 95% CI: 2.62-23.7 for proximal colon tumors). Factors significantly associated with cancer risk among those with a family history of colorectal cancer, included not having a sigmoidoscopy (OR: 2.81 95% CI: 1.86-4.24): a diet not Prudent, i.e. high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish and poultry, (OR: 2.79 95% CI: 1.40-5.56); smoking cigarettes (OR: 1.68 95% CI: 1.12-2.53), and eating a Western diet, i.e. a diet high in meat, refined grains, high-fat foods, and fast foods, (OR: 2.15 95% CI: 1.06-4.35). Physical inactivity was not associated with increased cancer risk among those with a positive family history of colorectal cancer. SUMMARY: These results confirm observations reported by others that a family history of colorectal cancer increases risk of cancer among those diagnosed at a younger age. Associations with family history are weakest for rectal cancer and strongest for proximal colonic tumors. Since several diet and lifestyle factors influence development of cancer among those with a family history of the disease, there appears to be practical approaches for individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer to reduce their cancer risk.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed2006

Sources of saturated fatty acids in Belgian adolescents' diet: implications for the development of food-based dietary guidelines.

The objectives of the present study are to describe the dietary sources of total fat and of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and to formulate food-based dietary guidelines for SFA in Belgian adolescents. A random sample of 13-18-year-old adolescents was drawn from secondary schools in the region of Ghent. A 7 d estimated food record method was used to quantify nutrient and food intake. The average daily SFA intake is 4 % above the recommended 10 % of the total energy contribution. The most important contributors of SFA on food group level were 'fats, oils and savoury sauces', 'meat and meat products', 'sugar, confectionery, sweet fillings and sauces', 'cheese', 'milk and milk products' and 'bread, rusk and breakfast rolls'. On food subgroup level 'fresh meat', 'high-fat margarine' and 'high-fat cheese' had the highest contribution to SFA intake in all adolescents. Adolescents with a low SFA intake (lowest tertile) were compared with adolescents with a high intake (highest tertile). In the lowest tertile the intake of total fat and MUFA was significantly lower than in the highest tertile, while the intake of total carbohydrates, mono- and disaccharides and complex carbohydrates was significantly higher. Overall, the high-fat cheese intake is significantly lower in the lowest tertile, while the fruit intake is higher. The present analysis shows that the nutritional profile of Belgian adolescents could be potentially improved by decreasing the portion sizes of fresh meat (in boys), high-fat margarine, high-fat cheese and reducing intake of commercially prepared baked goods and processed foods, including fast foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity.

OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence on the diet and nutrition causes of obesity and to recommend strategies to reduce obesity prevalence. DESIGN: The evidence for potential aetiological factors and strategies to reduce obesity prevalence was reviewed, and recommendations for public health action, population nutrition goals and further research were made. RESULTS: Protective factors against obesity were considered to be: regular physical activity (convincing); a high intake of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)/fibre (convincing); supportive home and school environments for children (probable); and breastfeeding (probable). Risk factors for obesity were considered to be sedentary lifestyles (convincing); a high intake of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods (convincing); heavy marketing of energy-dense foods and fast food outlets (probable); sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices (probable); adverse social and economic conditions-developed countries, especially in women (probable). A broad range of strategies were recommended to reduce obesity prevalence including: influencing the food supply to make healthy choices easier; reducing the marketing of energy dense foods and beverages to children; influencing urban environments and transport systems to promote physical activity; developing community-wide programmes in multiple settings; increased communications about healthy eating and physical activity; and improved health services to promote breastfeeding and manage currently overweight or obese people. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing prevalence of obesity is a major health threat in both low- and high income countries. Comprehensive programmes will be needed to turn the epidemic around.

Beverages↗
PubMed2006

The role of built environments in physical activity, eating, and obesity in childhood.

Over the past forty years various changes in the U.S. "built environment" have promoted sedentary lifestyles and less healthful diets. James Sallis and Karen Glanz investigate whether these changes have had a direct effect on childhood obesity and whether improvements to encourage more physical activity and more healthful diets are likely to lower rates of childhood obesity. Researchers, say Sallis and Glanz, have found many links between the built environment and children's physical activity, but they have yet to find conclusive evidence that aspects of the built environment promote obesity. For example, certain development patterns, such as a lack of sidewalks, long distances to schools, and the need to cross busy streets, discourage walking and biking to school. Eliminating such barriers can increase rates of active commuting. But researchers cannot yet prove that more active commuting would reduce rates of obesity. Sallis and Glanz note that recent changes in the nutrition environment, including greater reliance on convenience foods and fast foods, a lack of access to fruits and vegetables, and expanding portion sizes, are also widely believed to contribute to the epidemic of childhood obesity. But again, conclusive evidence that changes in the nutrition environment will reduce rates of obesity does not yet exist. Research into the link between the built environment and childhood obesity is still in its infancy. Analysts do not know whether changes in the built environment have increased rates of obesity or whether improvements to the built environment will decrease them. Nevertheless, say Sallis and Glanz, the policy implications are clear. People who have access to safe places to be active, neighborhoods that are walkable, and local markets that offer healthful food are likely to be more active and to eat more healthful food-two types of behavior that can lead to good health and may help avoid obesity.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiology of campylobacter diarrhoea.

Campylobacter diarrhoea was diagnosed bacteriologically in 535 patients. Most of these patients required hospitalization, but no fatalities were recorded. The age-specific incidence of campylobacter enteritis showed a trimodal distribution. Overseas travel was a factor in 14% of all cases. Food, including "fast food", may be an important source of infection. Campylobacter enteritis was more prevalent during summer than winter. Campylobacter bacteraemia was detected in only four cases. Biotyping was performed on 285 of the strains that were isolated. Biotype analysis showed that there was a clustering of cases of certain biotypes, even though community-wide outbreaks were not recognized in the period of review.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Culinary art and social change: some remarks].

The development in France, long a rural country, of a new type of civilization characterized by industrialization, urbanisation and their corollaries threatens (in a real or imaginary way) both the quality of food (standardization, agricultural, industrialization and new toxicological and pollution problems) and the social-cultural signification of the meal (time constraints, convenience food, fast-food restaurants, etc.) particularly among social strata most involved in the new urban way of life. And yet a new interest and appreciation for cooking and culinary art spreads. Gastronomy can be regarded as a social privilege and/or a celebrative break in the course of ordinary meals: the new culinary vogue might well develop in opposition to--rather than in spite of--the onslaught of convenience food. Significantly enough, it is based on a new mythology and, as a consequence, on new aesthetic canons. The new food emphasizes the signs of nature, archaïsm, rurality, exotism (ethnic food) etc. It is also bound to conciliate the art of food and the image of the body imposed by contemporary culture (slimness, eternal youth...).

Art↗
PubMed2005

Restaurant and food shopping selections among Latino women in Southern California.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes and examines determinants of restaurant and food store selections in a sample of Latino women. DESIGN: Data were collected at the baseline home-based interview from women involved in a randomized community trial to improve dietary behaviors. The interview consisted of both a structured interview and the measurements of height, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Participants included 357 Latino women recruited via random-digit dial in the Southern and Central areas of San Diego County, California. Women were included if they were between 18 and 67 years of age, not currently pregnant, and Spanish-language dominant; women were excluded if a family member was on a special diet or was planning to leave the area during the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Means and frequencies were used to describe preference for various types of restaurants and food stores based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Independent samples t tests examined differences in levels of importance for preferring fast-food vs other restaurants and supermarkets/produce markets vs other grocery stores. Logistic regression models examined correlates of preferring fast-food restaurants vs all other restaurants and preferring supermarkets/produce markets vs all other grocery stores. RESULTS: More women reported eating at fast-food restaurants, followed by full-service restaurants and cafeterias. Younger women, employed women, women living in higher income households, and women living in the United States for a greater number of years preferred fast food. Supermarkets; grocery stores; and discount, bulk-purchase stores were equally represented as the primary food store. Women who lived in smaller households, had a smaller measured body mass, were married, and were more acculturated to the Anglo culture were more likely to shop at supermarkets compared with women who shopped at other grocery stores. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest specific recommendations for targeting dietary interventions for the growing Latino population that take into account differences in levels of acculturation. For example, young Latino women who more closely identify with the Anglo culture and/or who report living in the United States for a longer period of time may benefit from targeted information on healthy restaurant behavior. On the other hand, traditional Latino women may benefit from instrumental support interventions such as tours to large supermarkets.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonamides in Canadian total diet study composite food samples collected between 1992 and 2004.

Canadian Total Diet Study composite samples collected from 1992 to 2004 (n = 151) were analyzed for a series of perfluorooctanesulfonamides that are likely breakdown products or manufacturing residuals associated with perfluorooctylsulfonyl phosphate esters. These esters have been incorporated into coatings for paper and paperboard used in food packaging. N-Ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-EtPFOSA), perfluorooctanesulfonamide, N,N-diethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide, N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamide, and N,N-dimethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide were extracted using solvent extraction and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Perfluorooctanesulfonamides were detected in the picograms per gram to low nanograms per gram of wet weight range in all food groups tested-baked goods and candy, dairy, eggs, fast food, fish, meat, and foods to be prepared in packaging. The highest concentrations of total perfluorooctanesulfonamides were observed in fast food composites (from less than the method detection limit to 27300 pg/g of wet weight). Concentrations of N-EtPFOSA appeared to decrease over the sampling period (1992-2004) in French fries and other fast food composites; no such trend was apparent in freshwater fish, marine fish, and shellfish composites. A basic estimate of dietary exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonamides suggests that Canadians (>12 years old) are exposed to approximately 73 ng/person/day from these foods.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

[Food preferences of 10- to 14-year-old boys and girls].

To assess their food preferences a list of 114 foods and 14 beverages was submitted to a sample of 696 boys and 537 girls aged 10 to 14 years. For each item subjects had to rare by means of a five-point facial scale how much they liked or disliked it. Items with highest preference ratings were foods like pizza, ice cream, spaghetti, French fries, hamburgers, pudding, corn flakes, potato chips and popcorn, but also included the most common types of fruit. Disliked to a high degree were liver, canned or steamed fish, raw sauerkraut and red cabbage. In food groups derived by factor analysis, fast food, candy and salty snacks (along with fruit) showed highest mean liking, while vegetables (particularly cooked) ranked at the bottom of the scale. In boys significantly stronger preferences were found for food groups such as fast food, meats, cold cuts and fish, whereas girls had a (slightly) higher preference for fruit, vegetables and cheese. Neither children's age nor relative weight were related to their food preferences to a significant degree. Similarly, groups defined by father's educational level did not show important differences in their food preferences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effects of fasting and food restriction on brown adipose tissue composition in normal and dystrophic hamsters.

Fasting for 36-48 h or food restriction (30% reduction of daily food intake for 6 weeks) caused brown adipose tissue (BAT) atrophy in hamsters. Fasting-induced atrophy was characterized by reductions in tissue mass, DNA, protein, and thermogenin. By contrast, food restriction had no effect on tissue cellularity (DNA) but markedly reduced the tissue protein and thermogenin contents. The concentration of thermogenin in isolated mitochondria was unchanged by fasting or food restriction. Dystrophic hamsters had a reduced BAT mass when compared with weight-matched control hamsters. This resulted from a reduction in tissue cellularity since BAT DNA, protein and thermogenin contents were all reduced. The extent of binding of [3H]guanosine diphosphate to isolated mitochondria and their content of thermogenin were similar in normal and dystrophic hamsters. In response to cold exposure, as in normal hamsters, BAT of dystrophic hamsters grew and the tissue thermogenin increased, but the mitochondrial concentration of thermogenin did not change. In response to fasting, in contrast with normal hamsters, there was no significant reduction in BAT DNA in dystrophic animals and the loss of tissue protein was reduced. However, the relative changes in BAT composition during chronic food restriction were similar in normal and dystrophic animals. Thus, reduction in hamster BAT thermogenic capacity during food deprivation may occur by loss of cells and (or)reduction in the tissue protein and thermogenin contents. The extent of protein and (or) DNA loss may be dependent upon the original tissue mass and the severity of food deprivation.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed2006

Comprehensive computerized assessment of cognitive sequelae of a complete 12-16 hour fast.

Food deprivation has been shown to deleteriously affect human cognition, but findings are equivocal, and few studies have examined several cognitive domains. In this study, the authors used computerized testing to describe the profile of shifts in cognition attributable to short-term religious fasting. Multiple cognitive domains were evaluated at midday and late afternoon following complete abstention from eating and drinking beginning at midnight. Cross-domain, fasting-related deficits were found for tasks requiring perception of spatial relations. Fasting-related information processing deficits were found for response time but not accuracy for test levels of intermediate difficulty. Time-of-day effects often reflected poorer afternoon performance. These findings provide a detailed profile of cognitive consequences of food deprivation, affected by time of day, task demands, and type of outcome.

Adult↗