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PubMed1977

Comparison of furazolidone and carbadox in the feed for treatment of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine.

Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of furazolidone in feed on immune response of turkeys vaccinated with live Pasteurella multocida in drinking water.

In 2 trials, turkey poults were fed diets containing 0.011% furazolidone: in one trial until 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days before vaccination with live Pasteurella multocida (CU) in the drinking water; and in a second trial with the furazolidone added to the diet 4 days before the vaccination or 1, 3 or 5 days after. This 0.011% level of medication did not appear to reduce the immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of furazolidone apical-related effects to human polarized intestinal cells.

In studying the effects of furazolidone (FZ) on the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line grown on microporous membrane, we have previously demonstrated a higher toxicity when the compound was administered at the apical (AP) side than at the basolateral (BL) side. Moreover, we have also shown the production, in the intact cells, of a nitroanion radical from FZ by a cytochrome c P450 reductase. The aim of the present study was to investigate which specific cell structures and functions are involved in the observed domain-related toxicity. The relevance of alterations in integrity and selective properties of the intestinal barrier as first-pass site for ingested molecules is also discussed. We have confirmed that, as expected, the Caco-2 cells are protected from FZ injury by a specific inhibitor of the cytochrome c P450 reductase, and we have shown that this protection is more active on the apical side of the cells. In sublethal conditions, FZ causes increased permeability to 3H-mannitol and, to a different extent, to 3H-inulin. Again the effect is higher when the cells are apically exposed. We have thus examined the tight junctions morphology: a disruption of the apical perijunctional actin-bound cytoskeleton was detected by rhodamine-phalloidin staining and microtubule disorganization by antitubulin fluoresceinated antibodies. Again, the effect was more evident when the cells were apically treated with FZ. Preferential transport and accumulation of the compound by active transport mechanisms could be excluded, since transport of FZ was linear and no intracellular accumulation was detected either from the AP and or the BL sides. All together these results may suggest that the AP formation of the active metabolite and its possible reactivity with SH groups of perijunctional microfilaments could be responsible of the higher FZ apical toxicity. This study shows that polarized differentiated cells are very interesting in vitro models to investigate specific cellular domains as targets of toxic effects and to detect subtle changes that may be induced, in absence of cell death, in specialized epithelial layers.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The residue behavior of the furazolidone metabolite 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutylideneamino)-2-oxazolidone in trout].

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-method for the determination of furazolidone (FZ) and its open-chain cyano-derivative 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutylideneamino)-2-oxazolidone (M1) in trout is described. Only during the medication period residues of FZ and M1 were detected in the muscle and liver of the trout, which were treated with food containing FZ over a period of 7 days. After the beginning of the withdrawal period, the concentration of FZ and M1 were found to be under the limits of detection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of furazolidone and furaltadone on drug metabolism in rats.

This work examines the effect of oral treatment of rats with the nitrofuran drugs furazolidone (FZ) and furaltadone (F) at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 4 days, or F in the drinking water at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% w/v for 14 days, on drug metabolism in vivo. FZ at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, and F at a dose of 400 mg/kg or at a concentration of 0.4% w/v in water depressed growth and prolonged pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time. Treatment also significantly increased the blood concentration of metronidazole when measured 30 and 40 min after metronidazole administration. Administration of tremorine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) to control vehicle-treated rats produced within 2-3 min tremors, piloerection, profuse salivation, defecation urination and chromodacryorrhesis (red tears). The onset of appearance of these signs was delayed to 7-12 min in rats pretreated with FZ or F (100 mg/kg, 4 days) or cimetidine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) given 45 min earlier. Taken together, these results suggest that FZ and F inhibit drug metabolism in rats. Treatment with these nitrofuran drugs may alter the disposition of certain drugs which may be given concomitantly with them.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Protection of turkeys against furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy.

When fed furazolidone, 700 ppm, with their mash, most turkey poults develop dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by gross left ventricular dilatation with thinning of both the left ventricular free wall and ventricular septum. Birds fed propranolol, but not digoxin, did not develop this cardiomyopathy. It is not known what pharmacologic property of propranolol conferred protection or if mammals would receive similar protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Temperate phage induction and filament formation in Vibrio cholerae by furazolidone.

Furazolidone a synthetic nitrofuran used in the treatment of cholera, was found to cause prophage induction and filament formation in Vibrio cholerae. Maximum induction of phage beta was obtained at a drug concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. Neither induction of prophage nor filamentation took place if the drug treatment was carried out in the presence of 2.5 micrograms/ml chloramphenicol, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. Our results strongly suggest the existence of "SOS" type functions in Vibrio cholerae.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed1986

Changes in myocardial ultrastructure during development of furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkeys.

Ultrastructural alterations were studied in spontaneous round heart and furazolidone (FZ)-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults 20 to 31 days after hatching. The two most consistent morphological changes were abnormal accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen and myofibrillar lysis. These alterations were more extensive in the drug-induced condition, which suggests that more myocytes are affected than in the spontaneous form of the disease. Data indicate that the myocyte contractile proteins sustain the major injury while other organelles appear to be involved only in an incidental manner. These findings corroborate previous suppositions which pointed toward a metabolic defect as the basic mechanism underlying the development of both spontaneous round heart and FZ-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Studies on the effect of ascorbic acid and selenium on the genotoxicity of nitrofurans: nitrofurazone and furazolidone.

The genotoxic properties of nitrofurazone and furazolidone were studied using the Ames test and SOS-chromotest. Both compounds were found to act as strong mutagens on the TA97 and TA102 strains of S. typhimurium and to induce the SOS-repair system in the PQ37 strain of E. coli. A good concordance was found between the mutagenic activity and the ability to induce the SOS system. Ascorbic acid and sodium selenite only very slightly lowered the genotoxic effect of the 2 nitrofurans studied both in the Ames test and in the SOS-chromotest.

Antioxidants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sensitivity in vitro of Giardia intestinalis to dyadic combinations of azithromycin, doxycycline, mefloquine, tinidazole and furazolidone.

The new macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin, produced significant growth inhibition of Giardia intestinalis at 100 micrograms/ml, but adherence inhibition was significant at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml for the two strains used in these experiments. The dyadic combinations of azithromycin-furazolidone, doxycycline-mefloquine, doxycycline-tinidazole and mefloquine-tinidazole were synergistic for inhibition of adherence. These results suggest that these dyadic combinations may be worthy of consideration for chemotherapy of recalcitrant giardiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Acute toxicity of furazolidone on Artemia salina, Daphnia magna, and Culex pipiens molestus larvae.

As a result of evidence of the ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, the acute toxicity of furazolidone was tested in vivo on two aquatic organisms, Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, which are both crustaceans. Toxicity studies were also performed on larvae of Culex pipiens molestus. Results indicated a significant toxicity of the compound on Culex pipiens and Daphnia magna, while Artemia salina proved to be the least sensitive.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Established cell lines for safety assessment of food contaminants: differing furazolidone toxicity to V 79, HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells.

In vitro models, preferentially derived from human tissues, may be valuable tools to study the biotransformation and toxicity of compounds that may be present as residues in food products. Such residues may represent a risk to human health, and therefore call for increased testing. Three established cell lines were used to study the toxic effect of furazolidone (FZ), a widely used veterinary drug: HEp-2 cells, derived from a human larynx carcinoma, previously used in toxicity screening of several compounds; Caco-2 cells, derived from a human colon adenocarcinoma, able to differentiate partially in culture, and V 79, a fibroblast cell line derived from Chinese hamster lung, widely used to assess direct toxicants. Various toxicity parameters were used, primarily dealing with cell death and cell proliferation. In all cell lines FZ at a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml caused a marked decrease in cell viability and especially in cell proliferation. Inhibition of DNA synthesis has also been observed, even if at higher concentrations. However, only in V 79 cells was the decrease in cell number accompanied by a marked increase in lactate dehydrogenase leakage due to membrane damage. Moreover, the surviving V 79 cells, after removal of FZ, fully recovered from the effect of the drug, as shown by their full capacity to attach to dishes and to form colonies. Surviving cells of the other two cell lines showed much poorer colony-forming ability. Exposure of Caco-2 cells and, to a lesser extent, HEp-2 cells, caused a marked increase in oxygen consumption, that possibly was due to redox cycling of the initially formed radical nitro anion. Biotransformation of the drug by all three cell lines was accompanied by the formation of protein-bound metabolites, HEp-2 being the most active cells. The toxic effects recorded show that cell lines provide a sensitive system in toxicity assessment. Moreover, it may be suggested that a battery of cell lines, including some of human origin, as well as a battery of endpoints, may be of help in addressing further specific mechanistic investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sensitivity of Australian isolates of Salmonella enteritidis to nitrofurantoin and furazolidone.

Susceptibility of 66 and 62 Australian isolates of Salmonella enteritidis to nitrofurantoin and furazolidone, respectively, was determined. Most isolates were susceptible to both antibiotics. Cross-resistance was low among all isolates, but higher among the subset of phage type 4 isolates. These results contrast directly with those of a previous study (Rampling, A., Upson, R. and Brown, D.F.J. (1990) J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 25: 285-290). Sensitivity among Australian isolates of S. enteritidis does to some extent, support the contention that furans may have played a role in the selection and enhanced colonisation of poultry by Salmonella enteritidis in Britain. Furthermore, nitrofurantoin should not be used as a selective agent in the isolation of Salmonella enteritidis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Myocardial calcium levels in furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults.

Myocardial calcium levels were measured in control turkey poults and in poults with furazolidone (FZ)-induced cardiomyopathy. FZ at a dose of 700 ppm added to the feed of poults from 2 to 5 weeks post-hatching produced the typical round-heart syndrome but had little effect on the calcium levels in the myocardium. Data suggest that the mechanism of FZ cardiotoxicity is not associated with calcium overload.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

HPLC analysis of furazolidone in goats given the therapeutic dose.

Furazolidone (FZ) was given to Nubian goats at the recommended therapeutic dose of 10 mg/kg body wt, for 5 days. The animals were slaughtered 24 hr after the last dose, and their livers, gluteal muscles, kidneys and hearts analysed for FZ residues by an HPLC method with a detection limit of 0.05 micrograms g-1. The drug was detected in the muscle and liver at concentrations of 0.256 +/- 0.009, 0.101 +/- 0.016 micrograms g-1 tissue, respectively. No detectable concentrations of the drug were found in the kidney and heart.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of furazolidone on some reproductive hormones during oestrous cycle in the goat.

In non-pregnant goat luteolysis is characterized by a decline in peripheral plasma progesterone level and increased peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Daily oral doses of furazolidone (80 mg/kg) between days 10 and 16 delayed luteolysis and suppressed both the decline in progesterone concentrations and the increase in T and DHT level.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effects of metronidazole and furazolidone during Giardia differentiation into cysts.

The protozoon Giardia lamblia infects millions of people worldwide, most of them in underdeveloped countries, where it is frequently a hyperendemic disease. The search for an effective anti-Giardia treatment has been intense, but recurrent infections, virulence factors, and drug resistance imposed obstacles in the achievement of an efficient medication. Most papers about drug effects in Giardia are related to the trophozoite form, although viable cysts, the infective forms, are continuously eliminated in the stools during the treatment. Supported by this knowledge, we analyzed the inhibitory effects of metronidazole (MZ) and furazolidone (FZ) on the differentiation of Giardia into cysts and its viability. The presence of cavities, lamellar bodies and thread-like structures were the most frequent morphological alterations. The results showed also that FZ was more effective by 50% than MZ in inhibiting in vitro cyst differentiation.

Animals↗