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PubMed2005

Detection of IgG antibodies of Brugian filariasis with crude male and female antigens of Dirofilaria immitis.

Crude antigens from male and female Dirofilaria immitis were used to detect antibody to Brugian filariasis in humans by indirect ELISA. Both antigens were tested with 42 cases of Brugian filariasis, 131 cases of 20 heterologous infections and 35 healthy controls. The results--using male and female antigens--showed sensitivity of 88.1% and 88.1%, and specificities of 64.1% and 51.8%, respectively. Cross-reaction from other helminthic infections using crude male antigen gave false-positives with 48 sera from 13 heterologous diseases at the threshold value of 0.180, while the female antigen gave 63 sera from 15 diseases, at 0.309. Serum antibodies from patients with other helminthic infections--gnathostomiasis, strongyloidiasis, hookworm infections, trichinellosis, capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, toxocariasis, neurocysticercosis, cystic echinococcosis, taeniasis and opisthorchiasis--resulted in false-positives with both male and female antigens. One each of sparganosis and paragonimiasis heterotremus sera cross-reacted with only crude female antigen and their OD values were close to the threshold value. Although crude male antigen showed better specificity than crude female antigen, both female and male worms are sources of antigens needed for further purification. This study provides baseline data for further serodiagnosis of Brugian filariasis using dirofilaria antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Epidemiological surveillance after filariasis transmission interrupted in Jiangxi Province].

In 10 years after the interruption of filariasis transmission, the surveillance covered 29.5% of the townships and 3.7% of the population in the endemic areas, and 25.8% and 2.5% respectively after 10 years. No case with microfilaremia was found. 8248 floating people were also blood-examined with negative result. No filarial larva was detected in 103 261 Culex quinquefasciatus dissected. Out of 70,3498 people investigated in 708 villages of 249 townships, 667 chronic filariasis patients were found. Among 2928 people formerly with microfilaremia, no positive was found. The results indicate that Jiangxi Province has met the criteria of filariasis elimination set by the Ministry of Health.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Filariasis in Gongola State Nigeria. I: Clinical and parasitological studies in Mutum-Biyu district.

A total of 2552 persons living in 9 villages along the Benue river valley, Mutum-Biyu district of Gongola State, Nigeria were examined between October and December 1989 for filariasis. It is the first time a filariasis survey will be carried out in this State. 276 (10.8%) had Wuchereria bancrofti, 50 (2.0%) had Loa loa, 281 (11.0%) were positive for Mansonella perstans while 12 (0.5%) were positive for Onchocerca volvulus. Villages located near the Benue river had higher prevalence rates than those further away. Dermatitis and hydrocoele were common and clinical manifestations were associated with parasite types. Clinical symptoms without microfilaremia and microfilaremia without clinical symptoms were also observed. The study will fill the gap in our knowledge of filariasis in this part of Nigeria.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Assessment of intradermal test in longitudinal surveillance of bancroftian filariasis.

Longitudinal surveillance was carried out consecutively during 1982-1987 in two pilot villages where bancroftian filariasis was prevalent in different severity before 1982. Intradermal test (IT) with filaria polypeptide (FPT) antigen prepared from Dirofilaria immitis was made. It was shown that the level of immediate hypersensitivity reaction to the antigen in population as shown by IT appeared to be directly proportional to both the prevalence of the disease and the infection rate of mosquitoes harbouring larval filariae before mass and selective treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Time for negative conversion of IT after chemotherapy was significantly longer in previous microfilaraemic patients than that in amicrofilaraemic cases. The selected three criteria of IT used in filariasis surveillance, namely, the positive rate, frequency of strong reaction and positive conversion rate, were diminished gradually after chemotherapy year by year, so that the three criteria were demonstrated to be useful for longitudinal surveillance of lymphatic filariasis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Clinical manifestations in malayan filariasis infection with special reference to lymphoedema grading.

In a door-to-door survey in Shertallai area of Kerala state in southern India, 7,766 persons were examined for clinical manifestations of filariasis. The prevalence of disease was 9.85 per cent and chronic persistent oedema (grade-II) was the predominant clinical presentation in both sexes. There was no significant difference in the age prevalence of disease between the sexes. Incidence of episodic filarial fever was higher (4.73/1000) compared to other manifestations (2.49/1000) in children aged 5-15 yr and hence this may be an useful indicator of the degree of occurrence of fresh cases of clinical filariasis. Classification of patients with lymphoedema into three grades showed that 1.65 per cent of those examined had developed lymphoedema within 6 months. Persistence of oedema (grade II) for prolonged period (13.64 +/- 1.17 yr) without skin changes indicated that the development of elephantiasis is a slow process. The clinical picture of malayan filariasis is similar to that reported elsewhere in the world except for the rarity of abscess formation is inguinal area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The relation between red cell antigens and the occurrence of filariasis and its complications.

In a trial to assess the role of red cells antigens in pathogenesis of filariasis, 520 individuals from El Korean village were examined clinically to detect clinical filariasis, blood examined by counting chamber to detect microfilaraemic cases and red cell antigens (ABO system, Rh system and MN system) using slide method. The study showed no statistical significance association between filariasis (clinical and microfilaraemic) and red cells antigens.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1989

[Pruritus after taking chloroquine and filariasis].

A study of relations between pruritus after doses of chloroquine and on the one hand the infection by Mansonella perstans (filariasis frequent in some areas but pathogenic) and on the other hand the infection by Onchocerca volvulus (filariasis frequent in some other areas but not very pathogenic) was carried out in two villages in Ivory Coast. It is not possible to show an obvious relation between the presence of pruritus and the two filariasis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Optimum number of mixed peripheral blood samples by membrane filtration technique for mass blood survey of filariasis].

The membrane filtration technique has been used widely in the evaluation of effect of control and survey of filariasis. The present study was made to explore an optimum number of mixed peripheral blood samples and a mathematical model of work load for this method in surveying filariasis. By analysing the correlation between the microfilaremia rate and the optimum number of mixed peripheral blood samples and applying the theory of Binomial Distribution or Poisson Distribution, the authors reckoned a table for estimating the number of filariasis cases in villages with different microfilarial rates and different population as well as the optimum number of mixed peripheral blood samples.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Heat shock cognate 70 is a prominent immunogen in Brugian filariasis.

A cDNA expression library constructed from RNA derived from adult stage Brugia pahangi (mixed sexes) was screened with pooled sera from chronic, amicrofilaremic cases of human lymphatic filariasis from the Indonesian island of Tanjungpinang, where Brugia malayi is endemic. Polyclonal antisera raised to purified beta-galactosidase fusion proteins from two of the most highly reactive clones identified a protein of Mr 70,000 in all stages examined (microfilariae, L3 and adults) of both B. malayi and Brugia pahangi. Derivation of the amino acid sequence from these two overlapping cDNAs identified the encoded protein as a member of the heat shock protein 70 family, and showed the closest similarity to the constitutively expressed "heat shock cognate 70" (hsc70) protein. Hybridization of hsc70 cDNAs to RNA and DNA from B. pahangi under stringent conditions identified a major transcript of 2.4 kb and revealed the existence of a family of related genes. In vitro culture of larval stages of B. pahangi at elevated temperatures (43 degrees C) resulted in increased expression of hsc70, and a classic heat shock response in which five proteins (mr 18,500, 22,000, 62,000, 70,000, and 85,000) were exclusively synthesized in microfilariae. Analysis of cross-reactivities by Western blotting implied that antibody generated by infection with B. malayi was directed at filarial-specific determinants of Brugia hsc70. However, ELISA with recombinant fusion proteins for both Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni hsc70 indicated that some individuals with Brugian or Bancroftian filariasis did produce antibodies which cross-reacted with plasmodial and schistosomal homologs. Thus filarial-specific antibody responses were not generated in all individuals, indicating that this molecule would not be suitable for diagnostic purposes. ELISA with a purified beta-galactosidase fusion protein from B. pahangi showed antibody responses to hsc70 across the clinical spectrum of filariasis. Alignment of the derived amino acid sequences from B. pahangi, P. falciparum, S. mansoni and rat hsc70 homologs, and comparison of the immunologic reactivity of the products of the two cDNA clones by Western blotting and ELISA suggested that these determinants were located primarily at the C terminus of the protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

[Epidemiological surveillance of filariasis after its being basically eradicated in Shandong Province].

This paper reports the results of epidemiological surveillance in areas where filariasis has been basically eradicated and control measures no longer adopted in Shandong Province. A 3-year longitudinal surveillance in 18 villages in 5 counties and a cross-sectional survey in 13 villages of 4 counties were carried out. The results showed that the average microfilaria rate was further reduced from 0.28% and 0.15% in 1980 to 0.19% and 0.05% in 1986, decreased by 32.1% and 66.7% respectively. 34.2% of the microfilaremic cases were found to be negative during the two-year follow-up. The positive rate of IFA and skin test was 34.2% and 38.6% respectively. In longitudinal surveillance. of the 240,992 Culex pipiens pallens dissected, 152(0.06%) were found to harbour different stages of larvae, among them, 5 were infective larvae from 4 vector mosquitoes. In cross-sectional survey, of the 3,875 Culex pipiens pallens dissected only 1 which had bitten immigrant from Zhejiang was found to contain one larvae at stage 1. No positive mosquito was found in the household of native villagers. No new infection was discovered at longitudinal and cross-sectional survey. The transmission of filariasis in these areas was interrupted. The results showed that in areas where filariasis has been basically eradicated, further control measures may not be instituted, but the management population movement and surveillance should be strengthened.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Filariasis in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A survey was carried out among persons residing in 8 villages in the Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia to determine the prevalence of filariasis. Finger tip blood smears were obtained at night from over 3,000 people and microfilariae of Brugia malayi were found in 108 (3.5%) and Wuchereria bancrofti in 10 (0.3%). Most B. malayi (96 carriers) was found in Kakap, a village near the coast, 20 km from the provincial capital of Pontianak. Nine of 10 cases of W. bancrofti were located in Pahauman, a village 130 km northeast of the provincial capital. Periodicity studies indicate the strain of B. malayi to be subperiodic. In Kakap 18% of 226 persons examined had a clinical history of filariasis and elephantiasis was seen in 13%. This is the first report of rural bancroftian filariasis in the area. A few Mansonia species of mosquitoes were examined but none were infected with filarial larvae.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

A field survey on the role of low-density microfilaraemia cases in the transmission of filariasis.

In former filariasis endemic areas, where the disease has been basically controlled, a few cases of low-density microfilaraemia remain. A survey was carried out in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, from September 1981 to 1986 in order to determine whether such cases play a role in the continuation of transmission. The results of parasitological and entomological investigations for two consecutive years revealed that after the implementation of intervention measures, the mean microfilaraemia rate in the population fell to about 0.5% and the mean microfilaria density to about 4.2 mf/60 microliter of blood in previously endemic areas of malayan filariasis. Although there were considerable numbers of An. sinensis biting humans, infective larvae could be found in only two positive mosquitoes out of 5,484 dissected, and no new microfilaraemic cases were detected in the 1983 and 1986 follow-up blood examinations, indicating that transmission had already been interrupted. Two volunteers with a microfilaraemia of 3-5 mf/60 microliter of blood were exposed to two batches of An. sinesis in August 1981. The engorged mosquitoes were dissected eight days later. Even though the infection rate of An. sinensis having fed on low-density microfilaraemic cases was as high as 16.8%, the intensity of infection was extremely low, being 1.1 mf/mosquito. From the transmission dynamics point of view, infected mosquitoes carrying very few infective larvae have no practical significance in the transmission of filariasis. It is suggested that the treatment of persons with low-density microfilaraemia (with 5 mf/60 microliters of blood) in areas with low microfilaria rates (less than 1%) need not to be considered as essential.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Parasitological and clinical survey of bancroftian filariasis in Kepu District, Central Jakarta, Indonesia.

A blood and clinical survey for bancroftian filariasis was made in the Kepu District of Central Jakarta in June 1976. About 90% of 614 inhabitants in the survey area was examined. The microfilarial rate was 4.5%; 5.8% in males and 3.3% in females. Most of the carriers were asymptomatic. The microfilarial density was low. There were 15 persons (2.7%) with signs and symptoms of filariasis; 11 males and 4 females. The total filariasis infection rate was 6.7%. The percentage of infected persons increased with years of residency. Persons living in poorly built houses had approximately 9 times higher microfilarial rate and 5 times higher disease rate than those living in modern houses.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of microfilaria treated with papain in the serodiagnosis of lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (Var. pacifica)].

A standardised method for serodiagnosis of lymphatic filariasis W. bancrofti (var. pacifica) was performed. The authors used indirect fluorescent assay with papain treated microfilariae as source of antigen. Very high levels of antibodies were obtained in 96% microfilaremic patients. The geometric mean titers were 22.7 for healthy subjects and 605.5 for the filariasis patients. Cross reactivity was studied with two subcutaneous and one lymphatic filariasis. The geometric mean titers were 211.1 for Onchocerca volvulus, 105.6 for Loa-loa and 254 for Brugia malayi patients. No significant reactivity was observed with some other parasites.

Cross Reactions↗

PubMed1979

Bancroftian filariasis in a Philippine village: entomological findings.

Bancroftian filariasis in an isolated Philippine village has been intensively investigated; this paper reports the entomological findings. Surveys were carried out six months apart in the driest and wettest months. Significant transmission was demonstrated only during the wet season. Aedes poicillius was the major vector of Wuchereria bancrofti. Ae. poicilius accounted for 58% of larvae found in the axils of banana plants and 31% of those in abaca axils; negligible numbers of larvae of this species were found in pandanus and gabi axils. Mosquitoes were collected from indoor harbourages twice weekly for five weeks during the wet season; 615 mosquitoes were caught of which 80% were Ae. poicilius and 9% were Culex quinquefasciatus. 11% of the former and 13% of the latter contained filariae; whereas all stages of development were seen in Ae. poicilius, no development beyond the first stage was seen in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Human bait trapping was used for 110 manhours; 371 mosquitoes were caught of which 58% were Ae. poicilius and 24% were Culex summorosus. Filarial larvae were seen only in Ae. poicilius; 3.7% of mosquitoes were positive and all stages of filarial development were seen. The mean landing/biting rate between 1900 and 0500 hours was 3.37 mosquitoes per man-hour with a maximum of almost seven mosquitoes per man-hour at midnight. Overall, 2.26% of vectors collected in the human studies were infective. There was an average of 3.38 third-stage larvae per infective mosquito. The efficiency of transmision was estimated as 6.1 x 10-5, or one new case of microfilaraemia for every 16, 400 bites by infective mosquitoes in the village population. In contrast to the human studies, large numbers of mosquitoes were caught by animal bait trapping in both the wet and dry seasons. The distribution of mosquito species was similar in the two seasons. Ae. poicillius represented only 1.0-1.5% of all mosquitoes seen. No filarial larvae were seen. It was concluded that transmission of filariasis in the village was inefficient and postulates were advanced to explain the increased intensity and severity of filariasis inmen as compared to women.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunodiagnosis using indirect immunofluorescence.

The indirect immunofluorescence test using sonicated microfilariae of Brugia malayi has been evaluated on 173 sera from patients and persons exposed to Wuchereria bancrofti and B. malayi in endemic areas of Peninsular Malaysia. In the microfilaria-negative group, without signs and symptoms of filariasis 55/62 sera (89%) had titers of 1:16 and less. In the microfilaremic groups and in the amicrofilaremic cases with clinical filariasis, all the sera tested were positive, with the antibody titers ranging generally from 1:16 - 1:256. Cross-reaction tests were done on 16 samples of onchocerciasis sera from West Africa using sonicated antigen as well as antigen-coated CNB1-activated sepharose. Antibody titers were detected in all the sera. The usefulness of the sonicated microfilarial antigen in serodiagnosis of filariasis is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1971

Evaluation of the Dirofilaria immitis filarial skin test antigen in the diagnosis of filariasis.

Conflicting opinions on the value of a skin test in the diagnosis of human filariasis emphasized the need for a careful examination of this procedure. The evaluation was made by asking workers in different countries to use an antigen prepared from Dirofilaria immitis in groups of people who could be examined for parasitic infection.In one non-endemic area, repeated tests over a 1-year period did not lead to sensitization, but the reactions of individuals varied from test to test. In endemic areas of filariasis, exposure to infective bites seemed to influence the pattern of skin reactions to a greater degree than did the development of overt infection with Wuchereria bancrofti. No particular size of reaction could be considered indicative of filarial infection.THE VALUE OF THE SKIN TEST WITH THIS ANTIGEN SEEMS LIMITED TO TWO SITUATIONS: (1) a large reaction may help to confirm a clinical diagnosis of filariasis when parasites cannot be found, and (2) the frequency distribution of skin reaction sizes in local populations may help, where blood surveys are impossible, to indicate areas in which some filarial infection is being transmitted.Results of skin test surveys should be expressed as frequency distributions of reaction sizes and negative/positive classification should be avoided.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Reaction in leprosy complicated by filariasis.

Five cases of reaction in leprosy with filariasis have been presented to emphasise the coexistance of the two conditions in the areas endemic to filariasis and leprosy. One may modify the clinical features of the other. Necessity of recognising filariasis as an important precipitating factor for lepra reaction in tropical countries has been highlighted for proper management of rather protracted and resistant cases.

Adult↗