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PubMed1995

[Secretory immunoglobulin A in human milk and infants' feces at 1-4 months after delivery].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in human milk at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months after delivery and in infants' feces in the same period and find out the effect of milk on the content of SIgA in infants' intestine. METHODS: 20 women and 12 breast feeding infants and 13 formula feeding infants were studied, and milk and infants' feces were collected at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months after delivery, respectively. The concentrations of SIgA in milk and feces were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: No apparent changes in the concentration of SIgA were found in human milk and feces from breast feeding and formula feeding infants at 1-4 months after delivery, but the concentration of fecal SIgA in breast feeding infants was significantly higher than that in the formula feeding infants, during the first 4 months after birth. CONCLUSIONS: Human milk can provide a large amount of SIgA for infants. We conclude from these data that human milk is beneficial in protecting the immunological function of infants digestive tract.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1996

Trypanosoma cruzi: polymerase chain reaction-based detection in dried feces of Triatoma infestans.

PCR was employed to detect Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in Triatoma infestans dry fecal spots collected on filter papers. Both insects fed on experimentally infected monkeys and insects collected in a Paraguayan endemic area for Chagas' disease were examined. When the insects fed on a chronically infected monkey with low parasitemia as revealed by direct microscopic observation (DMO), T. cruzi was detected in the insect feces by PCR as soon as 2 days postfeeding. When the same experiment was performed on monkeys with parasitemia levels below the limit of detection by DMO, the degree of positivity found through PCR-Southern hybridization, applied on Day 8 postfeeding, was superior to that obtained through xenoculture. These results suggest that PCR can be used to speed the xenodiagnosis results with great sensitivity. On the other hand, when applied to the feces of triatomines collected in the field, 84% were positive by PCR-Southern hybridization, whereas only 26% were positive by DMO. Therefore, PCR could also be applied to the monitoring of the infection status of triatomines which infest rural dwellings by examining only the feces left on paper sensors hung on the walls of the houses.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Specific IgA to lactic acid bacteria in feces of children consuming milk fermented by yoghurt symbiosis and Lactobacillus casei (Danone strain DN 114 001).

An immunoreactive role of lactic acid bacteria established in animals has seldom been investigated in humans. In a large-scale clinical study, children from day-care centers received either yoghurt (Y), milk fermented by yoghurt symbiosis and Lactobacillus casei (DN 114 001) (YC), or gelified milk (GM) as diet supplements during two 30-day supplementation periods separated by one 30-day period without supplementation. Feces samples were collected before, during, and after the 2nd supplementation period. Proteins were extracted in a buffer containing enzymatic inhibitors. IgA levels were assessed and adjusted to the weight of feces samples. Specific IgA to lactic acid bacteria strains (Streptococcus thermophilus 8901A, 8902A; Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Lactobacillus casei) present in Y and YC were assayed in ELISA and adjusted to individual IgA levels. Mean levels of fecal IgA were within reported ranges for pediatric populations of similar age. IgA levels decreased significantly but transiently in children receiving Y, and increased significantly in children receiving GM, but did not vary in the group of children who were given YC. Specific IgA to the 4 strains tested increased significantly during the supplementation period only in the group of children receiving GM, while it was transient and not significant in children receiving YC. No variation was noted in children given Y Specific IgA to lactic acid bacteria can be assayed in feces. Supplementation with fermented milks might induce a mucosal tolerance to environmental flora.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Identification of metabolites of phytosterols in rat feces using GC/MS.

Beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol have been known to the phytosterols the most frequently found in plants. Metabolism of phytosterols was investigated using rat feces and liver microsomes. Feces were collected after phytosterols (a well characterized mixture of beta-sitosterol 40%, campesterol 30% and dihydrobrasicasterol) were administered orally (0.5 g/kg) to rats. Metabolites of phytosterols were identified using GC/MS. Three peaks were eluted at 12.47, 12.65, 12.87 min and had characteristic molecular ions m/z 428, 430, 432, respectively. Three fecal metabolites were identified as androstadienedione, androstenedione, and androstanedione. No metabolites could be detected in the rat liver microsomal reaction mixture. The results suggest that the metabolites of phytosterols in rat feces are formed by oxidation at 3- position, saturation at 5- and 6- position, and 17- side chain cleavage in the rat large intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Increased complexity of the species composition of lactic acid bacteria in human feces revealed by alternative incubation condition.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA fragments generated by PCR with primers specific for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was applied to investigate various media and incubation conditions to recover LAB from human feces. Samples were plated on selective and nonselective media and incubated under standard condition (37 degrees C, anaerobiosis) for fecal LAB as well as alternative condition (30 degrees C, 2% O2). PCR-DGGE analyses of resuspended bacterial biomass (RBB) obtained from agar plates revealed that the species composition of the recovered LAB was affected more strongly by the incubation condition than by the used medium. It was observed that food-associated LAB, such as Lactobacillus sakei and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, hitherto not described as intestinal inhabitants, are more easily selected when the alternative incubation condition is used. Identification of randomly picked colonies grown under the alternative condition showed that L. sakei is one of the predominant food-associated LAB species, reaching counts of up to 106 CFU/g feces. Comparison of the results of bacteriological culture with those obtained by PCR-DGGE analysis of the RBB showed that investigation of RBB is a fast and reliable method to gain insight into the species composition of culturable LAB in feces.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

News & notes: adhesiveness of Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from feces of healthy donors, abscesses, and blood.

Bacteroides fragilis strains attached to oral epithelial cells (ECs) and the cell line Intestine 407 and associated with human phagocytes with different efficiencies depending on their source. The 58%, 75%, and 40% of strains isolated from feces, abscesses, and blood respectively adhered to ECs with good efficiency (11-40 bacteria/cell). Of the strains from feces and abscesses, 17% and 20% exhibited a high adherence (>40 bacteria/cell); however, none of the blood isolates presented this property. Similar results were obtained with the cell line Intestine 407 and human phagocytes. Of the isolates from feces, abscesses, and blood, 20%, 56%, and 71% respectively also exhibited hemagglutination ability, indicating that this property is a virulence trait more frequently present among pathogenic isolates than in commensal strains.

Abscess↗
PubMed2005

Cryptosporidium infection in livestock and first identification of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype in cattle feces in Taiwan.

Fecal survey by modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) method and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle and goats in Taiwan showed a prevalence of 37.6% (173/460) and 35.8% (44/123), respectively. In addition to the calves, adult cattle were also found to be shedding Cryptosporidium oocyst. No significant difference was observed between diarrheic and non-diarrheic cattle feces with regard to the presence of Cryptosporidium oocyst. Two groups of oocysts with different diameter sizes, possibly indicating two different species, were observed in the cattle feces. By PCR analysis using primers directed against the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing of the amplicon, we were able to confirm that one of the oocyst species belong to that of the bovine genotype of Cryptosporidium parvum. This is the first identification of a genotype of C. parvum oocyst in the feces of cattle in Taiwan.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Experimental inoculation of adult dairy cows with bovine coronavirus and detection of coronavirus in feces by RT-PCR.

A reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting a 407 bp fragment of the nucleocapsid gene of bovine coronavirus (BCV) was developed for detection of BCV RNA in feces of experimentally inoculated cattle. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR were confirmed using tissue culture-adapted BCV strains and feces of 2 calves inoculated with BCV. Ten nonpregnant, BCV seropositive, adult dairy cows were inoculated with winter dysentery (WD) (n = 8) or calf diarrhea (CD) (n = 2) strains of BCV intranasally and orally (n = 2) or through a surgically-placed duodenal catheter (n = 8) with and without dexamethasone treatment or feeding ice water. The 6 cows inoculated with BCV intranasally and through a duodenal catheter (2 of 2 cows given CD BCV and 4 of 6 cows given WD BCV) developed mild diarrhea, and BCV was detected in diarrheal feces by RT-PCR, ELISA or immune electron microscopy. These results suggest that CD and WD strains of BCV can cause diarrhea in adult cows in conjunction with host or environmental factors and that RT-PCR might be useful to diagnose BCV infections in calves and adult cows.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interindividual differences in microbial counts and biochemical-associated variables in the feces of healthy Spanish adults.

The aim of this study was to examine, over a period of 1 year, interindividual variations in the most prominent and representative of the cultivatable microbial populations in the feces of eight healthy Spanish persons. A number of biochemical variables (enzyme activities and ammonium and short-chain fatty acid [SCFA] concentrations) thought to be influenced by the GIT microbiota were also analyzed. Total cultivatable microbial counts ranged from 10(10) to 10(11) cfu/g of feces. The largest populations were obligate anaerobes belonging to the Clostridium clusters, followed by species of bifidobacteria and bacteroides. Coliforms and lactobacilli were found at a more intermediate level (10(5)-10(9) cfu/g). The predominant anaerobe populations remained quite constant over time, but all other microbial groups showed significant interindividual differences. Enzyme profiles were individual-dependent, but within subjects, moderate to high intersample variations over time were recorded for some activities. Fecal ammonium concentration was the most unpredictable variable; this fluctuated widely between individuals and samples. Acetic acid was the most abundant SCFA in the feces, followed by butyric and propionic acids. SCFA concentrations also varied according to the individual; some subjects showed specific profiles in terms of SCFA composition or concentration. The fecal microbial and biochemical parameters studied seemed to be individual-dependent. Most variables were rather stable over time, while others (e.g., ammonium concentration) varied widely.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Rapid and improved method for the determination of bile acids in human feces using MS.

A simple method for the determination of bile acids in adult human fecal samples using GC-MS is described. Bile acids are directly extracted from feces by ethanol (95%) containing 0.1 N NaOH. Extracts are purified by passage through a reversed-phase C18 silica cartridge and then analyzed by GC-MS. The present study has shown that lyophilized human feces contain mainly free bile acids, with lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) as the major bile acids; however, isomers of LCA and DCA, keto-bile acids, and cholic acid are also present. Any traces of conjugated bile acids are hydrolyzed before the C18 extraction by deconjugating enzymes, which are present in feces and are activated by the addition of water during the homogenization step. Thus, the analysis of fecal bile acids can be performed without the hydrolysis step in less than 4 h in comparison to traditional techniques, which usually require at least 48 h.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Oligosaccharides from feces of preterm infants fed on breast milk.

Nine neutral and five acidic oligosaccharides were isolated from feces of a preterm (30th postmenstrual week) blood group A nonsecretor infant fed on pooled breast milk. Structural analyses were carried out using sugar and methylation analyses, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR. The acidic oligosaccharides are well-known components of human milk. The neutral oligosaccharides are characteristic of nonsecretor milk. Surprisingly, no secretor gene-dependent oligosaccharides were present in the feces. Another preterm (27th postmenstrual week) blood group A, secretor infant fed on pooled breast milk showed the same fecal oligosaccharide pattern as above during the first week after birth, despite being a secretor individual. Also notable was the absence of blood group A-active oligosaccharides in this sample. Another sample of feces collected 8 weeks later from the latter infant contained the expected blood group A-active oligosaccharides. Furthermore, free sialic acid was present at the cost of the sialyl oligosaccharides seen earlier. Thus, infants born prematurely do not show the same degree of development of oligosaccharide metabolism as their more mature counterparts.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed1990

Immunochemical detection of human blood in feces.

We have developed a new immunochemical test for fecal occult blood utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of human hemoglobin (HbAo) and transferrin (Tf) simultaneously. The ELISA had a sensitivity of about 15 ng/ml Hb, and the measurable range was 1.5-750 micrograms Hb per g feces. The stability of Tf in feces was greater than that of Hb. In 17 out of 18 patients with colon cancer, 8 out of 15 patients with colon polyps, and 11 out of 20 patients with upper-gastrointestinal disorders. The Hb and Tf values were more than 10 micrograms/g feces, in terms of Hb concentration. The ELISA for human fecal HbAo and Tf might be useful for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of free and conjugated bile acids in serum, liver biopsies, bile, gastric juice and feces by fluorescence labeling.

Separation and measurement of commonly occurring free and conjugated bile acids in serum, liver biopsies, bile, gastric juice and feces have been successfully accomplished using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence labeling. Free and conjugated bile acids were extracted from pretreated samples using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and then fractionated on a piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 column. Free and glycine conjugated bile acids were labelled with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. Taurine conjugated bile acids were hydrolysed with cholylglycine hydrolase prior to derivatization with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. Labelled bile acids were eluted using an acetonitrile/methanol/water gradient on an ultrasphere ODS column. The eluate was monitored by a fluorophotometer at 360 nm (excitation) and 410 nm (emission). Linearity was obtained between 50 and 400 nmol. Recoveries from serum, gastric juice and feces were greater than 87%. This is therefore a sensitive method for the precise quantification of bile acids in serum, liver biopsies, bile, gastric juice and feces.

Bile↗
PubMed1994

Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Epidemiological studies suggest that fecal-oral spread of Helicobacter pylori potentially represents an important route of infection. However, the bacterium has never been isolated from feces of adults in the developed world. This study attempted to isolate H. pylori from stool specimens donated by 36 adults from the United Kingdom who had dyspepsia. METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were obtained and, after centrifugation to harvest bacteria, cultured onto H. pylori selective growth media. Pure colonies of H. pylori were obtained by subculture and were then analyzed using polymerase chain reaction to confirm genotypic identity. RESULTS: H. pylori was isolated from feces in 12 of 25 subjects with dyspepsia proven to be H. pylori-positive at endoscopy and/or 14C urea breath test. Initial bacterial identification was made on the basis of various phenotypic methods. Genotypic confirmation that the bacterium was indeed H. pylori was also made. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to conclusively show that H. pylori can be isolated from feces obtained from adults in the United Kingdom. The implication of this finding is that transmission of H. pylori infection by the fecal-oral route is feasible.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Arsenic metabolites in urine and feces of hamsters pretreated with PCB.

High pressure liquid chromatography and graphite tube atomizing atomic absorption spectrometry were used to quantify monomethyl arsonic acid (MMA), dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA), and inorganic arsenic (IA: arsenite plus arsenate) in the urine and feces of male and female hamsters pretreated with a single ip injection of PCB (100 mg/kg) and 4 days later given a single po dose of arsenite (10 mg As/kg). Approximately 17 to 23% and 35 to 63% of the arsenic given was eliminated in the urine and feces, respectively, during the 5 days after the administration of arsenic. Both DMA and MMA were found in the urine but only MMA was detected in the feces, as methylated metabolite. Fecal excretion of arsenic was significantly larger in female than in males. PCB influenced the metabolism of arsenic by significantly increasing the proportion of DMA excreted into the urine of female hamsters during the 5 days after the arsenic administration, but did not alter the total amount of arsenic metabolites in any group of male or female hamsters. PCB did not affect the cumulative amounts of fecal arsenic in any group, although the excretion in the PCB-treated group of females reached the maximum level 1 day earlier than in the controls. These results suggest that the metabolism of arsenic may be regulated by certain sex-relating factors which are influenced by PCB.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fecal mutagens and Bacteroides fragilis levels in the feces of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats: influence of diet.

In a study designed to investigate the effects of dietary synergisms on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis, fecal pellets were examined for the presence of direct-acting fecal mutagens and levels of Bacteroides fragilis group organisms. Intraperitoneal injections of DMH at 10 mg/kg were given for 16 weeks (weeks 3-18) to 160 male F344 rats consuming 4 supplemental dietary factors in all possible combinations. The dietary factors examined were wheat bran (15%), cholesterol (1%), beef tallow (18%) and indole-3-carbinol (IC) (0.1%). Feces were collected 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 weeks after commencing the dietary treatments and dichloromethane extracts were assayed using the Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without metabolic activation. The numbers of B. fragilis group organisms were enumerated in feces collected at the same time. Most feces samples were negative for mutagens but extracts from weeks 17-31 showed a significant mutagenic response from the IC factor in the diet. The fecal levels of B. fragilis were significantly increased by the inclusion of cholesterol in the diets. The B. fragilis counts and fecal mutagen production were not correlated (r = 0.09), although species of the B. fragilis group have been implicated in the production on human fecal mutagens.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A simple touch-down polymerase chain reaction for the detection of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus in feces.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is described for the detection of parvovirus in feces of dogs and cats. A touch-down protocol was used which enabled the specific amplification of virion DNA from feces after a fast and simple boiling pretreatment. The sensitivity of PCR was as high as ten infectious particles per reaction which corresponds to a titer of about 10(3) infectious particles per gram of unprocessed feces. This renders the PCR about 10- to 100-fold more sensitive than electron microscopy, the standard method for parvovirus diagnosis. The very rapid and simple sample preparation recommends this PCR assay as an alternative technique for routine parvovirus diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Metabolism of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole in the rat (III): Metabolites in the urine and feces.

The urinary and fecal metabolites of orally administered 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA) and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) in rats were identified. Samples of 2-day pooled urine and feces of rats given a single intragastric dose of 1 g/kg body wt of tert[butyl-14C]3-BHA (*Bu-3-BHA). tert[butyl-14C]2-BHA (*Bu-2-BHA), [methyl-14C]3-BHA (*Me-3-BHA) or [methyl-14C]-2-BHA (*Me-2-BHA) were analyzed by comparing thin-layer chromatography (TLC) retentions with authentic standards. Conjugated metabolites were identified after enzymatic hydrolysis. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron impact mass spectrometry were used for confirmation of the authentic standards. In rats given 3-BHA, a major metabolite in the urine was 3-BHA-glucuronide with a smaller amount of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)-sulfate, while unchanged 3-BHA and 3-BHA-glucuronide were detected in the feces. In rats given 2-BHA, the main metabolites were the sulfate conjugates of 2-BHA, 4-tert-butyl-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (2-TBOQ) and the glucuronide of 2-BHA in the urine, while unchanged 2-BHA was found in the feces.

Administration, Oral↗