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Results for “Ethanol utilization”

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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Cloning of a second gene encoding 5-phosphofructo-2-kinase in yeast, and characterization of mutant strains without fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

We have identified a new gene, PFK27, that encodes a second inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sequencing shows an open reading frame of 397 amino acids and 45.3 kDa. Amino acid sequence comparisons with other bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isoenzymes of various organisms revealed similarities only to the kinase domains. Expression of PFK27 was induced severalfold by glucose and sucrose, but not by galactose or maltose, suggesting that sugar transport might be involved in triggering the induction signal. We have constructed a mutant strain devoid of any fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. The mutant strain grew well on several kinds and concentrations of carbon sources. The levels of hexose phosphates in the cells were increased, but flux rates for glucose utilization and ethanol production were similar to the wild-type strain. However, after the transfer of the mutant cells from respiratory to fermentative growth conditions, growth, glucose consumption and ethanol production were delayed in a transition phase. Our results show that fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is an important effector in vivo of the 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase/fructose-1 ,6-bisphosphatase enzyme pair, and is involved in the initiation of glycolysis during the transition to a fermentative mode of metabolism. Nevertheless, it can be effectively replaced by other effectors and regulatory mechanisms during growth on glucose.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Comparative evaluation of the clinical utility of three markers of ethanol intake: the effect of gender.

We evaluated three markers of ethanol intake [whole blood associated acetaldehyde (WBAA), serum beta-hexosaminidase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)] in four groups of subjects: teetotalers (n = 104), random insurance applicants or "normals" (n = 1,010), subjects enrolling in an alcohol treatment program or "alcoholics" (n = 31), and subjects attending outpatient drug/alcohol treatment follow-up clinics (n = 128). Significant differences (p < 0.004 for each assay and each comparison) were found in the mean values between teetotalers and normals and normals and alcoholics. Male teetotalers and normals had significantly (p < 0.002) higher levels of WBAA than females of the same group. Male normals had significantly higher levels of GGT than females (p < 0.001). GGT increased with age in the normal population into the fifth decade and decreased thereafter. WBAA was the most sensitive assay with 97% of alcoholics having values above the 99th percentile for the teetotaler population (vs. 66% for serum beta-hexosaminidase and 70% for GGT). None of the alcoholic subjects had values for all three assays below the 99th percentile for teetotalers compared with 21% of those in follow-up and 72% of normals. We conclude that WBAA appears to be the best of the three markers studied and that measurement of multiple markers for ethanol use appears clinically useful and incremental.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1993

Biometric Study of Acetoin Production in Hanseniaspora guilliermondii and Kloeckera apiculata.

Gas chromatographic analysis by direct injection of samples yielded quantitative data on acetoin content. Ninety-six strains of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii and Kloeckera apiculata were investigated for the ability to produce acetoin in synthetic medium and in must. High-level production of acetoin was found to be a characteristic of both species. In synthetic medium, the two species were not significantly different with respect to sugar utilization and ethanol or acetoin production. In grape must, the two species were significantly different (P = 0.001) in acetoin production and K. apiculata exhibited a significantly negative correlation between acetoin production and either sugar consumption or ethanol production. Use of selected apiculate yeasts in mixed cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems promising for optimization of wine bouquet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Kinetic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of xylose metabolism by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis ZM4(pZB5).

The specific rates of growth, substrate utilization, and ethanol production as well as yields of biomass and ethanol production on xylose for the recombinant Zymomonas mobilis ZM4(pZB5) were shown to be much less than those on glucose or glucose-xylose mixtures. Typical fermentations with ZM4(pZB5) growing on glucose-xylose mixtures followed two-phase growth kinetics with the initial uptakes of glucose and xylose being followed by slower growth and metabolic uncoupling on xylose after glucose depletion. The reductions in rates and yields from xylose metabolism were considered in the present investigation and may be due to a number of factors, including the following: (i) the increased metabolic burden from maintenance of plasmid-related functions, (ii) the production of by-products identified as xylitol, acetate, lactate, acetoin, and dihydroxyacetone by (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography, (iii) growth inhibition due to xylitol by the putative inhibitory compound xylitol phosphate, and (iv) the less energized state of ZM4(pZB5). In vivo (31)P-NMR studies have established that the levels of NTP and UDP sugars on xylose were less than those on glucose, and this energy limitation is likely to restrict the growth of the recombinant strain on xylose media.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2006

Use of alcoholic beverages in VA medical centers.

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines are the first-line choice for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. However, several hospitals continue to provide alcoholic beverages through their formulary for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. While there are data on the prevalence of this practice in academic medical centers, there are no data on the availability of alcoholic beverages at the formularies of the hospitals operated by the department of Veteran's Affairs. METHODS: In this study, we surveyed the Pharmacy managers at 112 Veterans' Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) to ascertain the availability of alcohol on the VAMC formularies, and presence or lack of a policy on the use of alcoholic beverages in their VA Medical Center. RESULTS: Of the pharmacy directors contacted, 81 responded. 8 did not allow their use, while 20 allowed their use. There was a lack of a consistent policy across the VA medical centers on availability and use of alcoholic beverages for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. CONCLUSION: There is lack of uniform policy on the availability of alcoholic beverages across the VAMCs, which may create potential problems with difference in the standards of care.

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium↗
PubMed1985

A survey of drug usage among patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital.

A six-month survey of the urinary concentrations of drugs and alcohol of 176 patients within one hour of their admission to the acute psychiatric wards of the Macquarie Hospital, Sydney, is reported. Non-prescribed drugs were detected in the urine specimens of 29.5% of patients and alcohol in the urine specimens of 13.6% of patients. The survey demonstrated inconsistencies between patients' reports of their recent drug or alcohol intake and the laboratory findings, and inadequacies in the information recorded and relayed to the laboratory at the time of patients' admission to the hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Biodegradation of the energetic compound TNT through a multiple-stage treatment approach.

Biodegradation of the energetic compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its intermediate 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) was investigated in this study. From previous investigations, a relationship between the biological utilization of ethanol as co-substrate for the reduction of TNT under anaerobic conditions was proposed using an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor (AFBR). In this study, the theoretical co-substrate requirement for reduction of TNT to TAT was further investigated through the systematic lowering of the ethanol loading to the reactor. Near complete reduction to TAT was observed up to a critical ethanol loading point, as well as the production of methane from the limited excess available ethanol. Once ethanol deficient loading conditions were established, the increased presence of incompletely reduced degradation intermediates, such as 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene, and even TNT, was observed. The cessation of methanogenesis confirmed that no excess ethanol was available. Degradation of the TAT intermediate in the reactor effluent was investigated using two second-stage reactors under oxidizing conditions. The first was an aerobic activated sludge reactor, and the second was a denitrifying fluidized-bed reactor (DenFBR). The aerobic reactor was successful in lowering the chemical oxygen demand (COD), but complete removal of TAT was not accomplished. Because of TAT polymerization and auto-oxidation under aerobic conditions, it was difficult to confirm to what extent of TAT removal was biological. In the DenFBR, incompletely reduced TNT intermediates were not successfully degraded, but strong evidence existed for the degradation of TAT. This is the first known report of second stage degradation of TAT under denitrifying conditions.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1992

A simple and rapid method for the preparation of apolipoproteins for electrophoresis.

A new method is described for the rapid preparation of apolipoproteins for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is suitable for all serum lipoproteins including chylomicrons. The procedure involves extraction with diethyl ether in the presence of trichloroacetic acid and sodium deoxycholate. The method gives an improved protein recovery, in particular with chylomicrons. In addition, samples do not require dialysis to remove salts (e.g., KBr) prior to processing; as a consequence, the procedure requires only 1 h. Due to this rapidity and the high yields, the procedure is superior to present methods utilizing ethanol-diethyl ether extraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Phospholipid synthesis in isolated fat cells. Studies of microsomal diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase and diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities.

Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) and diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.1) activities were investigated in microsomes from isolated rat fat cells. Assays based on the conversion of CDP-[14C]choline of CDP-[14C]ethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine utilized ethanol-dispersed diacylglycerols and 1 to 5 microng of protein. Cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities had similar dependences on MgCl2 and pH, and were inhibited similarly by CaCl2, organic solvents, Triton X-100, Tween 20, and dithiothreitol. Ethylene glycol bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid stimulated both activities similarly. With 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol, the cholinephosphotransferase activity had an apparent Km for CDP-choline of 23.9 micronM and a V max of 8.54 nmol/min/mg. CDP-ethanolamine and CDP were competitive inhibitors of the cholinephosphotransferase activity (apparent Kl values of 227 micronM and 360 micronM, respectively). With 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol, the ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity had an apparent Km of 18.3 micronM for CDP-ethanolamine and a V max of 1.14 nmol/min/mg. CDP-choline appeared to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of the ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity (apparent Kl of 1620 micronM). Inhibition of the ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity by CDP appeared to be of a mixed type. The dependences on diacylglycerols containing fatty acids 6 to 18 carbons in length were investigated...

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1968

Drugs and sleep.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed1997

Metabolic consequences of alcohol dependency.

Alcohol dependency leads to a variety of biochemical adaptations and morphological changes which may be considered as either adaptive or destructive. This ranges from the utilization of ethanol as a metabolic fuel, to overt tissue and cellular damage, and may lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. Virtually every organ system is affected by either acute and chronic ethanol exposure and numerous metabolic pathways are altered. As a consequence of these wide ranging effects, it is extremely difficult to cover every aspect of alcohol toxicity in a single review. Instead, attention is focussed on selected areas, such as nutrition and protein metabolism in the liver and bone (and to a lesser extent, skeletal muscle and the gastrointestinal tract). The aim is to illustrate the numerous ways in which alcohol affects the body.

Alcohol-Related Disorders↗
PubMed2002

Butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 in an immobilized cell biofilm reactor: increase in sugar utilization.

Acetone butanol ethanol was produced in a continuous immobilized cell (biofilm) plug-flow reactor inoculated with Clostridium beijerinckii BA101. To achieve high reactor productivity, C. beijerinckii BA101 cells were immobilized by adsorption onto clay brick. The continuous plug-flow reactor offers high productivities owing to reduced butanol inhibition and increased cell concentration. Although high productivity was achieved, it was at the expense of low sugar utilization (30.3%). To increase sugar utilization, the reactor effluent was recycled. However, this approach is complicated by butanol toxicity. The effluent was recycled after removal of butanol by pervaporation to reduce butanol toxicity in the reactor. Recycling of butanol-free effluent resulted in a sugar utilization of 100.7% in addition to high productivity of 10.2 g/(L x h) at a dilution rate of 1.5 h(-1). A dilution rate of 2.0 h(-1) resulted in a reactor productivity of 16.2 g/(L x h) and sugar utilization of 101.4%. It is anticipated that this reactor-recovery system would be economical for butanol production when using C. beijerinckii BA101.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1980

[Digestive and metabolic utilization of dietary nitrogen in rats receiving tannic acid, sulfite and ethanol, administrated singly or in combination].

In a first experiment, 8 groups of male rats received for 6 months diets containing 23 p. 100 casein: 1) standard semi-synthetic diet (R); 2) standard diet with 1 p. 100 potassium metabisulfite (S); 3) standard diet with 3.2 p 100 tannic acid (T); 4) standard diet with sulfite and tannic acid (ST); 5) standard diet in which ethanol replaced 30 p. 100 of the carbon-hydrate energy (E); 6) standard diet with sulfite and ethanol (SE); 7) standard diet with tannic acid and ethanol (TE); 8) standard diet with sulfite, tannic acid and ethanol (STE). In another experiment, 6 groups of male rats received for 6 months diets containing 11.5 p. 100 casein: 1) standard diet (R) fed ad libitum; 2) standard diet (R') fed in restricted amounts equal to those ingested by the rats receiving the diet with tannic acid; 3) standard diet with tannic acid (T); 4) standard diet with sulfite and tannic acid (ST); 5) standard diet with tannic acid and ethanol (TE); 6) standard diet with sulfite, tannic acid and ethanol (STE). The digestive utilization of dry matter, digestive utilization and biological value of nitrogen were determined at the beginning of the experiments and after two and six months. 1. Tannic acid caused a marked decrease in food intake in animals fed 11.5 p. 100 casein but had only a slight effect in animals fed 23 p. 100 casein. 2. Fecal excretion of dry matter was strongly enhanced in rats fed tannic acid. Sulfite and ethanol had a slight effect when given singly, but caused modifications to the effect of tannic acid when they were associated with it. 3. Fecal excretion of nitrogen was strongly increased by tannic acid, and this effect was quantitatively modified by the presence of the two other compounds, particularly by sulfite. 4. Ethanol generally increased the urinary excretion of nitrogen but interactions between the effects of the three substances were observed. Particularly, the simultaneous feeding of the three substances provoked after 6 months a poor metabolic utilization of the nitrogen, and also a lower digestive utilization of the proteins. 5. Generally all the effects of the three compounds were more marked when the dietary level of protein was low than when it was high.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low-molecular-weight metabolites relevant to ethanol metabolism: correlation with alcohol withdrawal severity and utility for identification of alcoholics.

The blood levels of ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, methanol, acetone, lactate, pyruvate, and glucose were measured in 23 male alcohol-dependent patients on days 2 to 6 after hospitalization and in 22 healthy male blood donors. Correlations between the biochemical parameters and 17 symptoms of the alcohol-withdrawal syndrome (AWS) were calculated. Abnormally high levels of ethanol, methanol, acetate, and acetone as well as hypoglycaemia were found on day 2, but lactacidaemia and pyruvataemia were pronounced throughout the observation period. AWS severity correlated positively with the acetone content on day 2 and with the acetate content on days 2 to 6. Negative correlations were found between ethanol levels and craving for alcohol, methanol levels and craving for alcohol, and between psychopathologic disorders and the total AWS severity score. The results suggest that concentrations of blood ethanol, methanol, acetate, and acetone exceeding their normal endogenous levels can be used only as indicators of recent heavy drinking. Linear discriminant analysis using the levels of the nine parameters studied enabled the correct classification of 91% to 96% of alcoholic patients during 1 week of abstinence and 100% of control subjects. The most informative parameters in the discrimination between alcoholics and controls were lactate, pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, acetate, and acetone.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis.

Two patients with extremely high blood methanol concentrations (260 and 282 mg/dl) were successfully treated using pharmacokinetic dosing of ethanol, hemodialysis and supportive measures. Both patients recovered completely without residual ophthalmologic deficits. Early hemodialysis and inhibition of methanol metabolism with effective ethanol concentrations were attributed to the patients' full recovery. Methanol elimination was enhanced by hemodialysis as evidenced by a decrease in half-life from eight to two and a half hours. Methanol dialysance was 98 ml/min. A dosage regimen for ethanol was devised, utilizing dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters and the ethanol dialysance (100 to 120 ml/min) from these two patients. An ethanol loading dose of 0.6 g/kg should be administered to an adult with an acute methanol ingestion. This dose will produce a blood ethanol concentration of approximately 100 mg/dl which can be maintained by an ethanol infusion of 66 mg/kg/hour for nondrinkers to 154 mg/kg/hour for chronic ethanol drinkers. Hemodialysis should be initiated if the blood methanol concentration is greater than 50 mg/dl. If hemodialysis is initiated, the ethanol infusion should be increased by 7.2 g/hour.

Ethanol↗