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PubMed2006

Antimicrobial activity of a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor, LBM415, tested against respiratory tract and cutaneous infection pathogens: a global surveillance report (2003-2004).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the spectrum of activity and potency of LBM415, the first of the peptide deformylase inhibitor (PDFI) class to be developed for treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (uSSTI), against a large, contemporary international collection of targeted pathogens collected during 2003-2004. METHODS: A total of 21,636 isolates were tested by reference broth microdilution methods as part of a longitudinal international antimicrobial resistance surveillance study. Characteristics of the organism collection included resistance to oxacillin among 35.0% of Staphylococcus aureus and 76.0% of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS); resistance to penicillin (MIC > or = 2 mg/L) among 18.0% of Streptococcus pneumoniae; vancomycin resistance among 20.0% of Enterococcus spp. and ampicillin resistance among 22.0% of Haemophilus influenzae. RESULTS: LBM415 displayed potent activity against staphylococci, streptococci, Enterococcus faecium and Moraxella catarrhalis, with > or = 99.0% of strains being inhibited at < or = 4 mg/L; 97.0% of Enterococcus faecalis isolates and 92.0% of H. influenzae isolates were also inhibited at this concentration. Seventy-seven percent of Burkholderia cepacia and 82.0% of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were inhibited at < or = 8 mg/L. No differences in LBM415 activity against S. aureus, CoNS, S. pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp. and H. influenzae were detected for subsets susceptible or resistant to antimicrobials such as oxacillin, penicillin, ampicillin, macrolides, vancomycin and fluoroquinolones. While regional differences were apparent with some comparator agents, sensitivity to LBM415 did not vary significantly among strains from the various geographic areas sampled. One isolate of S. aureus displayed high-level resistance to LBM415 owing to multiple sequence changes in resistance phenotype genes (defB and fmt), despite the absence of the compound in clinical practice. This isolate remained susceptible to all other antimicrobials tested except for penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: With few differences detected among strains from various geographic regions, the first PDFI class agent to enter clinical development has consistently demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against commonly isolated pathogens associated with uncomplicated respiratory and cutaneous infections. These compounds represent a significant therapeutic advance owing to their novel mechanism of action and antibacterial spectrum, including activity against resistant organisms, should pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters support their continued development. Given the detection of a pre-existing PDFI-resistant isolate of S. aureus as demonstrated here, surveillance for resistance among the PDFI-targeted pathogens following introduction of this class of agent into clinical usage will be an important component of future studies.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2000

[Post-traumatic bacterial meningitis].

10 patients with posttraumatic bacterial meningitis were treated in the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Jagielloniam University--Collegium Medicum during the period of 63 months. Traffic accidents were responsible for 80% of all cases of trauma. The most common place of injury was the base of anterior cranial fossa. Infecting agent was established in 8 cases. Gram-positive aerobic cocci (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus spp.) were found in 4 patients, Gram-negative aerobic cocci (Neisseria meningitidis) in 2 patients, and Gram-negative aerobic rods (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli) in 3 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was still highly sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin and cefotaxime. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus spp. were sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Neisseria meningitidis was sensitive to penicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin/clavulonate. Gram negative aerobic rods were sensitive to third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides. Among 10 patients treated for posttraumatic bacterial meningitis 1 patient died and in 1 preserved vegetative state was diagnosed. In 4 patients severe or moderate disabilities developed, however 4 recovered completely. 6 patients after regression of the CNS infection were qualified to neurosurgical intervention. In 3 patients reconstructive operation of the basis of anterior cranial fossa with tissue glue Beriplast P. was done, the recovery was complete. 3 patients didn't agree to surgical operation, and we don't know what has happened with them. They have not come to the control visit.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in humans and animals in the Czech Republic between 2002 and 2004.

In the period between September 2002 and May 2004, a total of 6023 rectal swabs from humans in the Czech Republic were evaluated and 821 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated. Nine strains (1.1 %) were identified as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Two strains were VanA Enterococcus faecium, one strain was VanB Enterococcus faecalis and six strains were VanC Enterococcus casseliflavus. In total, 527 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated from poultry breeds of which 11 (2.1 %) were VRE. Most (54.5 %) were identified as VanA E. faecium. Cluster analysis of SmaI-generated macrorestriction patterns showed high variability in both human and animal VRE strains and no relatedness between strains from the two sources.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of three chromogenic agar plates for isolation and identification of urinary tract pathogens.

OBJECTIVE: To comparatively assess the performance of three chromogenic agar plates, CPS ID2, Chromogenic UTI, and USA, for the detection and enumeration of all urinary tract pathogens and the direct identification of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus spp. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-three urine specimens prospectively collected from hospitalized patients were randomly inoculated in parallel on the three media. RESULTS: Of the 243 urine specimens, 235 yielded positive cultures, of which 151 were pure cultures and 84 were mixed cultures. CPS ID2, Chromogenic UTI and USA agar gave detection rates of 99.1%, 97.1% and 96.6%, respectively. The main difference in non-detection between CPS ID2 agar and the two new media concerned Staphylococcus spp. strains. Based on the total number of strains detected (n = 348), the total identification rates of E. coli, P. mirabilis and Enterococcus spp. on CPS ID2 agar, Chromogenic UTI agar and USA agar were 60.3%, 61.2% and 59.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The detection rates and identification rates of the three media were very close and only minor differences were noted. The lower detection rates for Chromogenic UTI and USA were mainly due to their lesser ability to support growth of Staphylococcus spp.

Agar↗
PubMed2006

Influence of patient age on the frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates from hematology/oncology patients: report from the Chemotherapy Alliance for Neutropenics and the Control of Emerging Resistance Program (North America).

The Chemotherapy Alliance for Neutropenics and the Control of Emerging Resistance Program (CANCER) monitored the susceptibility of pathogens recovered in hematology/oncology centers from 2000 to 2002. A total of 3970 isolates from 32 hospitals (26 United States, 6 Canada) were analyzed at a central location (JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA) for trends in pathogen occurrence and reference antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The top 5 ranking pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (19.3%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (14.1%), Escherichia coli (13.4%), Enterococcus spp. (10.2%), and Klebsiella spp. (9.5%). A total of 35.5% of S. aureus and 78.8% of CoNS were resistant to oxacillin, whereas 22.0% of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were highly susceptible (>90%) to piperacillin/tazobactam, 3rd-generation cephalosporins, and ciprofloxacin, but 3.9% and 2.4% of these species, respectively, met screening criteria for extended spectrum beta-lactamase production. Enterobacter spp. were less susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone (83.7-88.2%) because of Amp C production and were most inhibited by cefepime and imipenem. Amikacin and polymyxin B were very active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (97.4-97.7% susceptible). Prevalence of S. aureus, E. coli, Enterobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp. increased significantly (+48% to 98%) with age, whereas CoNS and viridans group streptococci decreased markedly (-62% to 69%) with advancing age. The isolation of Gram-positive pathogens declined (55% to 47%) with age (< or =14 to > or =65 years). Fluoroquinolones generally exhibited decreased susceptibility with increased age against nearly all listed pathogens. Oxacillin resistance rates for S. aureus increased with age (6-46%) as did vancomycin resistance rates for enterococci (nil in < or =14 years group to 18-24% in adults). Pathogens infecting neutropenic patients did not reflect greater resistance than those found in the general hospitalized patients. Gram-positive organisms were only slightly more predominant (53.4%), and cited age-related variations in pathogen occurrence and/or susceptibility patterns by species must be considered for empiric regimes for hematology and oncology patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from surgical infections and their susceptibilities].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from surgical infections during the period from July 1982 to June 1995 were investigated in a multicenter study involving 19 hospitals in Japan, and the following results were obtained. 1. Though the isolation rate of P. aeruginosa was not high from primary infections, it was more frequently isolated from postoperative infections throughout the study period. Enterococcus spp., P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA were predominant among postoperative infections. From the postoperative cases that had previous antibiotic treatment, Enterococcus spp., MRSA and P. aeruginosa were more predominantly isolated than from those without previous treatments with antibiotics. 2. Cefozopran, ceftazidime, cefsulodin, aztreonam, carumonam, gentamicin, amikacin and ofloxacin had strong activities against P. aeruginosa. We recognize recently that antibiotic-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa against imipenem and ofloxacin have been increasing year by year.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial drug use and resistance in dogs.

Fifteen years (1984-1998) of records from a Veterinary Teaching Hospital were analyzed to determine whether antimicrobial drug resistance in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus, S. intermedius) isolated from clinical infections in dogs has increased, and whether there has been a change in the species of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in dogs. In coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp., a complex pattern showing both increases and decreases of resistance to different classes of antimicrobial drugs was observed, reflecting the changing use of different antimicrobial drug classes in the hospital over a similar period (1990-1999). In canine urinary tract infections identified from 1984 to 1998, an increase in the incidence of multiresistant Enterococcus spp. was apparent, with marginal increases also in incidence in Enterobacter spp. and in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both of which, like Enterococcus spp., are innately antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. A survey of directors of veterinary teaching hospitals in Canada and the United States identified only 3 hospitals that had any policy on use of "last resort" antimicrobial drugs (amikacin, imipenem, vancomycin). Evidence is briefly reviewed that owners may be at risk when dogs are treated with antimicrobial drugs, as well as evidence that some resistant bacteria may be acquired by dogs as a result of antimicrobial drug use in agriculture. Based in part on gaps in our knowledge, recommendations are made on prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in companion animals, as well as on the need to develop science-based infection control programs in veterinary hospitals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Bacteria involved in the blockage of biliary stents and their susceptibility to antibacterial agents.

Endoscopically inserted stents are used for the palliation of obstructive jaundice, but infections and blockage of these stents by biliary sludge and bacterial biofilm may develop, presenting major complications. To analyze which bacteria are involved in this process, 25 biliary stents were examined. Eighty-one microorganisms were isolated: 59 gram-negative bacteria (54 Enterobacteriaceae and 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 19 gram-positive bacteria (all Enterococcus spp.), and 3 Candida albicans. The Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to netilmicin (100%), imipenem (98%), ciprofloxacin (96%), cefotaxime (69%), and piperacillin (57%), whereas Enterococcus spp. were sensitive to imipenem (79%), piperacillin (75%), ciprofloxacin (63%), and ampicillin (58%). The unpredictable aetiology and high rates of antibiotic resistance suggest that bacteriological monitoring is mandatory to avoid treatment failures in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Clinically Relevant Enterococcus From Faecal Samples of Conservation-Priority Captive Ungulates in a United Arab Emirates Urban Zoo: A Cross-Sectional Baseline Study.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health challenge driven by microbial exchange among humans, animals and the environment. Zoological institutions offer useful settings for environmental AMR surveillance. This single-zoo cross-sectional study examined the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic characteristics of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) and clinically relevant Enterococcus spp. in faecal samples from 101 clinically healthy captive ungulates representing seven conservation-priority species at a major urban zoo in the United Arab Emirates. NTS was detected in 4/101 samples (3.9%), including serovars Schwarzengrund (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;2), Kentucky (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;1) and Chester (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;1). Among the four recovered NTS isolates, all met the study MDR definition within the tested panel, including a Salmonella Kentucky ST198 isolate carrying multiple resistance genes and quinolone-associated mutations. Enterococcus spp. were detected in 77/101 samples (76.2%), dominated by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus (each 41.5%). Among 33 E. faecium/Enterococcus faecalis isolates tested phenotypically, resistance was generally low, with erythromycin and ciprofloxacin resistance each observed in 9.1%. One clinically important E. faecium isolate showed glycopeptide resistance and genetic markers associated with reduced daptomycin susceptibility. These single-institution cross-sectional data provide an initial regional baseline for AMR-relevant enteric bacteria in conservation-managed ungulates and identify priorities for broader longitudinal and interface-based surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the antimicrobial activity of several antimicrobial agents against 97 clinical significant isolates of Enterococcus spp. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a 2-year prospective study at Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (National Institute of Pediatrics) in Mexico City. Ninety seven strains of Enterococcus spp. (60 E faecalis and 37 E. faecium) were tested against 11 antibiotics. Susceptibility tests were performed with agar, according to the standards of the sNational Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Isolates were screened for high-level resistance (HLR) to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and other antibiotics, as well as for vancomycin-phenotypes. Differences between proportions were evaluated with chi 2 of Fisher exact fest. RESULTS: Overall resistance rates to the antibiotics tested were: 17/97 (17.5%) to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and imipenem. There was neither HLR nor beta-lactamase production; 74/97 (48.4%) were resistant to erythromycin; 60% to ciprofloxacin; 31/97 (32%) to gentamicin, and 55/97 (56.7%) to streptomycin. Seven strains were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), all of them identified as E. faecium; 5/7 with Van A and 2/7 with Van B phenotypes. All the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. The difference in susceptibility among species was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mutidrug-resistant enterococci is a real problem and continuous surveillance is necessary. The microbiology laboratory is the first line of defense against the spread of multiantibiotic-resistan enterococci in the hospital environment. All the strains recovered should be tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and glycopeptides. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococcus species isolated from retail meats.

From March 2001 to June 2002, a total of 981 samples of retail raw meats (chicken, turkey, pork, and beef) were randomly obtained from 263 grocery stores in Iowa and cultured for the presence of Enterococcus spp. A total of 1,357 enterococcal isolates were recovered from the samples, with contamination rates ranging from 97% of pork samples to 100% of ground beef samples. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant species recovered (61%), followed by E. faecalis (29%), and E. hirae (5.7%). E. faecium was the predominant species recovered from ground turkey (60%), ground beef (65%), and chicken breast (79%), while E. faecalis was the predominant species recovered from pork chops (54%). The incidence of resistance to many production and therapeutic antimicrobials differed among enterococci recovered from retail meat samples. Resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin, a human analogue of the production drug virginiamycin, was observed in 54, 27, 9, and 18% of E. faecium isolates from turkey, chicken, pork, and beef samples, respectively. No resistance to linezolid or vancomycin was observed, but high-level gentamicin resistance was observed in 4% of enterococci, the majority of which were recovered from poultry retail meats. Results indicate that Enterococcus spp. commonly contaminate retail meats and that dissimilarities in antimicrobial resistance patterns among enterococci recovered from different meat types may reflect the use of approved antimicrobial agents in each food animal production class.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A selective and diagnostic medium for use in the enumeration of Listeria spp. in foods.

A new medium, called RAPAMY agar, has been elaborated for the isolation from and the enumeration of Listeria spp. in foods. It is based on Ralovich's nalidixic acid-trypaflavin-agar with the following modifications: (i) the slight inhibitory properties of that medium were overcome by the use of Columbia Blood agar base instead of tryptose agar and the addition of 0.05% ferric ammonium citrate and 2.5% egg yolk emulsion; (ii) selectivity was improved by the addition of 0.25% 2-phenyl ethanol and incubation under microaerobic conditions; (iii) the medium was provided with two diagnostic traits by the addition of (a) aesculin + ferric ammonium citrate; and (b) D-mannitol and phenol red. The growth of Enterococcus spp., the only organisms other than Listeria spp. which grow on RAPAMY agar, was not inhibited by the addition of 20 microgram.ml-1 Cefoxitin (Moxolactam). Higher levels inhibited some Listeria spp., but not the enterococci. The medium recovered Listeria spp. quantitatively and allowed recovery from foods colonized by Enterococcus spp. at levels upto 10(2) per g.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2004

Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens and rationale for empirical intravenous therapy.

Empirical antibiotic treatment in urinary tract infection (UTI) in children must rely on surveillance data on the epidemiology and resistance patterns of common uropathogens. A retrospective analysis of bacteria isolated from children with UTI irrespective of underlying disease or pre-treatment was performed at the University Hospital of Freiburg, Germany, in 1997, and from 1999 to 2001. In the first study period, 261 positive urine samples and in the second period 684 positive samples were analyzed. Escherichia coli (57.2%) was the leading uropathogen followed by Enterococcus spp. (13.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.0%), Proteus spp. (5.9%), Klebsiella spp. (4.7%), and Enterobacter/Citrobacter spp. (4.3%). Almost 50% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, but effectively no resistance against cephalosporins, aminogylcosides, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and imipenem was observed. In Enterococcus spp. the resistance to ampicillin was about 15% and 40% to netilmicin, while none of the latter showed high-level aminoglycoside resistance. In P. aeruginosa, there was no resistance to aminoglycosides. No difference in resistance patterns between the two study periods was observed. We conclude that an empirical combination treatment of ampicillin and gentamicin, netilmicin, or tobramycin is appropriate in children with UTI independent of pre-treatment or underlying disease. This therapy should be clinically efficacious, well tolerated, and cost effective, and should prevent unnecessary development of antimicrobial resistance.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Five-year surveillance of nosocomial infections in Ankara Training and Research Hospital.

The objective of this study was to assess the rate of nosocomial infections (NIs), frequency of nosocomial pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility changes in a 530-bed hospital over a five-year period. Hospital-wide laboratory-based NI surveillance was performed prospectively between 1999 and 2003. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's definitions were used for NIs and nosocomial surgical site infections, and NI rates were calculated by the number of NIs per number of hospitalized patients on an annual basis. NI rates ranged between 1.4% and 2.4%. Higher rates were observed in the neurology, neurosurgery, paediatric and dermatology departments; the low rate of NIs overall may be due to the surveillance method used. The most commonly observed infections were urinary tract, surgical site and primary bloodstream infections, and the most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Carbapenems were the most effective agents against enterobacteriaceae. Meticillin resistance among S. aureus isolates was less than 50%, and all S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. isolates were susceptible to glycopeptides apart from one glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium isolate identified in 2003. Data obtained by the same method enabled comparison between years and assisted in the detection of recent changes. Antimicrobial susceptibility data on nosocomial pathogens provided valuable guidance for empirical antimicrobial therapy of NIs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997). SENTRY Study Group (North America).

As part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1562 bacterial isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in 30 United States (U.S.) and 8 Canadian medical centers between October and December, 1997. The overall rank order of recovery of the six most common pathogens was Staphylococcus aureus (42.6%) > Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.3%) > Enterococcus spp. (8.1%) > Escherichia coli (7.2%) > Enterobacter spp. (5.2%) > beta-hemolytic streptocci (5.1%). With one exception, essentially the same order was observed in both the U.S. and Canada. The single exception was the Enterococcus group, which were the third most common isolate in the U.S. (9.6%), but the seventh most common isolate in Canada (3.7). Of note, 24.0% of S. aureus isolates were oxacillin resistant; vancomycin was uniformly active. Vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus spp. (16.5%) was observed only in the U.S. Several antimicrobial agents remained broadly active for SSTI isolates of P. aeruginosa, including meropenem, amikacin, tobramycin, and piperacillin with or without tazobactam. Imipenem resistance (MICs, > or = 8 micrograms/mL) was observed in 11.9% of isolates of P. aeruginosa and ceftazidime, and cefepime had equivalent activity (85.2% and 85.8% susceptible, respectively). Numerous beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones were broadly active against E. coli SSTI isolates (i.e. < 5% resistance). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was uncommon both with E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in both nations. Cefepime, imipenem, and meropenem; the aminoglycosides; and fluoroquinolones were conspicuously more active against Enterobacter spp. than other agents tested. High-level, stably derepressed Amp C beta-lactamase production was commonly observed in this group (26.8%), but cefepime generally retained activity against these ceftazidime-resistant organisms. The results of this study serve to define the most common bacterial causes of SSTIs in North America, elucidate patterns of antimicrobial resistance and can be used as a basis for making initial empiric antimicrobial management decisions in hospitalized patients with such infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Use of MPO chromogenic culture medium for routine processing of urine cultures].

BACKGROUND: The chromogenic culture medium, MPO, was compared to culture on CLED (cystein, lactose, electrolyte-deficient) agar for the detection, enumeration and identification of urinary tract pathogens. METHODS: A total of 1,080 clinical urine specimens were assessed. All samples were inoculated in MPO and CLED using the calibrated loop method. RESULTS: Among 145 positive urine samples, 171 strains of bacteria were isolated (111 Escherichia coli, 26 Enterococcus spp., 12 Proteus spp., 10 Enterobacteriaceae from the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 Streptococcus agalactiae, 3 Staphylococcus spp. and 4 Candida albicans. For all samples, enumeration of microorganisms was comparable with the two media studied. Identification was also similar, except for 6 cases in which Enterococcus spp. were only detected with the chromogenic medium. CONCLUSIONS: Overall urine culture results with MPO chromogenic medium were similar to those obtained with CLED, making it a feasible alternative to the standard medium. Moreover, use of a chromogenic technique implies a significant reduction in workload, since additional tests to identify the microorganisms isolated are not needed in most cases.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

[Statistic studies on bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections (report 6: isolation rate and drug sensitivity from 1988 through 1989)].

We examined the bacteria isolated from urine of patients in our department from 1988 though 1989. A total of 809 strains were isolated from the outpatients. They were 241 strains of gram-positive bacteria (29.8%). E. coli (32.0%) was isolated most frequently, followed by Enterococcus spp. (9.9%), Proteus group (7.4%), S. epidermidis (6.2%), P. aeruginosa (5.1%) and others. A total of 412 strains were isolated from the inpatients. They consisted of 173 strains of gram-positive bacteria (42.0%). Enterococcus spp. (17.0%) was isolated most frequently, followed by P. aeruginosa (12.6%), S. epidermidis (9.7%), E. coli (7.3%), S. aureus (6.6%) and others. Fewer P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens and Proteus group were isolated from the outpatients and fewer S. marcescens, E. coli and K. pneumoniae from inpatients than previously. More S. aureus were isolated abruptly from the inpatients and more E. coli were isolated from the outpatients than previously. E. cloacae, S. epidermidis, S. aureus and Corynebacterium spp. all isolated from inpatients showed lower antimicrobial sensitivity than those isolated from the outpatients.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1993

Controlled clinical comparison of two lysis-based blood culture systems, isolator and Septi-Chek Release, for detection of bloodstream infections.

A controlled clinical comparison was made of the Isolator (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) and the Septi-Chek Release bottle (Roche Diagnostics, Nutley, N.J.). From 6,345 blood culture sets fulfilling minimum criteria for volume of blood cultured, 840 strains were isolated, of which only 691 (82%) were considered to be representative of bloodstream infection according to Centers for Disease Control definitions. Statistically significant differences were found between the systems for the following organisms, which were all detected more frequently in the Isolator system: Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.0001), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (P = 0.008), Klebsiella pneumoniae (P = 0.05), Salmonella spp. (P = 0.03), and Candida albicans (P = 0.02). The Septi-Chek Release system required a longer period of time than the Isolator system for detection of the following organisms:S. aureus (P = 0.0001), Enterococcus spp. (P = 0.0001), Enterobacter cloacae (P = 0.03), Escherichia coli (P = 0.0001), Klebsiella oxytoca (P = 0.03), K. pneumoniae (P = 0.02), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P = 0.002), and C. albicans (P = 0.005). There were 430 episodes of bloodstream infections identified in the study; of these episodes, only those due to S. aureus were detected significantly more frequently (P = 0.0001) by the Isolator system than by the Septi-Chek Release system. However, episodes of bloodstream infections due to S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus spp., and E. coli were detected significantly faster by the Isolator system.

Adult↗