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PubMed2005

Health implications of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in Sub-Sahara African countries and their emigrants in Europe and the New World.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequencies of the protease inhibitor (PI) deficiency alleles of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT Deficiency) in indigenous populations in 12 countries in Sub-Sahara Africa because of their potential impact on the health in these populations with regard to the high risk for development of liver and lung disease. In addition, to discuss the unique susceptibility of these populations and emigrants to Europe and the New World to the adverse health effects associated with exposure to environmental microbes, chemicals, and particulates. METHODS: Detailed statistical analysis of the 24 control cohort databases from genetic epidemiological studies by others were used to estimate the allele frequencies and prevalence for the two most common deficiency alleles PIS and PIZ and to estimate the numbers at risk in each of the local Sub-Sahara populations as well as those who have emigrated from these countries to Europe and the New World. RESULTS: The present study has provided evidence for the presence of both PIS and PIZ in the general populations of Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, and Somalia, the PIS allele in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Mozambique, Namibia, and the Republic of Congo, and only the PIZ allele in Mali. CONCLUSION: AAT Deficiency is found in both the Black and "Colored" populations in many of the Sub-Sahara countries in Africa, providing evidence for the presence of AAT Deficiency in such populations in Europe and in the New World. Such populations should be screened for AAT Deficiency and made aware of their unique susceptibility to exposure to chemical and particulate agents in the environment.

Africa, Northern↗

PubMed1996

United Kingdom labour emigration and capital exports 1816-1991.

"This paper is concerned primarily with examining the nature of linkages between capital and labour emigration from the U.K. We also consider whether the primary impulses for emigration were push or pull influences--the main intent is to look at the relation between the flows rather than the determinants of either. The nature of the capital-labour link is examined qualitatively using historical argument and quantitatively using statistical tests and causality analysis. The starting time for analysis is the end of the Napoleonic Wars when useful data became available." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Demography↗

PubMed1986

St Kilda: emigrants and disease.

During the nineteenth century the inhabitants of the remote island of St Kilda persisted in their belief that they were susceptible to disease if exposed to infection brought by visitors; these ideas were the source of much ridicule. The emigration of thirty-six islanders to Australia in 1852 resulted in excessive mortality during the voyage compared with other Highland emigrants, and the 1930 evacuation to the mainland of Scotland also revealed their susceptibility to tuberculosis.

Australia↗

PubMed2006

Carryover aquatic effects on survival of metamorphic frogs during pond emigration.

In organisms with complex life cycles, physiological stressors during early life stages may have fitness-level impacts that are delayed into later stages or habitats. We tested the hypothesis that body size and date of metamorphosis, which are highly responsive to aquatic stressors, influence post-metamorphic survival and movement patterns in the terrestrial phase of an ephemeral pond-breeding frog by examining these traits in two populations of northern red-legged frogs (Rana aurora aurora). To increase variation of body size at metamorphosis, we manipulated food availability for 314 of 1045 uniquely marked tadpoles and estimated the probability that frogs survived and emigrated using concentric rings of drift fencing surrounding ponds and Bayesian capture-recapture modeling. The odds of surviving and emigrating from the ponds to the innermost drift fences, approximately 12 m, increased by factors of 2.20 (95% credibility intervals 1.39-4.23) and 2.54 (0.94-4.91) with each millimeter increase in snout-vent length and decreased by factors of 0.91 (0.85-0.96) and 0.89 (0.80-1.00) with each day's delay in metamorphosis for the two ponds. The odds of surviving and moving to the next ring of fencing, 12 m to approximately 40 m from the ponds, increased by a factor of 1.20 (0.45-4.06) with each millimeter increase in size. Our results demonstrated that body size and timing of metamorphosis relate strongly to the performance of newly metamorphosed frogs during their initial transition into terrestrial habitat. Carryover effects of aquatic stressors that reduce size and delay metamorphosis may have population-level impacts that are not expressed until terrestrial stages. Since changes in both aquatic and terrestrial systems are implicated in many amphibian declines, quantifying both immediate and delayed effects of stressors on demographic rates is critical to sound management.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

Emigration and fertility decline: the case of Barbados.

This paper examines the role of emigration in the recent fertility declines which have occurred on the island of Barbados. Barbados with a history of over two centuries of out-migration has experienced in the period 1951-1970 very significant migration loss. In the period 1960-1970 and up to the present fertility has been declining. An important question is what part has this net migration loss of 32,600 had on the reduction of the crude birth rate from 33.6 in 1960 or from 31.5 in 1956 to 20.5 in 1970? Using officially published net migration loss figures and supplementing them with data on Barbadians living overseas, we calculated the crude birth rates which would have occurred had there been no migration loss. We also calculated the numbers of births to be expected if certain age-specific fertility rates were maintained and compared these with the births to residents plus the calculated births to Barbadians overseas. We conclude that in both cases emigration is a very significant contributor to the fertility declines which have occurred and are still underway.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

[Evolution of the role of women in temporary emigration in Friuli-Venezia Giulia].

Changes in the characteristics of female migrants are analyzed using data from a 1982 survey in which 1,489 returning families in the Friuli region of Italy were interviewed. "The survey identifies three main periods of this temporary emigration: the first period shows first generation migrants, whose family structure is still traditional and women's role enters into conflict with the new socio-economic reality." The second period is characterized by an increase in the percentage of married female emigrants; in the third period an increase in the percentage of single females is noted. (summary in ENG, FRE)

Demography↗

PubMed1983

[A note on the use of information concerning the residence of surviving siblings to estimate emigration].

"Two improvements are presented in the previously developed method for measuring international emigration based on information provided by surviving siblings. The first is a simplification of the procedure for estimating surviving siblings when the information does not exist because they all live abroad. The second...is a procedure for estimating the distribution by age of the surviving emigrant siblings using models." The improved procedures are applied to data for Barbados. (summary in ENG)

Americas↗

PubMed1989

[Argentina as a destination country. Spanish emigration from 1860 to 1930].

"A survey of Spanish immigration in Argentina as compared to other Latin American destinations between 1860 and 1930 is presented here. Statistical sources are examined and compared (inclusions and omissions) and an estimation of migratory balance is presented. Regional differences in emigration flow and variations following shifts in economic trends and in migration policies are considered in [the] search for an explanation [of] the Spanish emigrants' preference for Argentina." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗

PubMed1990

Commitment, ethnicity and class as factors in emigration of kibbutz and non kibbutz populations from Israel.

The author examines the motivating factors involved in the migration from Israel of kibbutz and non-kibbutz populations. "The burden of the research done until now suggests that an individual's level of commitment is a major predictor of the predisposition to emigrate. This research will be surveyed, reanalyzed in part, with new emphasis on ethnicity and class, and compared with new research on emigration from the kibbutzim which should provide unique insights into the connection between commitment and departure." Data are from two surveys, a 1986 survey of the general population and one of four kibbutzim in 1985.

Asia↗

PubMed1988

Emigration from Israel 1950-1981: a simulation study.

"Using our mathematical model of a general theory of normative regulation, we have reproduced over 80% of the variance in the cumulative percentages of emigrants [from Israel], as well as the yearly percentages from 1950 to 1981. These results suggest that, except for a limited period following the 'Six-Day War' of 1967, no situation-specific explanations are needed to account for the trends in emigration from Israel, and the phenomenon can be adequately accounted for by the general theory of normative regulation in modern industrialized societies. Some practical conclusions to mitigate the process are drawn from these findings."

Asia↗

PubMed1984

Colombian emigration: a research note on its probable quantitative extent.

"This note has two objectives. One is to provide a brief overview of quantitative estimates of Colombian emigration, including formal attempts to estimate the volume of net emigration. The second objective is to update the existing estimates with more recent data (in a highly speculative fashion)."

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Emigration to North America: the continuing option for the Caribbean.

"A commonly held notion among Commonwealth Caribbean commentators on development prospects of the region, holds...that emigration options for the Caribbean are becoming more restrictive, and that traditional receiving countries such as Britain, the United States and Canada, have the will and purpose to restrict entry....Britain's effective immigration policies from 1962 to [the] present appear to amply demonstrate the situation, and exemplify a future restrictive international environment for future generations of Caribbean emigrant hopefuls seeking opportunities 'off the island' in traditional metropoles. This brief commentary argues the contrary."

Americas↗

PubMed1993

Planned emigration: the Palestinian case.

"This article examines the UN policies encouraging emigration from the Palestinian refugee camps through educating Palestinians and sending them for work abroad. Data show that emigration is more related to certain types of employment, especially skilled labor and white-collar jobs, than to employment per se. The data were collected, through personal interviews, from Dair El Balah refugee camp in Gaza Strip in 1986. There are 291 observations representing individuals who are 19 years old or over. A major conclusion of this study is that the educational policies initiated and operated by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) contributed to the dispersion of about one third of the refugees in the 1960s and the 1970s."

Asia↗

PubMed1983

Demographic and related determinants of recent Cuban emigration.

"This article highlights some of the principal demographic determinants of recent Cuban emigration, while also considering how these demographic variables interact with other social and economic determinants, utilizing a broad conceptualization of emigration. It also makes reference to Cuban military activities abroad. The conclusions that follow suggest that labor migration is more responsive to demographic factors than some theorists assume."

Americas↗

PubMed1995

[Italian emigration: historiography, anthropology, and comparative research].

"This brief paper identifies the most important moments and the most significant studies of Italian historiography on emigration. These range from the first formulation of economic and national models of the Italian exodus to their subsequent fragmentation into a mosaic of regional and local historical and anthropological studies. Ultimately, this will allow a much needed conceptual synthesis, aiming at new comparative research objectives, and a less specialized and sectorial analysis of emigration. Such an approach would also help us to tackle the migrational phenomena in contemporary society with a greater historical awareness and with more adequate cultural comprehension." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND ITA AND SPA)

Anthropology↗

PubMed1997

[Genetic-demographic processes in the Muscovite population in the mid-1990s. Migration and emigration as a factor for changing the genetic diversity of the population].

On the basis of official migration statistics and marriage records, the genetic parameters of migration in the Moscow population over the past 120 years were determined. Although the number of officially registered migrants decreased, the coefficient of marriage migration in the mid-1990s was higher than in the mid-1980s (m = 0.4). The in-migrants considerably differed from Moscow-born residents with respect to their age at marriage, ethnicity, level of education, and speciality. The emigration of the Moscow residents to foreign countries was selective with respect to the educational level and adversely affected the labor, intellectual, and cultural resources of Moscow (the "braindrain"). In the long run, the observed ethnic differences between in-migrants and emigrants may considerably influence the ethnic composition and, hence, genetic diversity of the Moscow population.

Demography↗

PubMed1998

[The scientific development in dermatology in Germany in relation to the emigration of Jewish dermatologists during national socialism].

The anti-semitic laws let to the persecution of the Jews in Germany during the time of National Socialism. About 600 Jewish dermatologists had to suffer from the prohibition of their profession. 63% of them left Germany. The emigrants mainly preferred to move out to the U.S. The policy of coordination and elimination of the National Socialists led to the reappointment of dermatological chairs in universities. The National Socialists also forced the change in the boards of dermatological societies and the change of the editorial boards of dermatological journals. All papers of the three leading dermatological journals were analysed for the evaluation of the development of science. The assessment included the number of articles, the origin of the authors and the contents of articles (research, clinics, diagnostic, therapy). From 1933 to 1945 the number of papers per year decreased consequently, especially during the Second World War. During the whole time the number of German authors increased and the number of abroad living authors decreased. There was a very good and interesting international exchange of information in the journal "Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis". The activity reduced clearly after the beginning of the Second World War in 1939. The analysis of contents resulted in a reduction of basis science research and an orientation to the clinical research. Papers about therapeutical possibilities were always published. The emigration of Jewish dermatologists led to a continuous reduction of scientific activities and to an extensive international isolation.

Dermatology↗

PubMed2000

Immunosuppressant FTY720 inhibits thymocyte emigration.

One major role of the thymus is to provide the peripheral immune system with mature T cells, but the mechanisms involving the cellular export are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the ability of a novel immunosuppressive reagent, FTY720, to inhibit T cell export from the thymus. Daily administration of FTY720 at a dose of 1 mg / kg resulted in a marked decrease in the number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. In the thymus, long-term daily administration of FTY720 caused a three- to fourfold increase in the proportion of mature medullary thymocytes (CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+)) as well as a slight decrease in the double-positive cell (CD4(+)CD8(+)) ratio. Phenotypic analysis (TCRalpha beta, H-2K(d), CD44, CD69 and CD24) revealed that these increased subsets represent possible peripheral recent thymic emigrants. High level expression of L-selectin by these subsets further suggests that they were prevented from leaving the thymus. By intrathymic labeling with fluorescein isothiocyanate, only one fourth of labeled cells could be detected in the lymph nodes and in the spleen of FTY720-treated mice compared to saline-treated control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the immunosuppressive action of FTY720, at least in part, could be due to its inhibitory effect on T cell emigration from the thymus to the periphery.

Animals↗