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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Thalassaemia control in developing countries--the Sri Lankan perspective.

Beta thalassaemia is a Mendelian recessive disorder. The economic and social cost of the disease is high due to patients' life long need for monthly blood transfusions and treatment with desferrioxamine, an iron chelating agent. Wider availability of cheaper drugs is on the horizon. If there is no concomitant reduction in the number of new thalassaemia major births, there will be a cumulative increase in numbers requiring treatment. The frequency and severity, and the economic and social costs of thalassaemia, support the case for the introduction of a carrier screening and counselling program in Sri Lanka. A three-pronged plan emphasising professional, political and public education in outlined.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1997

Cape Town and 'country' doctors in the Cape Colony during the first half of the nineteenth century.

This paper argues that during the 'golden' age of medical reform in the first half of the nineteenth century in the Cape Colony there was significant differentiation within the medical profession which contributed to a slow and uneven process of professionalization in spite of comprehensive and early legal regulation under one licensing body. Differences in permitted practice, settlement patterns, economic and organizational opportunities gave doctors in Cape Town, the colony's biggest and most important city, greater incentives and more scope to develop professional regulation and organization than those in the rest of the colony. A government Ordinance passed in 1807 gave regularly-trained medical practitioners a legal monopoly over medical practice, but did not initially prevent those practising outside Cape Town from selling both medicines and medical advice. Cape Town doctors thus enjoyed greater social differentiation from tradesmen and better legal control over competition from druggists and 'irregulars' than country practitioners. The difference between practitioners in Cape Town and elsewhere remained important even after new regulations removed legal distinctions in 1830. While country practitioners now sought tighter regulation over permitted practice they could not easily make common cause with the more powerful professional medical élite in Cape Town. This élite group had vested social and economic interests in maintaining their privileged status within the Cape profession, especially when threatened by local recession and political and economic competition from Eastern Cape doctors in the 1850s.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1993

Socioeconomic factors affecting marriage, divorce and birth rates in a Japanese population.

The effects of low income, urbanisation and young age population on age-adjusted rates of first marriage, divorce and live birth among the Japanese population in 46 prefectures were analysed by stepwise regression for 1970 and for 1975. During this period, Japanese society experienced a drastic change from long-lasting economic growth to serious recession in 1973. In both 1970 and 1975, the first marriage rate for females was inversely related to low income and the divorce rates for both males and females were positively related to low income. The live birth rate was significantly related to low income, urbanisation and young age population only in 1975. The first marriage rate for females and the divorce rates for both sexes increased significantly but the first marriage rate for males and live birth rate significantly decreased between 1970 and 1975. These findings suggest that low income was the essential factor affecting first marriage for females and divorce for males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Anaerobes under assault: from cottage industry to industrialization of medicine and microbiology.

More than 100 years have elapsed since the initial discovery of anaerobiosis, the first anaerobic microbiological isolation, and the first clinical descriptions of human anaerobic infection. New species are still being discovered, the important role of anaerobes as normal flora and in the maintenance of health is becoming increasingly appreciated, and the development of resistance by anaerobes to virtually all antimicrobials has recently accelerated. Anaerobes and their products have been employed widely and at times have been associated with political evolution, such as the establishment of the state of Israel. Despite all this, the current era of recession and health care economizing threatens the field of anaerobic bacteriology with funding cutbacks and diminished recognition. In order to prevent stagnation in the field and its decline, anaerobists must remain committed and vigilant and must take an increasingly active stance in education, publication, and research.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1995

Hereditary disease as a cause of childhood blindness: regional variation. Results of blind school studies undertaken in countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa.

There is evidence from developed countries that genetic disease is the major cause of childhood blindness. Little data are available from most developing and newly industrialised countries concerning the relative importance of hereditary diseases as a cause of childhood blindness. Children in schools for the blind in 13 countries of Africa, Latin America and Asia were examined between 1990 and 1994 using a standardised method The anatomical site of abnormality and underlying aetiology were analysed for children with a corrected acuity in the better eye of less than 6/60 (severe visual impairment and blindness, svi/BL). In these countries II-39% of svi/BL was attributed to genetic disease. Genetic diseases were responsible for a higher proportion of childhood visual loss in countries with higher levels of socio-economic development. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was reported in 22-52% of children with genetic disease. Retinal dystrophies were the commonest form of genetic eye disease (49-80%) in all countries apart from Thailand and the Philippines where cataract was the commonest (43.9%). The role of consanguinity, and opportunities for further research are discussed.

Africa↗
PubMed1984

Health care institutions: survival in a changing environment.

The health care system in the United States has been altered by recent economic and political events, including a major recession and a retrenchment in federal nonentitlement spending programs. The economic recovery and the continuing high federal deficits prompt new questions about both the future expansion and the distribution of health spending. Long-term economic forecasts and public opinion polls suggest that health will consume a growing share of the national resources. Nevertheless, the level of health spending will not grow as rapidly as in the past, and the distribution of that spending may also change. Because of these changes, the growth in health spending will not guarantee the survival of existing institutions. New competitive forces and revised reimbursement mechanisms will lead to a redistribution of the health dollar, and this redistribution will create both risk and opportunity for America's important health care institutions and their health professionals.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2002

Cosmetic surgery in times of recession: macroeconomics for plastic surgeons.

Periods of economic downturn place special demands on the plastic surgeon whose practice involves a large amount of cosmetic surgery. When determining strategy during difficult economic times, it is useful to understand the macroeconomic background of these downturns and to draw lessons from businesses in other service industries. Business cycles and monetary policy determine the overall environment in which plastic surgery is practiced. Plastic surgeons can take both defensive and proactive steps to maintain their profits during recessions and to prepare for the inevitable upturn. Care should also be taken when selecting pricing strategy during economic slowdowns.

Economics↗
PubMed1992

Recessionary dental economics.

The economics of dentistry during a recession can be difficult. However, reports for the early stages of the current downturn indicate that the general population continued to increase its expenditures for dental care and that practitioners were able to maintain practice income.

Dental Health Services↗
PubMed1982

Economic cycles and health. Towards a sociological understanding of the impact of the recession on health and illness.

Does the impact of large scale and long term unemployment have a negative influence on the health of a community? This paper critically examines research evidence at a macro and micro level of analysis debating the major theoretical issues, and the difficulty in establishing causality between changing mortality patterns over time and fluctuations in the business cycle. It is argued that macro analysis cannot stand on its own as an explanation but needs to be combined with an understanding of the career progression of the unemployed and the stages of psychological transition that occur to bridge the gap between macro and micro environments, and give some understanding of the changes in health status that may be observed in a population following a period of unemployment or economic uncertainty. Both quantitative and qualitative research suggest that not only is the health of those actually at risk but also their immediate family and the community at large during a recession. From this proposition two significant factors emerge in the literature which could explain the association between unemployment rates and changing patterns of mortality. Firstly stress is highlighted in most of the research reviewed, and could be the linking factor for material reasons and also those of social well being. Secondly health status, like that of unemployment is not equally shared in the United Kingdom community, but rather shouldered on a class basis, the most consistent finding being an inverse relationship between economic status and mortality placing the burden squarely on the lower social economic groups who are most vulnerable to unemployment. Taken together all the evidence suggests the inferences made from the macro statistics despite the difficulties in demonstrating causality, suggesting a strong link between mortality rates and cycles of economic activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Increasing mortality during the expansions of the US economy, 1900-1996.

BACKGROUND: In Western countries mortality dropped throughout the 20th century, but over and above the long-term falling trend, the death rate has oscillated over time. It has been postulated that these short-term oscillations may be related to changes in the economy. METHODS: To ascertain if these short-term oscillations are related to fluctuations in the economy, age-adjusted total mortality and mortality for specific population groups, ages and causes of death were transformed into rate of change or percentage deviation from trend, and were correlated and regressed on indicators of the US economy during the 20th century, transformed in the same way. RESULTS: Statistically and demographically significant results show that the decline of total mortality and mortality for different groups, ages and causes accelerated during recessions and was reduced or even reversed during periods of economic expansion-with the exception of suicides which increase during recessions. In recent decades these effects are stronger for women and non-whites. CONCLUSIONS: Economic expansions are associated with increasing mortality. Suggested pathways to explain this deceleration or even reversal of the secular decline in mortality during economic expansions include both material and psychosocial effects of the economic upturns: expansion of traffic and industrial activity directly raising injury-related mortality, decreased immunity levels (owing to rising stress and reduction of sleep time, social interaction and social support), and increased consumption of tobacco, alcohol and saturated fats.

Adolescent↗