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PubMed1995

Inhibition of tobacco-induced mutagenesis by eugenol and plant extracts.

Inhibitory effects of eugenol, a compound present in many spices such as cloves, cardamom etc. and the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes calva which are traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco, on tobacco-induced mutagenesis were evaluated using Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Eugenol significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) tobacco-induced mutagenicity at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/plate. Anacyclus pyrethrum extract (1 mg/plate) produced 74.33% inhibition while the extract of Spilanthes calva at 2 mg/plate inhibited tobacco-induced mutagenesis by 86.4%. Eugenol and the plant extracts also inhibited the nitrosation of methylurea in a dose-dependent manner.

Antimutagenic Agents↗
PubMed1995

Antimutagenicity of eugenol in the rodent bone marrow micronucleus test.

The antimutagenic effect of eugenol on the mutagenicity of cyclophosphamide (CP), mitomycin C (MMC), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was assessed in the rodent bone marrow micronucleus test using male Swiss mice. Oral administration of eugenol (0.4% in the diet) for 15 days was found to decrease significantly the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPEs) elevated by CP. No effect was found on the frequency of MPEs elevated by MMC, EMS and B[a]P. The results provide some support for antimutagenic potency of eugenol in vivo.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Inhibitory effects of anethole and eugenol on the growth and toxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus.

The antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity of anethole and eugenol which are active components of commonly used spices was studied against two strains of Aspergillus parasiticus. Anethole, up to concentration of 400 micrograms/ml where complete inhibition was observed, delayed growth and reduced mycelial weight but it showed a stimulative effect on the toxin production of both strains. At a concentration of 300 micrograms/ml, eugenol inhibited the growth of both strains; levels of eugenol below 200 micrograms/ml enhanced production of aflatoxin particularly by A. parasiticus NRRL 299.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2004

Eugenol exhibits antidepressant-like activity in mice and induces expression of metallothionein-III in the hippocampus.

Here we show that eugenol has an antidepressant-like activity comparable to that of imipramine using a forced swim test and a tail suspension test in mice. Furthermore, we show that both eugenol and imipramine induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus with and without induction of metallothionein-III (MT-III), respectively. It may be possible that MT-III expression is involved in the exhibition of antidepressant-like activity of eugenol, not of imipramine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Antileishmanial activity of Eugenol-rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum.

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases with a large spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Here we demonstrate the leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum as well as its main constituent, eugenol. The eugenol-rich essential oil of O. gratissimum progressively inhibited Leishmania amazonensis growth at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 microg/ml. The IC50 (sub-inhibitory concentration) of the essential oil for promastigotes and amastigotes were respectively 135 and 100 microg/ml and the IC50 of eugenol was 80 microg/ml for promastigote forms. L. amazonensis exposed to essential oil at concentrations corresponding to IC50 for promastigotes and for amastigotes underwent considerable ultrastructural alterations, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. Two or more nuclei or flagella were observed in 31% and 23.3% of treated amastigote and promastigote forms, respectively, suggesting interference in cell division. Considerable mitochondrial swelling was observed in essential oil-treated promastigotes and amastigotes, which had the inner mitochondrial membrane altered, with a significant increase in the number of cristae; in some amastigotes the mitochondrial matrix became less electron-dense. The minimum inhibitory concentration for both promastigotes and amastigotes was 150 microg/ml. Pretreatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with 100 and 150 microg/ml essential oil reduced the indices of association between promastigotes and the macrophages, followed by increased in nitric oxide production by the infected macrophages. The essential oil showed no cytototoxic effects against mammalian cells. This set of results suggests that O. gratissimum essential oil and its compounds could be used as sources for new antileishmanial drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ability of eugenol to reduce tongue edema induced by Dieffenbachia picta Schott in mice.

Dieffenbachia picta Schott (Araceae), known in Brazil as "comigo-ninguém-pode" is an ornamental plant with toxic properties. Its juice, when chewed, causes a painful edema of the oral mucous membranes, buccal ulcerations and tongue hypertrophy. This acute inflammation sometimes becomes severe enough to produce glottis obstruction, respiratory compromise and death. Eugenol (4-alil-2-metoxiphenol), the essential oil extracted from Caryophyllus aromaticus (Myrtaceae) is widely used in odontology. In this study, our objective was to standardize, in mice, a measurable methodology for the tongue edema induced by the topical application of the D. picta stem juice; evaluate the effects of eugenol in this model and compare the results with emergency treatment used in hospitals. Our results show that in spite of a small increase in edema a few minutes after administration, emergency treatment reduced by 70% the overall edema. When compared with the combination of the above drugs, eugenol, even at the smallest dose of 5 microg/kg, regardless of the chosen administration route, or the moment the treatment began, presents better results in the reduction and inhibition of the tongue edema induced by the D. picta juice.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Sealing efficacy of a zinc oxide-eugenol cement, a cyanoacrylate, and a cavity varnish used as root canal cements.

Forty single-rooted human central incisor teeth were biomechanically instrumented. Thirty teeth were divided into three groups of 10 and obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha and one of three cementing mediums. These were zinc oxide-eugenol root canal cement, cyanoacrylate, and cavity varnish. The remaining 10 teeth were not obturated and served as a control. All of the teeth were suspended in a 1% methylene blue dye for 1 wk. Following sectioning the apical dye penetration was measured, and the leakage values were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that the teeth obturated with zinc oxide-eugenol and cyanoacrylate, in conjunction with gutta-percha, exhibited less leakage than the cavity varnish and control groups. This finding was statistically significant (p less than 0.0001). There was, however, no significant difference detected between the zinc oxide-eugenol and cyanoacrylate groups.

Cyanoacrylates↗
PubMed1998

Interaction of monolaurin, eugenol and sodium citrate on growth of common meat spoilage and pathogenic organisms.

Interactions of monolaurin, eugenol (phenolic compound) and sodium citrate (chelator) on the growth of six organisms including common meat spoilage (Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sake, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Brochothrix thermosphacta) and pathogenic (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes) organisms were investigated. The combinations of 100 to 250 ppm monolaurin with 500 and 1000 ppm eugenol, and 0.2 and 0.4% sodium citrate were more effective than each component separately. More than one combination prevented detectable growth of each organism. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and E. coli O157:H7 were most resistant and L. monocytogenes and B. thermosphacta most sensitive to control by the chosen combinations. The presence of sodium citrate was necessary to yield potent inhibition of Lb. curvatus and Lb. sake growth by the monolaurin and eugenol combinations.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

In vitro effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde on membrane potential and respiratory chain complexes in isolated rat liver mitochondria.

The effect of water extracts of cinnamon and clove on rat mitochondrial F(0)F1ATPase was investigated. Both spices stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Gas chromatography analysis of the water extracts, confirmed the presence of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde as major components in clove and cinnamon, respectively. Both components (1) stimulated ATPase significantly at concentrations equal or greater then 0.3 mM; (2) reduced mitochondrial membrane potential: a 50% decrease in Deltapsi was obtained at 7.56 and 11.6 micromoles/mg protein for eugenol and cinnmaldehyde, respectively; (3) inhibited NADH oxidase or complex I of the respiratory chain with a 50% inhibition at 15 and 20 micromoles/mg protein for eugenol and cinnamaldehyde respectively; (4) had no effect on succinate dehydrogenase activity. The study proposes the mitochondria as a target for the action of the spices resulting in derangement of mitochondrial functions, particularly at proton transferring sites.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2000

Retentive and compressive strengths of modified zinc oxide-eugenol cements.

OBJECTIVES: This investigation sought to improve the handling and physical properties of a commonly used temporary zinc oxide-eugenol cement by changing the base/accelerator (B/A) ratio or combining it with a petroleum jelly or fluoride varnish. METHODS: Twelve modifications of a temporary cement were evaluated in terms of retentive strength, compressive strength at 24 h, film thickness and by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Decreasing the B/A mixing ratio increased the retentive and compressive strengths, but reduced the film thickness of the cement. By increasing the percentage of incorporated petroleum jelly or fluoride varnish in the cement, there was a progressive decrease in the retentive and compressive strengths and in film thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Modifications of a zinc oxide-eugenol temporary cement to change the B/A ratio or to incorporate additives resulted in variations in physical properties. All modified forms of the cement had a film thickness less than 25 microns and a compressive strength below 35 MPa. With a wide range of retentive strength, modified forms of zinc oxide-eugenol cement may be found to have diverse clinical applications.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus.

The ovicidal activity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Labideae) and its main component eugenol was evaluated against Haemonchus contortus, gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants. The oil and eugenol were diluted in Tween 20 (0.5%) at five different concentrations. In the egg hatch test, H. contortus eggs were obtained from feces of goats experimentally infected. At 0.50% concentration, the essential oil and eugenol showed a maximum eclodibility inhibition. These results suggest a possible utilization of the essential oil of O. gratissimum as an aid to the control of gastrointestinal helmintosis of small ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Preventive effect of eugenol on PAF and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage.

This study examines the anti-ulcerogenic activity of eugenol, a natural compound obtained from many natural sources. Gastric ulcers, induced by administration of two ulcerogenic agents, i.e. platelet activating factor (PAF) and ethanol, were dose-dependently and significantly reduced by eugenol (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) pre-treatment. Eugenol was able to reduce not only the number of ulcers but also the gravity of lesions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol.

The essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol, tested in vitro, showed potent anthelmintic activity in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Eugenol exhibited an ED(50) of 62.1 microg/ml. Eugenol being the predominant component of the essential oil, is suggested as the putative anthelmintic principle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effect of zinc oxide-eugenol on the shear bond strength of a commonly used bonding system.

It has been claimed that eugenol has a detrimental effect on resin composites and dentin bonding systems. The aim of the present study was to examine whether zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cement would reduce the efficacy of a bonding system. Human third molars were selected for the study, and cylindrical posts of a resin composite (Z100) were bonded vertically to a standardized flat dentinal surface, prepared on the buccal surface of the teeth and treated with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. The tooth surfaces involved were either freshly cut, or had been exposed to ZOE cement for 6 days, with and without a subsequent thorough cleansing with ethanol. The bond strength in shear was measured after 24 hours. The results showed that ZOE cement had no negative effect on the bond strength of the resin composite (Z100) to dentin when this bonding system was used. The mean shear bond value for the specimens covered with ZOE cement for 6 days was 28.1 MPa. For specimens covered with ZOE cement and cleansed with 96% ethanol, the mean shear bond value was 23.5 MPa. The corresponding value for the controls was 19.0 MPa. These findings suggested that eugenol-containing temporary filling materials may be used safely prior to inserting resin based restorative materials, when Scotchbond Multi-Purpose is employed as the bonding agent.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1999

Antiaflatoxigenic activity of eugenol is due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Eugenol inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in a dose-dependent manner up to a concentration of 0.75 mmol l-1 without inhibiting growth. When the mould was grown for 3 d in the presence of 0.45 mmol l-1 eugenol (concentration inhibiting aflatoxin production by 50%), in vivo activities of components of polysubstrate monooxygenase were decreased at idiophase, concomitant with decreased activities of enzymes involved in free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and maintenance of redox potential. These results indicate that antiaflatoxigenic actions of eugenol may be related to inhibition of the ternary steps of aflatoxin biosynthesis involving lipid peroxidation and oxygenation.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2006

Eugenol and isoeugenol, characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester.

Phenylpropenes such as chavicol, t-anol, eugenol, and isoeugenol are produced by plants as defense compounds against animals and microorganisms and as floral attractants of pollinators. Moreover, humans have used phenylpropenes since antiquity for food preservation and flavoring and as medicinal agents. Previous research suggested that the phenylpropenes are synthesized in plants from substituted phenylpropenols, although the identity of the enzymes and the nature of the reaction mechanism involved in this transformation have remained obscure. We show here that glandular trichomes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), which synthesize and accumulate phenylpropenes, possess an enzyme that can use coniferyl acetate and NADPH to form eugenol. Petunia (Petunia hybrida cv. Mitchell) flowers, which emit large amounts of isoeugenol, possess an enzyme homologous to the basil eugenol-forming enzyme that also uses coniferyl acetate and NADPH as substrates but catalyzes the formation of isoeugenol. The basil and petunia phenylpropene-forming enzymes belong to a structural family of NADPH-dependent reductases that also includes pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase, isoflavone reductase, and phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase.

Esters↗
PubMed1975

Attraction of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to methyl eugenol and related olfactory stimulants.

The attraction of male oriental fruit flies to methyl eugenol and 34 analogues was investigated quantitatively using the characteristic feeding response. Methyl eugenol was the most active compound studied, with a feeding response to 0.01 mug, but saturation of the allyl side chain or replacement of allyl by allyloxy produced compounds almost as effective. Replacement of the methoxy groups by methylenedioxy, methyl, or chloro groups abolished all response. The ring geometry of the methoxy groups was critical, with orthodimethoxy most active and meta-dimethoxy inactive. Replacement of methoxy with hydroxy, methylthio, or amino groups did not abolish the response. The failure of the oriental fruit fly to respond to the methyl and chloro isosteres of methyl eugenol was contrasted with the response of a human odor panel which perceived these compounds as having weak floral odors.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cytotoxicity of eugenol in sealer containing zinc-oxide.

In this study two zinc-oxide-based root canal sealers were compared for their tissue toxic response. The sealers tested were zinc-oxide eugenol and zinc-oxide glycerine. Fifteen albino rats were used for the study and were injected subcutaneously in the preset state. The tissue response was assessed by counting the polymorphonuclear cells at Day 1, Day 7 and Day 15 of the study period. The inflammatory response was graded according to the mean polymorphonuclear counts in the five rats for each period. The results showed that the toxicity was greater for the eugenol-containing sealer and increased during the three time intervals. For the non-eugenol sealer the response was milder and reached a peak by 7 days after which it decreased.

Animals↗