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PubMedDate not supplied

The mechanism of ejaculation: the glans-vasal and urethromuscular reflexes.

To assist in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the various ejaculatory disorders, 9 healthy male volunteers (mean age 30.4 +/- 4.8 years) were studied. The EMG response of the bulbocavernosus (BCM) and ischiocavernosus (ICM) muscles and the external urethral sphincter (EUS) to ejaculation induced by glans penis (GP) vibration was recorded. The test was repeated with individual anesthetization of the GP, BCM, ICM, and EUS. During ejaculation, the BCM, ICM, and EUS showed a significant increase in the motor unit action potentials. The contractions were rhythmic with a mean duration of the contractile episode of 0.8 s and the noncontractile episode of 0.72 s, and with a total muscle activity of 4.2 s. GP vibration after anesthetization of the GP produced no ejaculation or increased EMG activity of the BCM, ICM, and EUS, GP vibration after individual anesthetization of the BCM or the EUS produced semen emission but no ejection, and GP vibration after ICM anesthetization produced ejaculation (emission and ejection). The results suggest that the ejaculatory mechanism consists of two reflexes: the glans-vasal and urethromuscular. The former seems to bring the semen to the posterior urethra (the emission stage of ejaculation) and the urethromuscular reflex ejects it to the exterior (ejection stage of ejaculation). A dysfunction of these two reflexes would seem to induce ejaculatory disorders, a point that needs further study.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1982

Effect of long term ejaculation at high frequency on output of sperm, sexual behavior, and fertility of Holstein bulls; relation of reproductive capacity to high nutrient allowance.

Eighteen Holstein bulls were used to determine the long term effect of high frequency ejaculation on reproductive performance. From 1 to 7 yr of age, six bulls were ejaculated weekly, and six pairmates were ejaculated six times weekly. For comparison, six bulls were ejaculated one or six times weekly from 1 to 2 yr of age, placed on sexual rest, and then ejaculated six times weekly for 6 wk and twice daily for 14 days at 3, 4, and 5 yr of age. Six time bulls yielded 3.3 times more motile sperm per week than one time bulls. Sexual activity, which was similar for one and six time bulls, was relatively constant to 5 yr of age and then gradually decreased. Sexual rest did not affect subsequent weekly output of sperm. Postthaw motility of sperm was similar for the one time, six time, and sexually rested groups. Fertility at 4, 6, or 8 yr of age did not differ between one and six time bulls. In conclusion, continuous high frequency of ejaculation from 1 to 7 yr of age greatly increased the harvest of sperm from a bull without harming his growth, reproductive capacity, or fertility. Ten other Holstein bulls fed concentrate ad libitum from 17 wk to 2 yr of age attained puberty 2 wk earlier (37 wk of age) and yielded 1.4 times more sperm per week on six times at 3 yr of age than the six time bulls fed limited energy. Raising bulls on maximum energy allowance enables sampling in a progeny testing program by 13 to 14 mo of age.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Testicular weights, ductus deferens semen volumes, and sperm concentration of turkeys with high and low ejaculate volumes.

Studies were conducted to determine if high and low ejaculate volumes were associated with differences in testicular weight and ductus (d.) deferens semen volumes. Mature male breeder turkeys were classified as low (less than or equal to .22 ml) or high (greater than .30 ml) semen producers. One week after or immediately after the last semen collection the turkeys were killed, testes weighed, and d. deferens and ejaculate semen volumes and sperm concentrations determined. Comparisons of low (LSP) and high (HSP) semen producers showed no differences in testes weights and sperm concentration in d. deferens. However, LSP turkeys had a lower volume of semen in the d. deferens and ejaculated a lower percentage of that volume than did HSP turkeys (P less than .05). Although the sperm concentrations of HSP and LSP were the same, the total number of sperm in the ejaculate of LSP was less than the HSP and was also less when calculated as a percentage of the sperm in the ejaculate plus d. deferens. These studies indicate that both a decreased reservoir of semen in the d. deferens and a lower efficiency of removal of semen from the d. deferens contribute to the decreased ejaculate volume of LSP.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Successful treatment of retrograde ejaculation with sperm recovered from bladder washings. A report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Retrograde ejaculation causes < 2% of male infertility but is the leading cause of aspermia. The incidence of retrograde ejaculation is increasing due to the aggressiveness of modern urologic cancer surgery and an increase in diabetes mellitus. Generally, the only adverse effect is on fertility. Various approaches have been proposed for treatment, ranging from insemination with sperm-rich urine obtained after masturbation to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We used a protocol involving bladder washing. CASES: Case 1 involved a man with retrograde ejaculation secondary to a successful right orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage B1 embryonal cell carcinoma. He was treated with bladder washing and intrauterine insemination. He fathered three children from six insemination cycles. Case 2 involved a man with idiopathic retrograde ejaculation and a wife with ovulatory dysfunction. He received treatment similar to that in case 1 and fathered one child from two insemination cycles. CONCLUSION: Larger studies need to be done specifically comparing treatments. Our method resulted in four normal infants in two couples over eight total insemination cycles and, taken together with other results from the literature, seems a good choice for clinicians who are treating retrograde ejaculation for the first time. We agree with others who have recommended that in vitro fertilization/ICSI not be the first step for treating the usual couples with retrograde ejaculation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Brain activation during human male ejaculation.

Brain mechanisms that control human sexual behavior in general, and ejaculation in particular, are poorly understood. We used positron emission tomography to measure increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during ejaculation compared with sexual stimulation in heterosexual male volunteers. Manual penile stimulation was performed by the volunteer's female partner. Primary activation was found in the mesodiencephalic transition zone, including the ventral tegmental area, which is involved in a wide variety of rewarding behaviors. Parallels are drawn between ejaculation and heroin rush. Other activated mesodiencephalic structures are the midbrain lateral central tegmental field, zona incerta, subparafascicular nucleus, and the ventroposterior, midline, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Increased activation was also present in the lateral putamen and adjoining parts of the claustrum. Neocortical activity was only found in Brodmann areas 7/40, 18, 21, 23, and 47, exclusively on the right side. On the basis of studies in rodents, the medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdala are thought to be involved in ejaculation, but increased rCBF was not found in any of these regions. Conversely, in the amygdala and adjacent entorhinal cortex, a decrease in activation was observed. Remarkably strong rCBF increases were observed in the cerebellum. These findings corroborate the recent notion that the cerebellum plays an important role in emotional processing. The present study for the first time provides insight into which regions in the human brain play a primary role in ejaculation, and the results might have important implications for our understanding of how human ejaculation is brought about, and for our ability to improve sexual function and satisfaction in men.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Erectile function of 522 patients with premature ejaculation].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the erectile function of the patient with premature ejaculation. METHODS: Questionnaires of Chinese Indes of Erectile Function (CIEF-5) were issued to 522 patients with premature ejaculation. RESULTS: Of the subjects invertigated, 341 (65.33%) claimed to have the problem of ED with premature ejaculation, and 433 (82.95%) scored below standard in CIEF-5. There was significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Premature ejaculation could significantly influence patients' self-esteem about their erectile function and hence their proper scores in CIEF-5. In most of the patients of premature ejaculation with different degres of erectile dysfunction, only a few with significantly low scores in CIEF-5 had premature ejaculation complicated with ED.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The relative distribution of viable sperm in the antegrade and retrograde portions of ejaculates obtained after electrostimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative concentration, motility, and viability of spermatozoa in the antegrade and retrograde portions of the ejaculate after electroejaculation in spinal cord injured men. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: University outpatient clinic providing tertiary care in reproductive rehabilitation. PATIENTS: The antegrade and retrograde portions of 22 ejaculates obtained from five spinal cord-injured men were analyzed for sperm density, mean sperm motility, and percentage of total motile and viable sperm yield. RESULTS: The number of spermatozoa were uniformly distributed between the antegrade (54.4%) and retrograde (45.6%) ejaculates. However, of the total sperm yield in both compartments, 66.3% of the motile spermatozoa and 71% of the viable sperm were found in the antegrade compartment (P less than 0.05). Additionally, mean sperm motility was significantly higher in the antegrade ejaculate (P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Significantly impaired sperm motility and viability are noted in the retrograde ejaculate. Efforts should therefore be directed to maximizing the antegrade portion of the electro-ejaculate and optimizing the technique of preserving functional sperm in the intravesical compartment.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1990

[Meiotic chromosomes of the spermatocytes ejaculated by bulls].

The Sperling and Kaden (1971) approach was used in studies of the bull meiotic chromosomes. The number of meiocytes in the ejaculates of normal bulls ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0114% of the whole set of cellular elements in the ejaculate. Two of the studied bulls had a chromosomal abnormality in somatic cells (60, XX/60, XY mosaic). These bulls displayed no deviation as concerns the quantity of meiocytes in their ejaculates. In two other bulls examined, with cryptorchism and azoospermia, about 0.0017 and 4.75% meiocytes were counted in the ejaculate, respectively. A comparative analysis of ejaculated chromosomes and meiotic chromosomes obtained from the normal testes by biopsy did not reveal any differences in the chromosomal morphology. Various premeiotic and meiotic stages, from spermatogonium A and B to metaphase 1, were identified in the bull ejaculates. This technique may be valuable in cytogenetic diagnosis of meiotic abnormalities in sires.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Age at first conscious ejaculation: a milestone in male puberty.

The age of occurrence of the first conscious ejaculation was registered in 263 boys belonging to two categories: (1) 128 boys (70 normal controls, 22 boys with unilateral cryptorchidism with normal puberty, and 36 boys with delayed puberty) who had been under regular follow-up throughout puberty. All underwent a complete physical examination at intervals of 3 to 6 months, and in most a wrist X-ray was made within three months of the first ejaculation. (2) A group of 135 boys examined and questioned at their school served as additional controls. Eighty of these reported ejaculations. Despite a wide range in the chronological age at occurrence of the first conscious ejaculation, the mean bone age in all groups, including that with delayed puberty, was 13 1/2 +/- 1/2 years (SD), with a range between 12 1/2-15 1/2 years. There was no correlation between the age at first ejaculation and testicular volume, pubic hair or penis length. It is proposed that the age at the first conscious ejaculation be used as an index of maturation in male puberty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Alteration in surface charge of chimpanzee sperm during epididymal transit and at ejaculation.

To further investigate changes in the sperm surface occurring during epididymal transit and after ejaculation, the surface negative charge on the head of chimpanzee sperm recovered from the caput (n = 4) and cauda epididymis (n = 3) and from the ejaculate (n = 4) was measured. Washed sperm were exposed to colloidal iron at pH 1.6, washed, mounted on carbon plates, and examined in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. This technique permits evaluation of individual sperm in a population and provides information not available when the entire population is measured as a whole. The results demonstrate a net increase in negative charge during epididymal transit and after ejaculation and a change in charge distribution within the population from a unimodal to a tetra modal distribution. Caput sperm showed a unimodal distribution with a mode of 20 +/- 2%. Cauda sperm showed three modes at 23 +/- 1, 34 +/- 3, and 41 +/- 3%. Ejaculated sperm showed four modes at 21 +/- 3, 31 +/- 4, and 40 +/- 2, and 46 +/- 2%. The sperm population in the chimpanzee epididymis and ejaculate is not homogeneous, and this technique will aid in future measurement of fertility of subpopulations of sperm in the ejaculate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protein characterization of multi-fraction split-ejaculates. Some physicochemical properties of prostatic and vesicular proteins.

A simple method of splitting ejaculates into 10-15 consecutive fractions proved to be valuable for separating proteins of prostatic and vesicular origin. After blocking autoproteolysis by EDTA and PMSF the fractions of four multi-fraction split-ejaculates were studied by one-dimensional electrophoresis in the presence of SDS (slab SDS-PAGE). Two split-ejaculates were further analyzed by isoelectrofocusing (PAGIEF). The zinc and fructose distributions were determined for one of the samples. The results show i) that the initial third, roughly, of the ejaculate contains proteins previously characterized as of prostatic origin (Balerna et al., 1982 a); ii) that these initial fractions have a high zinc/fructose ratio; iii) that the vesicular portion of the ejaculate is characterized by low zinc/fructose ratio and by fairly high amounts of low molecular-weight proteins and; iiii) that the proteins of the initial (prostatic) part of the ejaculate are mainly acidic-neutral whereas some proteins of the final (vesicular part) have a strong cationic character.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

In vitro fertilizing ability of testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa.

The fertilizing ability of testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa was evaluated in vitro following in vitro capacitation by high ionic strength treatment. Fewer than 11% of inseminated ova were apparently fertilized (i.e., in pronuclear, two-, and four-cell stages as determined by light microscopy) when testicular sperm treated with caffeine, caput epididymal, or corpus epididymal sperm samples were tested. A greater fertilizing ability, reflected by the percentage of ova fertilized and more normal progression of embryonic development, was exhibited by cauda epididymal sperm. Of 93 ova, 68 (73.1%) were fertilized by cauda sperm, whereas ejaculated sperm from the same 10 bucks fertilized 34 (36.6%) of 93 ova (P is less than 0.005). Ultrastructural examination of selected ova apparently fertilized by sperm from levels of the male reproductive tract proximal to the cauda epididymidis revealed abnormal activation. Authentic fertilization occurred when ova were inseminated with cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm. An unusual and infrequent form of activation involving failure of cortical granule breakdown in ova penetrated by cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm was seen. A comparison of fertilizing ability of sperm from first, second, and third ejaculates revealed a significant decrease with the third ejaculate (P is less than 0.01).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A modified cervico-prostatic incision technic in hypertrophic adenoma in young subjects desiring to preserve ejaculation].

The treatment of bladder neck obstruction by transurethral resection of the prostate is responsible for retrograde ejaculation, which is poorly tolerated by our younger patients. Bladder neck incision, initially proposed as treatment for bladder neck sclerosis and for small prostates, was performed according to a modified technique in 36 patients with a mean age of 57.6 years (range: 41-72 years), with benign prostatic hypertrophy less than 30 grams and wishing to retain antegrade ejaculation. This technique consists of creating a deep groove with the resector hook extending from the ureteric orifice to 5 mm above the verumontanum, incising the full thickness of the detrusor and prostatic urethra as far as the retrocervical fat. This preserves a supramontanal ring of urethral muscle whose contraction during orgasm prevents retrograde ejaculation of semen. Resection of the median lobe was also performed in 8 patients, while sparing the cervical muscular ring. The mean follow-up was 2.4 years (range: 4-84 months). Dysuria was very considerably improved in 32 patients (91.5%), with a Madsen score of less than 2. Antegrade ejaculation was preserved in 32 patients (91.5%). Two patients had to undergo secondary prostatic resection because of persistent dysuria (these 2 patients retained antegrade ejaculation). Unilateral bladder neck incision, sparing a supramontanal muscular ring is an easy, rapid technique with low morbidity, effective in the treatment of prostatism due to a small prostate (less than 30 grams). It is the operation of choice in young patients with small prostates who wish to retain antegrade ejaculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Penile sensitivity in patients with primary premature ejaculation.

PURPOSE: We investigated penile sensory levels in patients with primary premature ejaculation to determine whether there is an etiological basis for this condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Penile biothesiometry was performed in 120 patients with primary premature ejaculation without erectile dysfunction and neurological deficit, and in 66 normal potent male volunteers. Vibratory thresholds were recorded at the glans penis, penile shaft, scrotum and index finger using a biothesiometer. RESULTS: On the glans penis and penile shaft the values in patients with premature ejaculation were significantly less than those in normal potent men (p < 0.001). In normal potent men an age dependency of biothesiometric parameters was noted, with a significant increase in vibratory threshold at the glans penis and penile shaft in older patients. However, in patients with premature ejaculation there were consistently decreased values without age dependency at the glans penis and penile shaft (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with primary premature ejaculation have penile hypersensitivity, which provides further implications for an organic basis of premature ejaculation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The influence of ejaculation on serum levels of prostate specific antigen.

PURPOSE: While prostatic manipulation and surgery have been shown to increase serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), the influence of ejaculation on serum PSA remains controversial. We examined the effect of ejaculation on serum PSA levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 100 men 25 to 35 years old with no history of surgery or inflammatory disease of the urogenital tract. Serum PSA was evaluated 1 and 24 hours after ejaculation, and serum testosterone and seminal fluid PSA levels were determined. RESULTS: In all men a baseline PSA level was detected. There were no statistically significant changes in serum PSA and testosterone 1 and 24 hours after ejaculation. Mean PSA concentration was significantly higher in seminal plasma than in serum. However, we did not observe a correlation between serum and seminal plasma PSA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data ejaculation does not affect serum PSA concentration in young men, and there seems to be no physiological relationship between ejaculation and PSA level.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with primary premature ejaculation.

PURPOSE: Premature ejaculation has been believed to be psychological in the majority of patients. With few exceptions organic conditions are rarely implicated. We investigated the possible role of sensory function in patients with primary premature ejaculation to determine whether there is an etiological basis for this condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed somatosensory evoked potentials from the penis in 34 patients with primary premature ejaculation and in 30 normally potent men. The latencies and amplitudes of the evoked potentials were measured at the penile shaft (dorsal nerve) and at the glans penis. RESULTS: Mean latency of dorsal nerve and glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials was 1.51 and 6.80 (significant) msec. shorter, respectively, in the patients than in the normal subjects. In the normal subjects the mean latency of glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials was 0.99 msec. longer than that of the dorsal nerve (not significantly different) but in patients the mean latency in the glans penis was 4.30 msec. shorter (p < 0.001). Mean amplitude of glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials was less than that of the dorsal nerve in both groups. However, mean amplitudes of dorsal nerve and glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials were significantly greater in patients than in normal men. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with premature ejaculation have hypersensitivity and hyperexcitability of the glans penis, which may give rise to uncontrolled ejaculation and are believed to be organic implications for premature ejaculation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Erectile dysfunction in premature ejaculation.

Between October 1993 and December 1995, 45 patients with premature ejaculation were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups etiologically, as having primary or secondary ejaculation. After a complete laboratory evaluation all patients underwent papaverine tests color Doppler ultrasonography pharmacocavernosometry-cavernosography and consequently organic etiology were investigated. Venous leakage was found in 5 (22,7%), arterial or mix insufficiency in 2 (9%) of the patients with primary premature ejaculation. In secondary premature ejaculation group, venous leakage was encountered in 9 patients (39,1%), arterial insufficiency in 2 patients (8,6%). In conclusion, investigation of organic etiology for the patients with premature ejaculation, particularly with secondary premature ejaculation, seems to be beneficial for correct diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Infertility caused by ejaculation disturbances and anorgasmy].

Recent progress in andrology, reproduction biology and medical sexuology have led to a substantial increase of the proportions of pregnancy achieved by males with ejaculation disorders or anorgasmy. Impairment in libido and excitement usually has a psychic cause, apart from rare endocrinological abnormalities such as hyperprolactinaemia and androgen depletion. Another possible cause is chronic use of certain drugs. Causes of erection disorders can be classified on the basis of psychogenous, vascular and neurogenous factors. Ejaculation disorders are caused by embryonal anomalies, neurological disorders and use of certain (psychoactive) pharmaceutical agents. Collecting sperm proves to be virtually always possible. According to current views, the treatment of infertility in ejaculation disorders or anorgasmy should be if possible, elimination of the primary cause or else: in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) with semen obtained after processing a retrograde ejaculate or by means of vibro-ejaculation or electro-ejaculation.

Ejaculation↗