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PubMed1994

Pathways between parental divorce and adult depression.

A longitudinal study found high levels of depression in women of divorced parents, but not in men. In childhood there had been few behavioural differences between girls from divorced and intact families. Subsequently, there were significant differences in job-changing during early careers, premarital pregnancy, and own marital breakdown. Greater adult depression was not attributable to social networks, emotional support, recent life events, financial circumstances or the main effect of marital status. A significant interaction reflected little relationship between parental divorce and symptoms for women in first marriages, but a strong relationship in the never married, divorced, and remarried.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Family therapy after the divorce: developing a strategy.

Family therapy with the whole family after a divorce has taken place provides a unique opportunity for intervention. Though the spouses have legally terminated their relationship, their parenting function remains. However, this reality is often clouded by the emotional conflicts generated by the divorce. Family therapy can be useful in facilitating life in the post-divorce period. A four-part model for intervention is described. The first task is to redefine the family as existentially including all members. Next, generational boundaries are firmed in order to reduce the parentification process, often intensified by the parent's physical absence. Third, the family needs to have a replay of the history of the marriage to correct developmental distortions and offer a changce to mourn the loss of the intact family. Finally, the therapists attempt to facilitate an emotional divorce. A case study is presented to elucidate the manner in which these steps unfold in treatment.

Child Development↗
PubMed1982

Helping mom fail: a case of a stalemated divorcing process.

This article describes a systems approach to the problem of a child who had become symptomatic as a result of her parents' separation. Elements of the divorcing process that can create a symptomatic child are highlighted. Family members cope with separation and divorce by devising strategies for navigating the divorcing process. These strategies can mesh to create dysfunctional sequences in which family members get "stuck." Case material illustrates the development of a stalemated divorcing process, in which a dysfunctional sequence keeps the child uncontrollable and mother incompetent. Family therapy breaks the stalemate and allows family members to proceed with appropriate developmental tasks.

Child↗
PubMed2002

A two-factor model for predicting when a couple will divorce: exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data.

This article examines 14-year longitudinal data and attempts to create a post hoc model that uses Time-1 data to "predict" the length of time the marriage will last. The sample consists of the 21 couples (of 79 studied) who divorced over a 14-year period. A two-factor model is proposed. One factor is the amount of unregulated volatile positive and negative affect in the marriage, and this factor predicts a short marriage length for the divorcing couples. A second factor is called "neutral affective style," and this factor predicts a long marriage length for the divorcing couples. This model is compared to a Time-1 model of ailing marriage in which Time-1 marital satisfaction is used to predict the timing of divorce.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adjustment to divorce: a preliminary study among Muslim Arab citizens of Israel.

Adjustment to divorce in a sample of 312 Muslim Arab citizens of Israel was associated both with variables that have been shown to affect adjustment to divorce in Western societies and with variables specific to the culture of the study. The former included male gender, education, current employment, fewer accompanying stressors, and greater satisfaction with the divorce process. The latter were the respondents' self-defined modernity (as opposed to traditionalism) and their disinclination to perceive divorced persons as bad parents and spouses and as socially deviant, in accord with the social stereotype of their community.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Divorce transitions: identifying risk and promoting resilience for children and their parental relationships.

This paper gives an account of qualitative research linked to clinical work relating to some of the short-term effects of divorce on children within a British perspective. The transitions that accompany divorce and family reordering are shown by many studies in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand as well as in the United Kingdom to have stressful effects for children that can lead to long-term negative outcomes. Other studies have focused on the differential social and family factors that may contribute to the "differences that make a difference" to whether divorce has harmful effects on children. This paper describes clinical intervention into family relationships in divorcing and postdivorce families and suggests some high-risk issues for children. The focus of the work is one promoting long-term connections between parents and children in reordered+ families. Some interactions that may promote resilience in children as well as in their parents are alluded to briefly.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Change, disengagement, and renewal: relationship dynamics between young adults and their fathers after divorce.

Little is known about children's perceptions of their parents' divorce or how children construct meaning around the divorce and their subsequent relationships with their parents. The focus of this study was to learn about the experiences and the meanings young adults had constructed about the divorce process and their relationships with their fathers in the years after the divorce. The findings revealed a broad spectrum of experiences and several key issues that gave meaning to both the disengagement and the reengagement with their fathers. Loss, trust, acceptance, availability, and support are a few of the vital issues addressed. Implications for family therapists are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

The significance of a child's age at the time of parental divorce.

The literature on children of divorce presents three theories on the relationship between a child's age at divorce and subsequent adaptation. Outpatient evaluations of 144 children of divorce, ranging in age from seven to 17 years, were coded for nature of emotional-behavioral problems and overall degree of psychological adjustment. Divorce timing was unrelated to overall level of adjustment, but was associated significantly with different constellations of emotional-behavioral difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Couples who file for divorce but change their minds.

Those who file for divorce but whose petitions are withdrawn or dismissed report higher rates of psychological distress than control group samples of divorced and married people. Reconciled couples experience high levels of domestic violence and have more serious marital complaints than those who divorce, but are not especially likely to seek professional help. Risk factors for reconciled families--and characteristics of those who reseparate or later divorce--are examined.

Divorce↗
PubMed1991

Longitudinal studies of effects of divorce on children in Great Britain and the United States.

National, longitudinal surveys from Great Britain and the United States were used to investigate the effects of divorce on children. In both studies, a subsample of children who were in two-parent families during the initial interview (at age 7 in the British data and at ages 7 to 11 in the U.S. data) were followed through the next interview (at age 11 and ages 11 to 16, respectively). At both time points in the British data, parents and teachers independently rated the children's behavior problems, and the children were given reading and mathematics achievement tests. At both time points in the U.S. data, parents rated the children's behavior problems. Children whose parents divorced or separated between the two time points were compared to children whose families remained intact. For boys, the apparent effect of separation or divorce on behavior problems and achievement at the later time point was sharply reduced by considering behavior problems, achievement levels, and family difficulties that were present at the earlier time point, before any of the families had broken up. For girls, the reduction in the apparent effect of divorce occurred to a lesser but still noticeable extent once preexisting conditions were considered.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

The effect of divorce on fathers: an overview of the literature.

Divorce is becoming a major mental health problem in the United States. With rare exception psychological attention has usually focused on the effect of divorce on children and mothers. The author suggests that as some fathers become more involved in family nurturing they will be more intensely affected by marital disruption, particularly as it involves changes in the relationship to their children. A review of the recent psychological literature on divorce and custody is presented as a framework for understanding the divorcing father who is requesting psychiatric help.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Divorced fathers: predictors of continued paternal involvement.

The author investigated factors associated with continued involvement 3 years after divorce of fathers who did not have custody of their children. Feeling competent in the role of father, degree of involvement in child rearing 1 year after divorce, and the ease with which they were able to see their children were associated with fathers' greater participation 3 years after divorce. There was no relationship between how often a divorced father saw his children and how involved he felt in child rearing. All fathers were struggling with a sense of confusion and difficulty about their status as parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The conception of the alternative and the decision to divorce.

Despite soaring divorce rates and the effect of divorce on the individual, family, and society, professional scientific literature examining the factors governing the decision to divorce has been scant. The author suggests that the key variable affecting the decision to divorce can best be understood through an exploration of the individual's conception of the alternative. The factors that comprise the conception of the alternative are discussed and the problems inherent in its valid construction by the patient are examined. The therapeutic implementation of this conception is outlined.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

The impact of divorce on adolescents.

A consensus that divorce constitutes a major disruption and disequilibrium in the lives of nearly all children is emerging. Reactions vary at different developmental stages. Divorce poses a very specific hazard to the normal adolescent process of emancipation from primary love objects. The author reviews recent research on the short-and long-term effects of parental divorce on adolescents, with special reference to adolescent developmental tasks. Treatment based on a psychoanalytic developmental perspective combined with a family systems approach is recommended. Careful attention should be paid to the gender of the therapist and the adolescent's developmental stage. Therapeutic modalities include individual and group therapy with the adolescent and conjoint therapy with the custodial parent, the single-parent family, and the noncustodial parent. The major goals of psychotherapeutic intervention with adolescents in divorced families are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Marriage, divorce, and living arrangements: prospective changes.

An analysis of current marriage patterns in the United States is presented based on official data. "The population base for first marriages reached a peak in 1982, and the corresponding peak for divorces will be reached in about 1990. Both first marriage and remarriage rates have been declining among those in critical age groups and may be expected to continue to do so, barring unforeseen developments. About one-half of the first marriages of young adults today are likely to end in divorce. For second marriages, the projected level is closer to 60%. The divorce rate is highest for those with an incomplete college education and is especially low for those with four years of college." It is noted that "about three-fourths of young divorced persons are likely eventually to remarry. The number of unmarried couples tripled during the 1970s and may double again during the 1980s. One-parent households are expected to continue increasing rapidly while two-parent households actually decrease. But even if the recent trends continue at a moderated rate, the vast majority of Americans in 1990 will probably still be living in homes of married couples with or without children or in homes of lone parents and their young children."

Americas↗
PubMed1990

Preschool age children of divorce: transitional phenomena and the mourning process.

The role of the family home as an attachment object was investigated in 57 preschool age children coping with the stress of a parental divorce. Results indicated that preschool age children of divorce exhibited an increased level of attachment to the family home as compared with children matched for age and socioeconomic status from intact family units who moved away from the family home. In addition, preschool age children who moved from the family home but show a high attachment to it demonstrate better behaviour adjustment than both the groups of children of divorce who showed low attachment after moving from the family home and the group who remained living in the family home after divorce (p less than .05).

Child Reactive Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Parental divorce and subsequent disadvantage: a cross-cohort comparison.

Although many studies have examined the link between parental divorce and subsequent well-being, some theories of the effects of divorce suggest that the negative associations should have declined over time. However, few studies have examined the extent to which the associations have remained stable over time. Using data from two British cohorts, we analyzed both shorter- and longer-term outcomes of children who experienced parental divorce and the extent to which the associations have changed over time. Estimating similar models for both cohorts, we found little evidence of any change in the size of the relationship as divorce became more commonplace.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Global, behavioral and self ratings of interpersonal skills among adult children of alcoholic, divorced and control parents.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to evaluate interpersonal skills and the relationships among interpersonal skills in a nonclinical sample of adult children of alcoholic, divorced and control parents using a multimethod assessment strategy. METHOD: Subjects were prescreened to rule out parental psychopathology and maternal alcoholism. Subjects (N = 238, 50% male, 86% white) interacted with a same- or opposite-sex confederate in a series of videotaped roleplays, which were either unstructured or structured via discussion topics and acquaintance instructions. The videotapes were coded for (1) global or general impression ratings of subject and (2) four behavioral components of interpersonal skill: talk, gaze, smile and self-manipulation. Subjects also rated their own skills and anxiety during the roleplays. RESULTS: Male and female children of alcoholics were judged to be more anxious when interacting with an opposite-sex partner than with a same-sex partner. Children of divorce and controls were not influenced by the gender of their interaction partner. Children of alcoholics were also judged to be less socially skilled then children of divorce. There was some suggestion that children of alcoholics and divorce may not accurately perceive their own level of skill. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide some support for interpersonal skills deficits among adult children of alcoholics, although the deficits were not pervasive or consistent across methods. Limitations of the findings and the overall study were discussed.

Adult↗