Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Distance”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Association between rotator cuff abnormalities and reduced acromiohumeral distance.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between rotator cuff abnormalities and reduced acromiohumeral distance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acromiohumeral distance was measured on conventional radiographs and on MR images. Three age- and sex-matched patient groups each including 21 patients were stratified according to acromiohumeral distance on conventional radiographs (group 1, 10 mm). Acromiohumeral distance was related to the presence, location, and size of a rotator cuff tear and the degree of fatty degeneration of the muscle assessed on MR arthrography. The relative influence on acromiohumeral distance of the various MR arthrographic findings was assessed. Spearman's rank correlation and stepwise regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In group 1 (acromiohumeral distance <or= 7 mm) full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears were present in 90% (19/21) of the patients, infraspinatus tendon tears in 67% (14/21) of the patients, and subscapularis tendon tears in 43% (9/21) of the patients. The size of rotator cuff tendon tears and the degree of fatty degeneration in all rotator cuff muscles showed a significant negative correlation with acromiohumeral distance (p < 0.05). After stepwise regression, a significant relative influence on acromiohumeral distance remained for size of rotator cuff tear (p < 0.0001) and for degree of fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus muscle (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Tendon tears and fatty muscle degeneration in the rotator cuff correlate with reduced acromiohumeral distance. Size of rotator cuff tear and degree of fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus muscle have the most pronounced influence on acromiohumeral distance.

Acromion↗
PubMed1995

Variation in distances among teats of Holstein cows: implications for automated milking.

Distances among teats were measured immediately prior to and immediately following milking in 912 lactations of 506 Holstein cows to assess variation due to age (parity), stage of lactation, year, and observer. Data were used to simulate success or failure to attach by the Gascoigne Melotte robotic milker. Distance between front teats premilking was nearly twice that for rear teats. When attachment of the cluster to an udder with a particular set of teat distances was simulated, excessive distance between front teats was the most frequent cause of attachment failure for third and later parities. For first parity, extremely narrow distance between rear teats was the most frequent cause of predicted attachment failure. Reduction in teat distances because of milking was proportionately much greater for distance between rear teats (45 to 50%) than for other teat distances (25 to 29%). In a study of 10 Holstein cows measured at milking and at 0, 6, 8, and 12 h after milking, distances among teats increased linearly with time elapsed postmilking. Electronic storage of a profile of a cow for teat distance and adjustments for milking interval and stage of lactation can increase chances for successful cluster attachment.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Perception of the relative distances of nearby sound sources.

The pressure of a sound varies systematically with a listener's distance from a sound source, providing a useful cue for perceiving changes in the distance between a listener and a sound-producing object. The pressure-discrimination hypothesis predicts that thresholds for discriminating changes in distance are constrained by the underlying ability to discriminate the resulting changes in sound pressure--specifically, that the smallest discriminable change in distance should be about 5% of the reference distance. Previous studies reported thresholds of about 5% for reference distances greater than a few meters but surprisingly worse thresholds for closer reference distances. In the present study, thresholds at two close distances, 1 and 2 m, were within the 5% range predicted from the pressure-discrimination hypothesis. Moreover, thresholds were significantly worse in a control condition in which the pressure cue was removed. Results of previous studies were adjusted to take into account the possibility of conservative response tendencies by the subjects. These adjusted findings agree well with the results of the present study and the pressure-discrimination hypothesis. It is concluded that variations in sound pressure are very useful for perceiving changes in listener-source distances, even at close distances.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Distance still matters. The hard reality of global expansion.

Companies routinely overestimate the attractiveness of foreign markets. Dazzled by the sheer size of untapped markets, they lose sight of the difficulties of pioneering new, often very different territories. The problem is rooted in the analytic tools (the most prominent being country portfolio analysis, or CPA) that managers use to judge international investments. By focusing on national wealth, consumer income, and people's propensity to consume, CPA emphasizes potential sales, ignoring the costs and risks of doing business in a new market. Most of these costs and risks result from the barriers created by distance. "Distance," however, does not refer only to geography; its other dimensions can make foreign markets considerably more or less attractive. The CAGE framework of distance presented here considers four attributes: cultural distance (religious beliefs, race, social norms, and language that are different for the target country and the country of the company considering expansion); administrative or political distance (colony-colonizer links, common currency, and trade arrangements); geographic distance (the physical distance between the two countries, the size of the target country, access to waterways and the ocean, internal topography, and transportation and communications infrastructures); and economic distance (disparities in the two countries' wealth or consumer income and variations in the cost and quality of financial and other resources). This framework can help to identify the ways in which potential markets may be distant from existing ones. The article explores how (and by how much) various types of distance can affect different types of industries and shows how dramatically an explicit consideration of distance can change a company's picture of its strategic options.

Commerce↗
PubMed2002

[Study on the near, middle and long distance stereopsis of normal and children with intermittent exotropia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the pre- and post-operative changes of stereopsis at different distances in normal and children with divergence in excess type of intermittent exotropia. METHODS: TNO and new stereo tests (NST) and the middle and long distance stereotest were used for the evaluation of stereoacuity at 40 cm - 5 m in 844 normal and 35 children aged 4 - 12 years with divergence excess type of intermittent exotropia undergoing operative correction of strabismus. RESULT: (1) Normal subjects: The TNO test showed that the near distance stereoacuity </= 60" was in 98% subjects aged 4 - 8 years. The stereoacuity was increased with the increase of age, the correlation being linear. The stereoacuity in children aged 10 - 11 years was the lowest. In the comparison of stereoacuity between children aged 4 - 8 years and 9 - 12 years, the difference in distribution was very significant (P < 0.01). The NST test showed that the near stereoacuity >/= 40" was in 97% subjects. The mean stereoacuity was 40" - 42" in children various in age. The middle and far distance stereoacuity was the greatest in children aged 4 years, along with the increase of age, it was gradually declined and at 9 - 10 years it was the lowest. (2) Divergence excess type of intermittent extropia: There was no significant difference between the pre- and post-operative near stereoacuity examined by TNO and NST (P > 0.05) The pre-operative middle and long distance stereoacuities were greater than that in the normal children, the difference being significant (P < 0.05). The post-operative middle distance stereoacuity was improved and approximately normal in comparison with that before the surgery, and the far distance stereoacuity was improved mildly. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In the normal group, the development of stereopsis at different distances begins at 4 years, keeping on developing with the increase of age, and the stereoacuity is elevated after 8 years and in 9 - 11 years well developed. (2) In the group of divergence excess type of intermittent exotropia, the pre-operative near stereoacuity is well, but the middle and far distance stereoacuities are poor and the middle stereoacuity improves significantly after the surgery. The recovery of middle distance stereoacuity seems to be an objective criterion of the operative therapeutic effect.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Do visual cues contribute to the neural estimate of viewing distance used by the oculomotor system?

Perceived shape and depth judgments that require knowledge of viewing distance are strongly influenced by both vergence angle and the pattern of vertical disparities across large visual fields. On the basis of this established contribution of visual cues to the neural estimate of viewing distance, we hypothesized that the oculomotor system would also make use of high-level visual cues to distance. To address this hypothesis, we investigated how compensatory eye movements during whole-body translation scale with viewing distance. Monkeys viewed large-field (85 x 68 degrees ) random-dot stereograms that were rear projected onto a fixed screen and simulated either a textured wall or pyramid at different viewing distances. In these stereograms, we independently manipulated vergence angle, horizontal and vertical disparity gradients, relative horizontal disparities, and textural cues to viewing distance. For comparison, random-dot patterns were also projected onto a moveable screen placed at different physical distances from the animal. Several cycles of left-right sinusoidal motion of the monkey at 5 Hz were interleaved with several cycles of motion in darkness, and the relationship between eye movement responses and viewing distance was quantified. As expected from previous work, the amplitude of compensatory eye movements depended strongly on vergence angle. Although visual cues to distance had a statistically significant effect on eye movements, these effects were approximately 20-fold weaker than the effect of vergence angle. We conclude that sensory and motor systems do not share a common neural estimate of viewing distance and that the oculomotor system relies far less on visual cues than the perceptual system.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Distance from the skin to the epidural space at the first lumbar interspace in a Japanese obstetric population.

We prospectively examined the distance from the skin to the epidural space (SE distance) in 95 Japanese parturient women who underwent epidural anesthesia at the L1-2 interspace, and studied the correlation between various physical factors and SE distance. The same anesthesiologist inserted the epidural tubing with the patient in the right lateral decubitus position. An epidural needle was introduced into the skin vertically via the midline approach. The epidural space was located using the loss-of-resistance technique. SE distance was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using centimeter markings on the shaft of the epidural needle. The median value of SE distance was 3.5 cm, with a range of 2.5 to 6.5 cm, and in 80% of cases SE distances were 3 to 4 cm. The correlation of body weight with SE distance was the highest of the physical factors (r2 = 0.800, p = 0.0001), and a simple regression equation was formulated to aid in predicting SE distance: "SE distance (cm) = 0.05 x body weight (kg) + 0.36". This formula will be a useful clinical guide for administering epidural anesthesia in Japanese parturient women. In conclusion, the SE distance in most Japanese parturient women is between 3 and 4 cm at the L1-2 interspace and this value is most closely correlated with their body weight.

Epidural Space↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of interimplant distance on gingival papilla formation and bone resorption: clinical-radiographic study in dogs.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate in dogs the area between implants after prosthetic restoration within 5 mm distance between the contact point (CP) between crowns and the bone crest (BC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mandibular premolars of 6 dogs were extracted bilaterally. After 12 weeks of healing, each dog received 8 implants. On each side, 2 implants were separated by 2 mm (group 1) and 2 by 3 mm (group 2). After a healing period (3 months), the implants were restored with temporary acrylic resin prostheses and after 4 more weeks, with definitive metallic prostheses. After 8 weeks, the distance between the CP and the papilla (P) was measured. The distance between a line extending from the CP and the gingival height at the distal extension of the prosthesis (DE) was also measured. Digital radiographic images were obtained for evaluation of the CP-BC and BC-P distances and the analysis of bone resorption adjacent to the implant surfaces. RESULTS: The median CP-P distances were 1.75 mm and 1.98 mm for groups 1 and 2, respectively; the median CP-DE distances were 2.60 and 2.69, respectively. The mean CP-BC distances were 5.64 mm and 6.45 mm, for groups 1 and 2, respectively; mean BC-P distances were 3.07 mm and 3.55 mm, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The differences in distances of 2 and 3 mm between implants did not present significant differences in the formation of papillae or in crestal resorption. The CP-BC distances for prostheses should be different from those of natural teeth because in natural teeth, the biologic width is already present, and in the case of implant-supported prostheses, it will develop following second-stage surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The interuncal distance in Alzheimer disease and age-associated memory impairment.

PURPOSE: To examine the value of measurement of the interuncal distance in the diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. METHODS: We measured interuncal distance from coronal MR scans acquired on a 1.5-T imager. We estimated interuncal distance from a total of 141 subjects: 54 patients diagnosed according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria of probable Alzheimer disease, 40 subjects fulfilling the National Institute of Mental Health criteria of age-associated memory impairment, 27 healthy cognitively normal older control subjects, and 20 control subjects younger than 50 years of age. For comparison we normalized interuncal distance for a horizontal line drawn through the inner cranium at the level of the uncus (interuncal distance/intracranial width ratio), for the brain area (interuncal distance/brain area) and for the intracranial area (interuncal distance/intracranial area). RESULTS: The standard interuncal distance and the interuncal distance/intracranial width differed between the young control subjects and the other groups, but did not differ among the control, age-associated memory impairment, and Alzheimer disease groups. The Alzheimer disease group had significantly greater interuncal distance/intracranial area and interuncal distance/brain area compared with age-matched controls. A considerable overlap was found, however, in the values of patients with Alzheimer disease and control subjects. The cutoff point of 30 mm for interuncal distance yielded 37% sensitivity and 72% specificity to distinguish patients with Alzheimer disease from nondemented elderly subjects. Interuncal distance was not significantly related to the clinical severity of Alzheimer disease as assessed by Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and Mini-Mental Status Examination. Instead, there was a strong correlation between standard and normalized interuncal distance and age in the whole study population and in nondemented subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that in a series of 54 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, interuncal distance was not a reliable diagnostic tool. The study also confirmed the strong age dependence for interuncal distance.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Claudication distance is poorly estimated and inappropriately measured.

BACKGROUND: Claudication distance is the commonest measure of the disability caused by lower-limb occlusive arterial disease. The accuracy of claudication distance as a surrogate for handicap has been assessed. METHODS: Seventy patients who attended a specialist vascular clinic with intermittent claudication were studied prospectively. Patients were asked to estimate their claudication distance and maximum walking distance before undergoing both a patient-controlled corridor walk and a fixed-speed treadmill walk. RESULTS: The claudication distance reported by patients bore little relation to the distance recorded in the medical correspondence. There was no correlation between the estimated distance and the actual distance walked on either a patient-controlled corridor walk or a fixed-speed treadmill walk. Most patients were able to walk substantially further at their own speed on the corridor than on the treadmill at a slower speed. CONCLUSION: Claudication distance is spuriously estimated, inaccurately reported, falsely recorded, inappropriately measured and usually misinterpreted. It is of little value in judging the need for treatment. Objective measures of the handicap caused by the disability of reduced walking distance are required if rational management decisions are to be made.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Current state of distance continuing medical education in North America.

BACKGROUND: Every continuing medical education (CME) provider is confronted one day or another with deciding whether to develop distance education programs that may enhance access to CME for health professionals. To make a judicious decision, one needs to understand the features of distance education and the experiences of other providers. METHODS: Since there was a lack of information in the literature regarding the actual state of distance CME in North America, a Web-based survey aimed at CME providers was conducted including a description of the providers, the users, the activities offered, the technologies employed, and the administration of the systems. RESULTS: The results from this study indicate that the majority (68%) of CME providers had not developed distance education programs at the time of the survey; 30% of the providers, mainly from private companies, were offering nondegree distance education programs, and 2% of the university providers were offering degree programs. The technologies mainly used to develop distance education programs were printed material (69%), videoconferencing (58%), and, to a lesser degree, videotape. The revenue sources to develop degree programs were government funding, tuition, and fees. Other sources such as commercial support and sales were used for nondegree programs. IMPLICATIONS: This study revealed that there was considerable interest in distance education, especially from the organizations not offering this type of program. Since distance CME features are now better known, this is a step toward the advancement and development of more and better distance education programs.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed1990

The locust's use of motion parallax to measure distance.

1. Locusts perform a visual behavior known as peering before jumping to targets. Peering consists of a side to side translational movement of the head. Wallace (1959) first proposed that this behavior is performed in order to obtain depth information through motion parallax. The present study analyzes more quantitatively the role of peering in the locust's (Schistocerca americana) estimation of distance in an attempt to understand the neural mechanisms involved. 2. Jump velocity was found to be related monotonically to target distance and was used as a measure of the locust's judgement of target distance. 3. By presenting locusts with a target which moved laterally while they peered (artificial parallax), it was possible to simulate the motion parallax of a target at any distance. Jump velocities elicited by means of artificial parallax were the same as jump velocities elicited by the corresponding real distances, demonstrating that locusts use motion parallax as a cue to distance. 4. By moving the target in the same direction but further than the locust's head it was possible to simulate targets whose motion parallax specified a position behind the animal. Locusts jump forward to such paradoxical stimuli with the jump velocity appropriate for targets located at the absolute value of the simulated distance. This suggests that locusts are insensitive to the relation between the direction of head and image motion. 5. Measurement of jump velocity in locusts with one eye occluded revealed an interaction between the parallax signals from the two eyes - locusts appear to sum (or average) the motion perceived in each eye. 6. Jump velocity is predicted more accurately by target distance than by either image displacement or image velocity during peering. This implies that the locust's computation of target distance involves signals concerning its own head motion.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Normal values of distance heterophoria and fusional vergence ranges and effects of age.

BACKGROUND: Although it is well known that age affects visual function, we still have much to learn about the impact of aging on binocular vision. Our aim was to establish distance heterophoria and distance fusional vergence ranges in a large non-clinical population of wide age range, to provide normal values for comparisons. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 271 non-clinical subjects stratified into six age groups. Distance heterophoria measurements were obtained using the von Graefe technique and distance horizontal fusional vergence ranges using Risley rotary prisms in each subject, with best spectacle correction. RESULTS: The mean heterophoria value for distance fixation was exophoric except for the 71-80 year age group, which was esophoric. No effects of age were observed on distance heterophoria and distance base-in and base-out break means. However, a significant effect of age was noted on base-in recovery and base-out recovery. Between the youngest and oldest age groups, mean base-in recovery decreased by 2.5 Delta and mean base-out recovery by 3.3 Delta. CONCLUSIONS: Distance base-in and base-out recovery means diminished significantly with age such that recovery values fell outside the norm in subjects in the 61-70 year age group and older. This study establishes statistical normal values for distance heterophoria and fusional vergence in a non-clinical population. Mean values such as these are valuable tools for identifying subjects with far binocular anomalies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Discrimination of travel distances from 'situated' optic flow.

Effective navigation requires knowledge of the direction of motion and of the distance traveled. Humans can use visual motion cues from optic flow to estimate direction of self-motion. Can they also estimate travel distance from visual motion?Optic flow is ambiguous with regard to travel distance. But when the depth structure of the environment is known or can be inferred, i.e., when the flow can be calibrated to the environmental situation, distance estimation may become possible. Previous work had shown that humans can discriminate and reproduce travel distances of two visually simulated self-motions under the assumption that the environmental situation and the depth structure of the scene is the same in both motions. Here we ask which visual cues are used for distance estimation when this assumption is fulfilled. Observers discriminated distances of visually simulated self-motions in four different environments with various depth cues. Discrimination was possible in all cases, even when motion parallax was the only depth cue available. In further experiments we ask whether distance estimation is based directly on image velocity or on an estimate of observer velocity derived from image velocity and the structure of the environment. By varying the simulated height above ground, the visibility range, or the simulated gaze angle we modify visual information about the structure of the environment and alter the image velocity distribution in the optic flow. Discrimination ability remained good. We conclude that the judgment of travel distance is based on an estimate of observer speed within the simulated environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of visual acuities at different distances and defocus curves.

PURPOSE: To evaluate how visual acuities at different distances correlate with results from defocus curves. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Medical Physics, University of Vienna, Medical School, Vienna, and Department of Ophthalmology, Krankenhaus St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria. METHODS: This study comprised 15 eyes of 14 patients with a mean age of 67.9 years +/- 9.7 (SD) with a monofocal silicone intraocular lens (911A, Pharmacia). The best corrected distance visual acuity was determined at viewing distances of 6 m, 2 m, 1 m, 67 cm, 50 cm, 40 cm, and 33 cm using logMAR charts. Defocus curves were then evaluated from -3.0 to -0.5 diopter (D) at 0.5 D increments from the best distance correction at a viewing distance of 6 m. RESULTS: The mean distance visual acuity was logMAR 0.08 +/- 0.07. The visual acuity graph from the testing at different distances was above the defocus graph at all testing points. Comparison of the visual acuity results from the 2 tests revealed statistically significant differences in the range from 2 m (-0.5 D) to 33 cm (-3.0 D). CONCLUSIONS: Results of defocus curves disregard the diminutions of minus glasses, the normally restricted viewing distance to 6 m for distance acuity determination, and in particular the physiological miosis caused by the near-point reaction.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Some factors affecting marital distances in the Outer Hebrides.

Some factors affecting marital distances have been studied in two Outer Hebridean islands, Harris (843 marriages) and Barra (444 marriages), over the period 1855-1990. In each island marital distances fell before 1900, but then rose to their greatest values after the 1950s. Fisherman generally married at the shortest distances and men in land-based occupations at the longest. The depression in the fishing industry during the 1880s and early 1890s was associated with reductions in marital distances, especially among fisherman. In the different regions of Harris, marital distances were least in the south-east, where settlement was most dense, and greatest in the south-west where it was most sparse. When the association between marital frequencies and inter-settlement distances was studied, it was found that for Harris there was, overall, a trend to endogamous and short-distance marriage. However, this trend was only slight during 1955-90. For Barra a similar trend was found before 1955, but thereafter there appeared to be virtually no connection between marital frequency and inter-settlement distance. Thus the only constraint on marriage was the spatial distribution of settlements. In this situation the chances of random mating with respect to distance are maximised. Application of 'Central Place' theory suggested that only since 1946 can any tendency be detected to regard Tarbert in Harris or Castlebay in Barra as Central Places, at least as far as marriage is concerned. In each island the tendency appears to be limited to the settlements closest to the Central Place.

Demography↗
PubMed2005

The influence of restricted viewing conditions on egocentric distance perception: implications for real and virtual indoor environments.

We carried out three experiments to examine the influence of field of view and binocular viewing restrictions on absolute distance perception in real-world indoor environments. Few of the classical visual cues provide direct information for accurate absolute distance judgments to points in the environment beyond about 2 m from the viewer. Nevertheless, in previous work it has been found that visually directed walking tasks reveal accurate distance estimations in full-cue real-world environments to distances up to 20 m. In contrast, the same tasks in virtual environments produced with head-mounted displays (HMDs) show large compression of distance. Field of view and binocular viewing are common limitations in research with HMDs, and have been rarely studied under full pictorial-cue conditions in the context of distance perception in the real-world. Experiment 1 showed that the view of one's body and feet on the floor was not necessary for accurate distance perception. In experiment 2 we manipulated the horizontal and the vertical field of view along with head rotation and found that a restricted field of view did not affect the accuracy of distance estimations when head movement was allowed. Experiment 3 showed that performance with monocular viewing was equal to that with binocular viewing. These results have implications for the information needed to scale egocentric distance in the real-world and reduce the support for the hypothesis that a limited field of view or imperfections in binocular image presentation are the cause of the underestimation seen with HMDs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of motion parallax and perspective cues on perceived size and distance.

In three experiments we examined the relative effectiveness of motion parallax and two perspective cues for the perception of size and distance. The experimental stimuli consisted of two ellipses (a standard and a comparison) and a horizontal line that indicated the horizon. The subject's task was to report the apparent size and distance of the comparison stimulus relative to the standard stimulus. Two perspective cues were given by the relative heights of the two stimuli and the absolute height of the standard stimulus below the horizon. Motion parallax was defined by both the ratio and the difference in angular velocities between the two stimuli on the display. In experiment 1 we examined the effects of the two perspective cues and the motion parallax. In experiment 2 we eliminated the horizon line, and examined the role of the horizon in size and distance perception. In experiment 3 we separately evaluated the effects of motion parallax and the relative height cues. The results from the three experiments showed that the effect of motion parallax and the two perspective cues were different in three ways. First, the relative effectiveness of motion parallax and the two perspective cues differed for size and distance estimates. For size estimates, the motion parallax was more effective than the perspective cues (experiments 1 and 3). For distance estimates, the motion parallax was as effective as the two perspective cues (experiments 1 and 3). Second, the role of the horizon differed for size and distance estimates. The size estimates were strongly affected by the horizon, while the distance estimates were not affected much by the horizon (experiment 2). Third, the effective perspective cues differed for the size estimates and the distance estimates: size estimates were affected by the perspective cues as a combination of the horizon and relative height; distance estimates were affected by the perspective cues as an interaction between the absolute and relative heights without the horizon line.

Cues↗