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PubMed2006

Migratory dendritic cells transfer antigen to a lymph node-resident dendritic cell population for efficient CTL priming.

Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to act as key initiators of local T cell immunity. Here we show that after skin infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation required MHC class I-restricted presentation by nonmigratory CD8(+) DCs rather than skin-derived DCs. Despite a lack of direct presentation by migratory DCs, blocking their egress from infected skin substantially inhibited class I-restricted presentation and HSV-specific CTL responses. These results support the argument for initial transport of antigen by migrating DCs, followed by its transfer to the lymphoid-resident DCs for presentation and CTL priming. Given that relatively robust CTL responses were seen with small numbers of skin-emigrant DCs, we propose that this inter-DC antigen transfer functions to amplify presentation across a larger network of lymphoid-resident DCs for efficient T cell activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Solitary cutaneous dendritic cell tumor in a child: role of dendritic cell markers for the diagnosis of skin Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

We describe a child with a solitary dendritic cell (DC) tumor positive for S-100 protein, CD1a, and HLA-DR with the clinical and histopathologic features of a so-called solitary variant of congenital self-healing Hashimoto-Pritzker reticulohistiocytosis (CSHRH). CSHRH is a spontaneously regressing, benign form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and was thought to be a histiocytosis consisting of precursor Langerhans cells. In our study the tumor cells did not express CD68, indicating that they represent mature DCs. Because of the negative finding for Langerin, it cannot be assessed whether the tumor consists of terminally mature Langerhans cells that have lost Langerin expression upon maturation or of mature dermal DCs. This case demonstrates that the progress in DC biology necessitates reevaluation of our knowledge of LCH to better understand the different variants of the disease. Therefore the literature on CSHRH is reviewed in light of present knowledge on cutaneous DC immunology.

Dendritic Cells↗
PubMed2003

Human dendritic cell 1 and dendritic cell 2 subsets express FcepsilonRI: correlation with serum IgE and allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 dendritic cells (DC1) express the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI); however, the regulation of FcepsilonRI expression by DCs is not well understood. Type 2 DC (DC2) expression of FcepsilonRI has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that DC2 cellsalso express FcepsilonRI and that expression of FcepsilonRI by the DC1 and DC2 subsets correlates with serum IgE and allergic asthma disease status. METHODS: To test these hypotheses, we quantitated FcepsilonRI alpha chain expression by the peripheral blood precursor DC1 (pDC1) and pDC2 subsets by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: FcepsilonRI was expressed by the pDC1 and pDC2 subsets, as well as tissue DCs from tonsils. Relative FcepsilonRI expression by basophil, pDC1, and pDC2 subsets was 12:6.5:1, respectively. In both pDC subsets, FcepsilonRI expression was significantly greater in allergic asthmatic subjects than in nonatopic control subjects. pDC1 and pDC2 expression of FcepsilonRI was highly correlated to serum IgE concentration. The pDC1, pDC2, and basophil subsets demonstrated a similar magnitude of increase in FcepsilonRI expression relative to changes in serum IgE. CONCLUSIONS: FcepsilonRI expression is characteristic of both the DC1 and DC2 subsets. Furthermore, FcepsilonRI expression by these cells is highly correlated to serum IgE and to basophil FcepsilonRI expression and is greater in subjects with allergic asthma. These data support the concept that novel therapeutic approaches directly targeted at FcepsilonRI expression would affect both the sensitization and the effector phases of the allergen-specific immune response.

Asthma↗
PubMed2005

Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin.

BACKGROUND: Lactobacilli are probiotic bacteria that are frequently tested in the management of allergic diseases or gastroenteritis. It is hypothesized that these probiotics have immunoregulatory properties and promote mucosal tolerance, which is in part mediated by regulatory T cells (Treg cells). On the basis of pathogenic or tissue-specific priming, dendritic cells (DC) acquire different T cell-instructive signals and drive the differentiation of naive T H cells into either T H 1, T H 2, or regulatory effector T cells. OBJECTIVE: We studied in what way different species of lactobacilli prime human DCs for their ability to drive Treg cells. METHODS: Human monocyte-derived DCs were cultured in vitro with lactobacilli of different species. RESULTS: Two different species of lactobacilli, Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus casei , but not Lactobacillus plantarum, prime monocyte-derived DCs to drive the development of Treg cells. These Treg cells produced increased levels of IL-10 and were capable of inhibiting the proliferation of bystander T cells in an IL-10-dependent fashion. Strikingly, both L reuteri and L casei , but not L plantarum , bind the C-type lectin DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Blocking antibodies to DC-SIGN inhibited the induction of the Treg cells by these probiotic bacteria, stressing that ligation of DC-SIGN can actively prime DCs to induce Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS: The targeting of DC-SIGN by certain probiotic bacteria might explain their beneficial effect in the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis and Crohn's disease.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2006

Mycophenolic acid upregulates B7-DC expression on dendritic cells, which is associated with impaired allostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells.

In addition to its effects on lymphocytes, mycophenolic acid (MPA) may inhibit the allostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells (DC) via unknown mechanisms. B7-H1 and B7-DC surface markers on DC negatively regulate T-cell responses via the receptor PD-1. In this study, we sought to investigate whether B7-H1 and B7-DC are responsible for the inhibitory functions of MPA on DC. Mouse bone marrow-derived DC were cultured with recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 in the presence or absence of MPA (0.01 micromol and 0.1 micromol). The DC phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry, their immunostimulatory capacity measured by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and cytokine production by ELISA. The results showed that MPA not only inhibited the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 but upregulated B7-DC expression on mature DC induced by LPS. These findings were associated with a reduced allostimulatory ability and an altered cytokine secretion pattern of DC. Thus, we suggest that MPA upregulates B7-DC expression during DC maturation induced by LPS in vitro, an effect that may be responsible for MPA-mediated inhibitory effects on the allostimulatory capacity of DC.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) induction therapy and dendritic cells: Impact on peripheral dendritic cell repertoire in renal allograft recipients.

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) and are pivotal for initiating allograft immunity. Recently, particular DC subsets have been implicated also in allogeneic T cell hyporesponsiveness. Alemtuzumab (anti-CD52, Campath-1H) is a novel T cell depleting antibody that is currently under investigation for the use in allogeneic organ transplantation. While recent studies demonstrated a conspicuous effect of alemtuzumab on peripheral DC in clinical graft-versus-host disease, its efficiency in patients receiving allogeneic organ transplants is still undefined. In the present study we assessed the peripheral DC repertoire in kidney transplant recipients after either alemtuzumab induction therapy followed by FK506 monotherapy or after conventional immunosuppression (FK506, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids) without any induction agent. Induction with alemtuzumab caused a strong and sustained reduction of the total number of peripheral DC and a significant shift from myeloid to plasmacytoid DC subsets (mDC/pDC ratio) as early as 1 month post-transplantation. These data show that alemtuzumab induction targets the peripheral DC repertoire, which might add another mechanism allowing immunosuppressive drug minimization. Further studies are warranted to further elucidate the functional significance of these finding in the setting of allogeneic organ transplantation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Heterogeneity of dendritic cells in human superficial lymph node: in vitro maturation of immature dendritic cells into mature or activated interdigitating reticulum cells.

A two-color immunofluorescent analysis indicated that dendritic cells (DCs) in the human axillar lymph nodes (ie, lymph nodal DCs (LnDCs)) can be classified into three subsets. The first subset consists of CD1a+/CD86(- or dim)/CD83(- or dim) nondendriform DCs found mainly in lymph sinuses, the second is of CD1a-/CD86+/CD83+ dendriform DCs scattered in normal T zones, and the third is of large CD1a(bright)/CD86+/CD83+ dendriform DCs occasionally found in hyperplastic T zones. A three-color flow cytometric analysis, immunoperoxidase staining, and electron microscopic observation indicated that the majority of LnDCs corresponded to the first subset, which showed distinctive characteristics of DCs but did not fulfill the ultrastructural criteria for interdigitating reticulum cells (IDCs) and did not contain Birbeck granules. When LnDCs were cultured for 7 days, they became large CD1a(dim)/CD86+/CD83+ dendriform cells, which formed large complexes with many T cells and exhibited distinctive ultrastructural features of interdigitating reticulum cells. LnDCs cultured in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor became markedly larger CD1a(bright)/CD86+/CD83+ dendriform cells forming large complexes with numerous T cells. These findings suggest that cells of the first subset represent immature LnDCs just migrating from epidermis, those of the second subset represent interdigitating reticulum cells, and those of the third subset represent interdigitating reticulum cells probably stimulated with certain immunostimulatory cytokines such as granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. It is also suggested that either the second or the third subsets of LnDCs are derived from the first subset.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2003

Nucleoporation of dendritic cells: efficient gene transfer by electroporation into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are ideal accessory cells in the developing field of gene therapy. Although viral transfection of DCs has become widespread, non-viral transfection of DCs has shown disappointing results. Recently, a new technique for transfecting primary cells has become available -- the Amaxa Nucleofector. Here, we describe the use of this device in the successful non-viral transfection of human monocyte-derived DCs. Using enhanced green fluorescent protein as a reporter gene DCs were transfectable with efficiencies approaching 60%, remaining responsive to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine production in short-term experiments (though long-term functional assays were hampered by loss of viability). Although these data demonstrate the ease and efficiency with which human monocyte-derived DCs can now be non-virally transfected, they also suggest the limitations of this technology due to the gradual loss of cell viability. The potential use of this system in the development of DC-based cell and gene therapies will be hampered until cell viability can be maintained.

Dendritic Cells↗
PubMed2003

Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in follicular dendritic cells: a shared feature of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and Castleman's disease.

The factors regulating the growth of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma are currently unknown. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we found that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in FDC sarcoma. We immunohistochemically examined the expression of EGFR in a larger series of FDC sarcomas and in nonneoplastic FDCs. This included 8 cases of FDC sarcoma, 12 cases of hyaline vascular Castleman's disease (CD), 5 cases of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-positive plasma cell CD, 7 cases of HHV8-negative plasma cell CD, 13 cases of reactive lymph nodes, 3 cases of reactive tonsils, 10 cases of follicular lymphoma, 6 cases of nodular mantle cell lymphoma, and 6 cases of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. EGFR was expressed in tumor cells in 7 of 8 cases (88%) of FDC sarcoma (strongly in 4 cases and moderately in 3 cases). The single EGFR-negative case had an anaplastic appearance and a more aggressive clinical behavior. EGFR was also expressed by FDC in all types of CD (strongly in 4 cases, moderately in 16 cases, and weakly in 4 cases). Immunostaining results were negative or only weakly positive for EGFR in FDC of reactive lymph nodes and tonsils, and in the FDC networks of follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. The up-regulation of EGFR in FDC of CD was paralleled by an increase in EGFR expression in the surrounding perifollicular fibroblastic reticulum cells suggesting coordinate regulation. These findings identify a differentially expressed growth regulatory receptor common to both FDC sarcoma and CD, identifying a target for possible therapy in unresectable or refractory cases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A linkage between dendritic cell and T-cell development in the mouse thymus: the capacity of sequential T-cell precursors to form dendritic cells in culture.

The earliest T precursor population in the adult mouse thymus (CD4lo8-3-44+25-c-kit+) was previously shown to be lymphoid-restricted (T, B, NK) but to have a capacity to form dendritic cells (DC). This led to the concept of a lineage of lymphoid-derived DC. DC could be generated with high efficiency in culture from this low CD4 precursor, using a complex mix of cytokines, a mix that notably did not include GM-CSF, the cytokine normally used for development in culture of myeloid-derived DC. Using this new culture system we now show that the capacity to form DC extends to the pro-T precursor population (CD4-8-3-44+25+c-kit+) but is lost by the pre-T precursor stage (CD4-8-3-44-25+c-kit+), the point of T-cell antigen-receptor beta-gene rearrangement. The DC generated in the cultures resemble mature thymic DC by most markers, but differ in their lack of expression of BP-1 and CD8 alpha.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Equine herpesvirus type 1 infects dendritic cells in vitro: stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity by infected dendritic cells.

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses. As with other herpesviruses, cell-mediated immunity is considered important for both recovery and protection. Although virus-specific T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity can be detected following in vivo infection, little is known about the role of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) in these processes. Peripheral blood DCs were shown to express the viral glycoprotein gB perinuclearly following exposure to EHV-1 in vitro, demonstrating EHV-1 replication within them. Co-culture of infected DCs or their supernatants with a susceptible cell line (RK13) demonstrated that EHV-1 infection was productive. In vitro-infected DCs showed cytopathic effects, including loss of viability and syncytial formation. However, they were superior to other antigen presenting cells in stimulating both peripheral blood T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Although ponies which had been intranasally infected with EHV-1 exhibited T-cell proliferation to live virus presented on DCs, the responses began to decline as early as 15 weeks and cease at 22 weeks post-in vivo infection. Cytotoxic responses were not detected 35 weeks after the first intranasal infection but were seen again 7 weeks following a second infection. These findings show that equine DCs, which are infected with EHV-1 in vitro, can stimulate memory T-cell responses but appear unable to circumvent the short-lived memory response found following this infection in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Induction of anergic and regulatory T cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and other dendritic cell subsets.

The induction of antigen-specific tolerance is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Because the central tolerance that eliminates potentially harmful autoreactive T cells is incomplete, peripheral mechanisms for suppressing self-reactive T cells play an important role. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, which have an extraordinary capacity to stimulate naïve T cells and initiate primary immune responses. Recent accumulating evidence indicates that several subsets of human DCs also play a critical role in the induction of peripheral tolerance by anergizing effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells or by inducing the differentiation of naïve T cells into T-regulatory cells, which produce interleukin (IL)-10. Human DC subsets with the property of suppressing an antigen-specific T-cell response include plasmacytoid DCs, which are either in an immature state or in a mature state induced by CD40 ligand stimulation, and monocyte-derived DCs, which are either in an immature state or have had their state modulated by treatment with IL-10 or CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells. These "tolerogenic" DCs may be relevant to therapeutic applications for autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as organ transplant rejection.

Autoantigens↗
PubMed2003

Umbilical cord blood dendritic cells are a rich source of soluble HLA-DR: synergistic effect of exosomes and dendritic cells on autologous or allogeneic T-Cell proliferation.

In this study, we compared soluble HLA-DR (sHLA-DR) production in the culture supernatants of various cell sources [T and B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) either from adult peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB)]. DCs produced the highest amount of sHLA-DR molecules as compared to other cell sources, with UCB DCs producing the highest amount. Different kinetics of sHLA-DR production were found between immature and mature UCB DCs (mDC, iDC) (derived either from CD34(+) or CD14(+) cells). Maximum production of sHLA-DR was observed in 72-hour culture supernatants of both CD34- and CD14-derived mDCs, whereas it peaked in the 24-hour culture supernatants from iDC. sHLA-DR molecules were pelleted after sequential centrifugation from UCB CD34(+) DCs and were found to contain both 36 kD alpha-chain and 29 kD beta-chain of HLA-DR, CD86, and Fas molecules. These sHLA-DR containing vesicles/exosomes alone evoked weak proliferative responses from autologous and allogeneic T cells, but the immune response was significantly increased when vesicles/exosomes were presented with DCs.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Allogeneic graft CD34(+) cell dose correlates with dendritic cell dose and clinical outcome, but not with dendritic cell reconstitution after transplant.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether the CD34(+) cell dose in allografts correlates with the dose of myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and with DC reconstitution and clinical outcome after a myeloablative HLA-matched transplant. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients were included in this study: 37 who had undergone a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) transplant from related donors and 16 who had undergone a marrow transplant from unrelated donors. The number of CD34(+) cells, lin(-)HLA-DR(+)CD11c(+) mDC, lin(-)HLA-DR(+)CD123(+) pDC, CD14(+) monocytes, and CD3(+)CD4(+), CD3(+)CD8(+), CD56(+), and CD19(+) lymphocytes was compared in the graft, as well as in the peripheral blood after transplant, in patients receiving more than versus less than or equal to the median number of CD34(+) cells in PBSC (5.78 x 10(6)/kg) or in marrow (2.8 x 10(6)/kg). RESULTS: A higher CD34(+) cell dose was associated with larger numbers of mDC in PBSC (p=0.01) and pDC in marrow grafts (p=0.004). However, neither mDC nor pDC recovery after transplant correlated with the number of CD34(+) cells infused. Finally, higher doses of CD34(+) cells appeared to negatively affect (p=0.02) the overall survival in PBSC transplantation and were associated with a trend for higher acute graft-vs-host disease in PBSC and lower acute graft-vs-host disease in marrow transplant. CONCLUSIONS: CD34(+) cell dose correlates with the dose of different DC subsets in PBSC and marrow grafts, but it does not affect DC reconstitution after transplant. Higher doses of CD34(+) cells in PBSC, but not in marrow, seem to adversely affect survival after transplant.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of lipofectin-antigen complexes on major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation pathway in murine dendritic cells and on dendritic cell maturation.

We previously reported that exogenous antigens complexed with the cationic liposome lipofectin (LF) were efficiently presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrated that MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation on DC2.4 cells, a murine immature DC line, treated with LF-antigen complexes was remarkably suppressed through the inhibition of endocytosis, proteasome catalysis, and Golgi transport. We also found that LF did not influence expression of interleukin-12 p40 mRNA, MHC molecules, or co-stimulatory molecules in DC2.4 cells. These findings suggest that an antigen-loading procedure using LF could enhance delivery of exogenous antigens to the classical MHC class I pathway in DCs, but it does not initiate DC maturation.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1999

Virus replication begins in dendritic cells during the transmission of HIV-1 from mature dendritic cells to T cells.

BACKGROUND: To initiate immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) capture antigens or viruses at body surfaces, undergo maturation to express T-cell costimulatory molecules, and then migrate to lymphoid organs. DCs at body surfaces can capture human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), but mature DCs do not support replication of the virus unless T cells are added. The initial site for HIV-1 replication remains unknown and it is unclear whether replication can take place in DCs or whether the virus must first be transmitted from DCs to T cells. RESULTS: We generated mature DCs from monocyte precursors. Upon infection with HIV-1, reverse transcription was completed only when T cells were added. When the reverse transcriptase inhibitor azidothymidine was added to the DCs during exposure to HIV-1, the DCs remained fully infectious, as long as the drug was removed just before culturing the DCs with T cells. HIV-1 variants that were engineered to undergo only one cycle of replication were able to infect DCs and replicate once in these cells. When T cells were added, newly produced HIV-1 Gag protein was exclusively localized to the DCs. With wild-type virus, subsequent rounds of replication took place in T cells. Soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD40L-transfected fibroblasts stimulated HIV-1 replication in purified mature DCs. CONCLUSIONS: Mature DCs provide a drug-resistant reservoir for HIV-1. This reservoir is activated within DCs by CD40L and upon interaction with T cells, and the virus then spreads rapidly to other T cells.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1998

RelB is essential for the development of myeloid-related CD8alpha- dendritic cells but not of lymphoid-related CD8alpha+ dendritic cells.

The transcription factor RelB had been shown to be important for dendritic cell (DC) development, but the type of DC involved was not clear. Here, we report that RelB mRNA is expressed strongly in CD8alpha- DEC-205- DC but only weakly in CD8alpha+ DEC-205+ DC. In addition, CD8alpha+ DEC-205+ DC are present and functional in RelB null mice, the DC deficiency being mainly in the CD8alpha- DEC-205- population. By constructing bone-marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrate that the partial deficiency in RelB null thymic DC is a secondary effect of disrupted thymic architecture. However, the deficiency in splenic CD8alpha- DEC-205- DC is a direct, stem cell intrinsic effect of the RelB mutation. Thus, RelB selectively regulates a myeloid-related DC lineage.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Immune response induced in vitro by CD16- and CD16+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with dendritic cell vaccines.

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDC) are increasingly used as cancer vaccines. However, human monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population. We showed previously that DC derived from a monocyte subset expressing CD16 (16+mDC) stimulated allogeneic naïve T lymphocytes to secrete higher levels of IL-4 than DC derived from regular CD14(high)CD16(-) monocytes (16-mDC). Th1-type responses have been associated with effective antitumor responses, thus the use of mDC containing 16+mDC as cancer vaccines might be disadvantageous. Here, we evaluate the primary and memory immune response elicited in vitro by 16+mDC and 16-mDC in five patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma vaccinated with autologous mDC pulsed with tumor lysates (TuLy) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). After therapy, three of the five patients had stable disease. Surprisingly, patients with longer survival showed the highest amount of peripheral blood CD16+ monocytes. Analysis of KLH-specific antibodies revealed high titers of IgG2 in patients with longer survival. CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation against KLH and TuLy increased after treatment, and some patients showed an augmented rate of CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation against KLH (3/5) and TuLy (2/3) when 16+mDC were used as antigen presenting cells (APC). Before treatment, the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio against TuLy and KLH was higher when using 16-mDC as APC, but after vaccination four of five patients had an increased ratio for TuLy with 16+mDC. These results suggest that the immune response elicited by 16-mDC and 16+mDC is modified when memory or naïve T cells are stimulated, and 16+mDC could favor a stronger and more beneficial antitumoral Th1 memory response in vivo.

Adolescent↗