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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels in male arsonists.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolite levels were studied in 20 arsonists, 20 habitually violent offenders, and ten healthy inpatient volunteers. The arsonists and violent offenders had been in prison an average of six months before the study. Both the raw data and data adjusted by analysis of covariance for group differences in age, height, sex, and season of the lumbar puncture showed significantly lower concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the arsonists than in the other groups. The finding remained the same when arsonists with violent suicide attempts were excluded from the analysis. Although CSF concentrations of MHPG or 5-HIAA did not correlate with the severity of repeated fire-setting behavior, low blood glucose nadir in the oral glucose tolerance test (a measure of the tendency toward hypoglycemia) did. These results support the hypothesis that poor impulse control in criminal offenders is associated with low levels of certain CSF monoamine metabolites and with a hypoglycemic tendency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Influence of apolipoprotein E genotypes on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: results from a segregation analysis in pedigrees with molecularly defined familial hypercholesterolemia.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a monogenic disorder caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene. Large variations in plasma lipids and lipoprotein levels have been observed in FH families. These may be caused by other environmental and genetic factors of which apolipoprotein E (apo E) is a candidate. The possible influence of apo E polymorphism on components of variation in plasma LDL-C, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels was investigated in 235 members of 14 families with FH. Sex-and age-adjusted mean LDL-C was influenced significantly by the apo E genotype in non-FH subjects (P <or= .01), and a similar trend was observed in FH cases. Mean plasma levels of triglyceride, HDL-C, and Lp(a) were not significantly different across the apo E genotypes in FH and in non-FH family members. Complex segregation analysis was first applied to these sex- and age-adjusted data. In addition to the major gene involved in LDL-C levels (i.e., the LDL receptor gene), there was evidence for a non-transmitted environmental major factor in addition to polygenic effect that explained the mixture of distributions in TG and a major effect in addition to polygenic loci which influenced Lp(a) levels. There was no evidence for a single major factor controlling HDL-C levels in these pedigrees. When the segregation models allowed apo E regression coefficients to be ousiotype (class) specific, the results suggested that apo E genotypes have a significant effect on LDL-C, TG, and Lp(a) levels. In conclusion, the analysis presented here supports the concept that the apo E gene has an important role in the regulation of plasma lipid and lipoproteins in FH.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Inheritance of LDL peak particle diameter: results from a segregation analysis in Israeli families.

Genetic and environmental determinants of LDL peak particle diameter (LDL-PPD) were investigated in a sample of 80 kindreds residing in kibbutz settlements in Israel. The sample included 182 males and 191 females ages 15-93 years. LDL-PPD levels were first adjusted for variability in sex and age. Commingling analysis demonstrated that a mixture of two normal distributions fit the adjusted LDL-PPD levels better than did a single normal distribution. Complex segregation analysis was first applied to these sex and age adjusted data but was not conclusive. However, when the regression model for sex and age allowed coefficients to be ousiotype (class) specific, the mixed environmental model was rejected while a major Mendelian model was not. These results suggest that the particular genotypes determined by the major gene, which are associated with different phenotypic variances, are likely to be more realistic, and that this analytic approach can contribute to improving our understanding of the genetics of LDL particle size.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for treating upper extremity work related disorders in adults.

BACKGROUND: Conservative interventions such as physiotherapy and ergonomic adjustments play a major part in the treatment of most work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether conservative interventions have a significant impact on short and long-term outcomes for upper extremity WRMD in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (January 2002) and Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field specialised register (January 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2001), PubMed (1966 to November 2001), EMBASE (1988 to November 2001), and CINAHL (1982 to November 2001). We also searched the Physiotherapy Index (1988 to November 2001) and reference lists of articles. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials and concurrent controlled trials studying conservative interventions for adults suffering from upper extremity WRMD were included. Conservative interventions may include exercises, relaxation, physical applications, biofeedback, myofeedback and work place adjustments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected the trials from the search yield and assessed the clinical relevance and methodological quality using the Delphi list. In the event of clinical heterogeneity or lack of data we used a rating system to assess levels of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included 15 trials involving 925 people. Twelve trials included people with chronic non-specific neck or shoulder complaints, or non-specific upper extremity disorders. Over 20 interventions were evaluated; seven main subgroups of interventions could be determined: exercises, manual therapy, massage, ergonomics, multidisciplinary treatment, energised splint and individual treatment versus group therapy. Overall, the quality of the studies appeared to be poor. In 10 studies a form of exercise was evaluated, and there is limited evidence about the effectiveness of exercises only when compared to no treatment. Concerning manual therapy (1 study), massage (4 studies), multidisciplinary treatment (1 study) and energised splint (1 study) no conclusions can be drawn. Limited evidence is found concerning the effectiveness of specific keyboards for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review shows limited evidence for the effectiveness of keyboards with an alternative force-displacement of the keys or an alternative geometry, and limited evidence for the effectiveness of individual exercises. The benefit of expensive ergonomic interventions (such as new chairs, new desks etc) in the workplace is not clearly demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Histamine2 receptor antagonist use and decline in cognitive function among community dwelling elderly.

PURPOSE: Previous studies have reported mixed results regarding the use of histamine(2) receptor antagonist use and cognitive function. This study evaluated the relationship between the use of histamine(2) receptor antagonists and cognitive decline among community dwelling elderly. METHODS: This cohort study included 2082 subjects from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly who were not cognitively impaired at baseline (1989/90). Histamine(2) receptor antagonist use was determined during in-home interviews. Cognitive function was assessed at 3 and 7 years after baseline by two measures: (1) incident cognitive impairment defined by the short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ); and (2) cognitive decline (increase in two or more SPMSQ errors). Analyzes used multivariable discrete-time hazard models with weighted data adjusted for sampling design and controlled for demographic, health behavior characteristics and health status. RESULTS: At baseline, nearly 5% of participants used a histamine(2) receptor antagonist. During follow-up, incident cognitive impairment occurred in 24.0%, whereas 34.5% increased by two or more errors on the SPMSQ. In multivariable models, current histamine(2) receptor antagonist users compared to never users had a higher risk for cognitive impairment (Adj. RR 1.51; 95%CI 0.93-2.47) and for decline in performance (increase of two or more errors) on the SPMSQ (Adj. RR 1.24; 95%CI 0.74-2.08). A nonsignificant increased risk of cognitive impairment and decline with either higher dose or short-term use was found whereas a nonsignificant protective effect on cognitive decline with current long-term use was seen. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest no beneficial effects, and perhaps a detrimental effect, of histamine(2) receptor antagonist use on cognitive function in community dwelling elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Reduced activation and affinity of renin during pregnancy and oral contraception: determination of kinetic parameters by a fully autologous plasma renin assay.

In healthy normotensive pregnancy, a complex functional network develops between the cardiovascular system, the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Cardiac output and heart rate increase, but blood pressure is reduced. The kidneys increase in size and both the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow increase early. Renal tubular water and sodium reabsorption is even more enhanced, so that the total body water of mother and foetus rises in the course of pregnancy by 6-8 litres. Plasma osmolality falls by about 10 mosm/kg. yet total body sodium increases by about 1 mol. Understandably, in the face of such complex fluid and pressure adjustments, data on the changes of the RAS in normal pregnancy are often contradictory. However, there is general agreement that the angiotensinogen and inactive renin in plasma are greatly raised. Most groups have also found a considerable increase in active renin. These changes could lead to higher rates of angiotensin I (AI) formation (and hence high circulating angiotensin II levels), with adverse consequences for mother and foetus. The high proportion of inactive renin may reflect a reduction in the rate of activation of prorenin in order to avoid these consequences. This reduction may involve kallikreins which have been listed amongst the putative in vivo activators of prorenin. Excessive AI formation in pregnancy could also be avoided by the production of functionally different renins or angiotensinogens. Such changes will be difficult to detect with assays which require addition of extraneous renin or angiotensinogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1993

Sensation seeking in opposite-sex twins: an effect of prenatal hormones?

Intrauterine hormones and position with respect to male and female littermates influence sexually dimorphic adult behavior in litter-bearing animals. Opposite-sex dizygotic twins offer the opportunity to examine analogous effects on sex-related human behaviors. To illustrate this approach, Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) scores from 422 British twin pairs, including 51 opposite-sex pairs (Zuckerman, M., et al., J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 46:139-149, 1978), were reanalyzed. Zuckerman et al. (1978) have shown that some aspects of sensation seeking are consistently increased in males relative to females. In comparing age-adjusted data for opposite and same-sex twins, our reanalysis demonstrated the predicted increase in sensation seeking in female members of opposite-sex pairs. Results were significant for measures of disinhibition, experience seeking, and overall sensation seeking. In contrast, male opposite-sex twins were not significantly different from male same-sex twins. Although psychosocial explanations of the increased sensation seeking in opposite-sex female twins cannot be excluded, these finding are consistent with hypothesized in utero hormonal influences on later behavioral development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Commingling and segregation analysis of reading performance in families of normal reading probands.

This paper reports the results of commingling and genetic segregation analyses performed on a quantitative reading phenotype in 125 families ascertained through normal, nondisabled readers. Commingling analysis using SKUMIX suggested that the reading phenotype best fit a skewed, single distribution model. Complex segregation using POINTER was then performed on the power adjusted data. While there were some analytical ambiguities and complexities, the segregation analysis indicated that there was familial transmission of the phenotype and that a significant percentage of the variance in this phenotype could be attributed to a major gene with dominance. Because the estimated frequency of the putative dominant allele is .35, 57% of the population would carry at least one copy of this allele. This common allele, with low penetrance, accounted for 54% of the phenotypic variance in reading scores. These findings are considered in the context of our earlier report of major gene influence ona qualitative dyslexic phenotype in a sample of 133 dyslexic proband families that were originally matched to the present sample of control families (Pennington et al., 1991). The applicability of a classic single gene, multifactorial-polygenic, and oligogenic or QTL models for reading ability/disability is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Consistent correction of data for aboriginal populations.

"A consistent correction procedure is used to determine improved, consistent estimates by sex of census age distributions, intercensal births, intercensal deaths and net migration by age for the Aboriginal populations of the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia during the period 1986-91. Undercount estimates and life tables show the Aboriginal populations to have lower coverage in statistical collections and much higher death risks than the total Australian population. Inter-regional net migration estimates show that component of change can no longer be ignored."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2001

Vascular disease prevalence in diabetic patients in China: standardised comparison with the 14 centres in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Rates of vascular complications of diabetes in a cohort of mainland Chinese patients with diabetes, ascertained and examined by similar methodology, are compared with those of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes (WHO MSVDD). METHODS: The standardised procedures carried out in the WHO MSVDD were followed in assembling and examining a Chinese cohort of 447 diabetic patients recruited in Beijing and Tianjin [2]. RESULTS: Compared with the WHO MSVDD centres, the Chinese cohort was slightly older, had a shorter duration of known diabetes and had fewer insulin-treated patients. Arterial pressure, total blood cholesterol and body mass index were substantially lower. Large vessel disease rate for age, sex and duration adjusted data (17.9 % ) was about half that of the combined WHO MSVDD centres (33.5 % p < 0.001). However, retinopathy (47.4% vs 35.8% p < 0.001) and proteinuria (57.1 vs 24.9 % p < 0.001) rates were significantly higher. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Relatively low arterial pressures and blood cholesterol are likely contributors to the notably low arterial disease rates in this Chinese diabetic cohort; they reflect low rates in the Chinese mainland general population and resemble the Tokyo and Hong Kong centres of the WHO MSVDD. The high rates of retinopathy and proteinuria could relate to later diagnosis, degree of hyperglycaemia and/or increased susceptibiltiy to microangiopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Do young New Zealand Pacific Island and European children differ in bone size or bone mineral?

Although Pacific Island adults have been shown to have larger bones and greater bone mineral density than caucasians, no previous studies have been undertaken to determine whether differences are present in prepubertal children. Forty-one Pacific Island children (both parents of Pacific Island descent) and 38 European children, aged 3 to 7 years, living in New Zealand were studied. Heights and weights were determined by simple anthropometry and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated. Body composition, bone size, and bone mineral content (BMC, g) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the total body and the non-dominant forearm. Compared to European children, in data adjusted for age and gender, Pacific Island children had significantly greater (P < 0.05) BMC in the total body (12%), the ultradistal radius (16%), and the 33% radius (8%), and also greater total body bone area (10%). Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) was higher only at the ultradistal radius (11%). However, after adjustment for body weight, in particular lean mass, no differences were seen between Pacific Island and European children in any bone measure. The larger bone area and BMC of young Pacific Island children can be explained by their greater height and weight. Therefore, this study has shown that prepubertal Pacific Island children do not have greater bone size or BMC for their weight.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Short-term heart rate variability and factors modifying the risk of coronary artery disease in a population sample.

Heart rate (HR) variability is impaired in chronic coronary artery disease (CAD), but the mechanism is not fully resolved. This study was aimed at assessing whether HR variability is influenced by the risk factors of CAD. Of a random sample of 120 subjects born in 1954, 88 (41 men and 47 women) could be included in the analyses. No subject had clinical heart disease. The subjects' physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking were quantified by 2-month diary follow-up. Serum lipids and insulin were measured. The tests of HR variability included power spectral analysis and calculation of the root-mean-square difference of RR intervals at rest under controlled respiration. HR variability indexes were asymmetrically distributed and strongly HR-dependent, and therefore, all statistical tests were performed on log-transformed data adjusted to the population mean HR. Multiple regression analyses showed independent inverse relations between the root-mean-square RR difference and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (beta = -0.22; p = 0.008), and between the total RR-interval power and LDL cholesterol (beta = -0.25; p = 0.007), as well as smoking (beta = -0.19; p = 0.035). In women, alcohol use influenced the RR-interval root-mean-square difference (beta = 0.31; p = 0.015), total power (beta = 0.33; p = 0.017) and high-frequency power (beta = 0.26; p = 0.056). It is concluded that short-term HR variability is related inversely to LDL cholesterol and smoking in the population, and directly to alcohol use in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Comparison with the theory of the kinetics and extent of ice crystallization and of the glass-forming tendency in aqueous cryoprotective solutions.

The glass-forming tendency and stability of the wholly amorphous state of various cryoprotective solutions has been studied in recent years (5-10, 20). A lot of experimental data including heats of ice crystallization at various cooling rates and devitrification temperatures have been given. In this article these data have been compared with analytical expressions using a semiempirical model. The theoretical variation of the total quantity of ice crystallized with the cooling rate fits very well with the experimental data, adjusting only one parameter. Using the same model, theoretical differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) crystallization peaks have been obtained for cooling or rewarming. The general shape, height, and width of the theoretical peaks are very similar to those of the experimental peaks. The differences are comparable to the random variations of the experimental peaks from one experiment to another. The analytical expressions obtained here could be used to study the relationship between the kinetics of ice crystallization and cell damage when ice crystallizes incompletely inside or outside the cells. These expressions have been applied to ice crystallization for applications in cryobiology. But they could also probably be used in other fields of research such as crystallization from silicates or other mineral or organic glasses.

Cryoprotective Agents↗
PubMed1991

Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in Hirschsprung's disease in Israel.

Hirschsprung's disease is a relatively prevalent disorder in newborn babies and young children. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is augmented locally, in the neural plexus of the affected gut segment. It has been suggested that this enzyme will also be increased in red blood cells (RBCs) of affected children. Thus, we studied AChE activity in newborn babies and children, as well as age-adjusted data. This Israeli study consisted of healthy and affected Bedouins as well as Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. This study supports the Japanese study in that the RBC AChE is not augmented in Hirschsprung's disease. However, final conclusions cannot yet be drawn, because of the small sample.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2006

Urotensin II and biomarkers of endothelial activation and atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Urotensin II (UTN), a cyclic undecapeptide widely distributed in various organs and tissues, is found in high concentration in atheromatous lesions. Because UTN accumulates in patients with chronic renal failure, the association between plasma UTN and biomarkers of atherosclerosis and endothelial activation needs to be better understood. METHODS: We tested by a robust statistical approach (Holm method) the association between plasma UTN and biomarkers of atherosclerosis and endothelial activation in a population of 191 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. RESULTS: Plasma UTN was significantly higher in patients with end-stage renal disease (median: 6.5 ng/mL) than in healthy subjects (median: 3.1 ng/mL) (P < .001), and in both patients and control subjects it was independent of age and sex. Interestingly, UTN was inversely related to fibrinogen (r = -0.50, P < .004), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (r = -0.24, P < .004) and with NO synthesis inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl-arginine (r = -0.40, P < .004). These links were paralleled by direct correlations with albumin (r = 0.21, P < .006) and with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) (r = 0.36, P < .004). Of note, on multiple regression analysis, these associations remained highly significant also after data adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse links between UTN with biomarkers of atherosclerosis and endothelial activation suggest that downregulation of UTN may be a counter-regulatory response aimed at mitigating cardiovascular damage or that UTN itself is a protective factor.

Arginine↗
PubMed2006

Using anticholinergics to treat overactive bladder: the issue of treatment tolerability.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a chronic syndrome with debilitating symptoms that negatively affect health-related quality of life. Although anticholinergic agents have been first-line treatment for OAB for many years, the efficacious pharmacologic management of this condition has been compromised by concerns regarding tolerability. Anticholinergic agents prevent involuntary contractions of the bladder detrusor muscle by preventing acetylcholine from binding to the M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes. Anticholinergics are not tissue specific, and their use for treatment of OAB has been associated with side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. Recent studies with extended-release formulations and newly developed receptor subtype-specific anticholinergic agents demonstrate that side effects are typically mild to moderate and generally tolerable, seldom leading to patient withdrawal. By incorporating patient-initiated dose adjustment into the protocol, the primary care physician can effectively manage adverse events associated with OAB without compromising efficacy. Recent dose-adjustment data with extended-release oxybutynin suggest that, given some control in the process, patients are willing to tolerate certain side effects in exchange for symptom relief.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Impact of diabetes on health-related quality of life in a population study in Japan.

Diabetes may impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The aim of this population-based study was to confirm this influence. We examined 2135 residents aged > or =30 years in an entire community, who had no history of cancer or cardiovascular disease and did not require care for daily activity. The response rate was 87.8%. The status of diabetes, other chronic diseases and life practices were assessed by self-reported questionnaires, in which HRQOL was evaluated by the Japanese version SF-36, based on five sub-scales of the domain. Diabetes had been diagnosed in 165 (7.7%) of the study population. Comparison of data, adjusted for sex, age, living alone and employment status between non-diabetics and subjects with diabetes treated by pharmacological therapy had odds ratios (ORs) between the lowest quartiles of sub-scale scores of 1.90 for physical role, 2.51 for general health, and 1.79 for emotional role. The OR for lower general health was also increased in people using only lifestyle modification for treatment of diabetes. Although the OR for mental health was worse in the lifestyle modification group it was not increased in people with diabetes on pharmacological therapy. These associations remained almost unchanged after adjustment for the covariates. The sub-scales of physical and emotional roles and general health were decreased significantly in diabetics with duration of disease between 10 and 19 years or > or =20 years. Our study showed treatment of diabetes clearly influenced HRQOL, with this influence being dependent on the duration of diabetes and primarily affecting physical rather than mental health.

Adult↗