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PubMed1976

Serological types of Diplococcus pneumoniae isolated from the respiratory tract of children with cystic fibrosis and children with other diseases.

The distribution of serological types of D. pneumoniae was investigated in 40 strains isolated from 26 children with cystic fibrosis and 57 strains isolated from 39 children with other diseases. All strains were isolated from sputum or tracheal secretion. The strains from cystic fibrosis patients belonged to 14 different serological types, the most prevalent were 19F, 19A and 3. The strains from the other group of children belonged to 20 different serological types, the most prevalent were 23F, 19F and 11A. The differences between the two groups of patients as to the prevalences of types were small, and it is concluded that no special serological types of D. pneumoniae are associated with cystic fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1954

The binding of penicillin in relation to its cytotoxic action. II. The reactivity with penicillin of resistant variants of streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci.

1. In a previous study, the differing sensitivity of bacterial strains as they occur in nature appeared to be correlated with their correspondingly differing reactivity with penicillin. Presumably, the over-all reactivity of the cell with penicillin paralleled that of the vulnerable cell component(s). However, when penicillin-resistant variants of these strains (Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus pyogenes, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus faecalis) were produced by serial passage through increasing concentrations of antibiotic, this correlation between resistance and the ability of the cell to bind penicillin was no longer apparent. Some resistant variants bound more penicillin than the parent, sensitive cell (Streptococcus faecalis, Micrococcus pyogenes), some were unchanged in their reactivity (Diplococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus pyogenes), and some bound less (Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus pyogenes). One resistant variant of Micrococcus pyogenes at first showed enhanced reactivity with penicillin; on continued passage through antibiotic, there was a further increase in resistance, but now associated with a significantly decreased reactivity. In the case of Diplococcus pneumoniae, a resistant variant at first reacted normally with penicillin; on continued passage in antibiotic, its binding affinity for penicillin gradually decreased, but with no associated further increase in resistance. 2. The reactivity with penicillin of cell-free sonic extracts of the resistant variants paralleled that of the intact organisms. Permeability considerations therefore did not seem involved in the increased resistance produced by serial passage in antibiotic. 3. The penicillin-resistant variants did not have an enhanced capacity to degrade the free intracellular antibiotic. 4. Possible alternative explanations are discussed in the text.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Clinical study on amoxicillin in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)].

Clinical effect of amoxicillin was evaluated in 29 cases of the acute infections of ear, nose and throat: 8 cases of acute purulent otitis media, one case of acute otitis externa, one case of furuncle of the ear, 2 cases of acute sinusitis, 12 cases of acute lacunar tonsillitis, 2 cases of pharyngolaryngitis, one case of acute cervical lymphadenitis, one case of phlegmon of the face and one case of acute gingivitis. The following results were obtained from the clinical and laboratory studies. 1) The therapeutic results were excellent in 18 cases, good in 5 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases. The effect was observed in 79.3% of the patients treated. 2) The causative bacteria were: 3 strains of beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, 4 strains of Hemophilus, 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae, one strain of Gram-positive Diplococcus and Gram-negative Bacillus. Clinically good results were obtained in patients infected with beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, Hemophilus and Diplococcus pneumoniae. 3) No side effect was observed with amoxicillin, except slight diarrhea in one case. This side effect disappeared by cessation of the administration. 4) No unfavourable influence was noticed on peripheral blood, liver function nor renal function by administration of amoxicillin. 5) From the results of this series, amoxicillin seems to be useful in the treatment of acute infections of the ear, nose and throat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Cellular immunity against bacteria (intracellular and extracellular parasites) in experimentally aged rats (author's transl)].

The authors study the activity of RES in rats with Progeria-like syndrome of Selye, at the occasion of a repeated infection with bacteria--intracellular parasites (Brucella abortus 19) and bacteria--extracellular parasites (Diplococcus pneumoniae). They establish that immunization improves the activity of RES of the experimentally aged rats; still, its phagocytic and digestive functions remain by far feebler than those of the rats unsubjected to experimental ageing. By the aged animals the RES insufficiency is more pronounced towards the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus 19, than towards the extracellular Diplococcus pneumoniae.

Aging↗
PubMed1962

In vitro effects of C-reactive protein on phagocytosis.

Hokama, Y. (University of California, Los Angeles), Monroe K. Coleman, and Richard F. Riley. In vitro effects of C-reactive protein on phagocytosis. J. Bacteriol. 83:1017-1024. 1962. Carbonyl iron spherules, Diplococcus pneumoniae types IIs and XXVIIs, and Serratia marcescens were phagocytosed more rapidly and in greater numbers by leukocytes of normal human blood after incubation with C-reactive protein. With the exception of carbonyl iron spherules, addition of C-reactive protein to whole blood containing substrate had little effect on the extent of phagocytosis. Normal and acute-phase seromucoid Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and crude endogenous pyrogen were without a stimulating effect under the same conditions in the homologous systems employed.

C-Reactive Protein↗
PubMed1963

IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CEPHALOTHIN.

Chang, Te-Wen (Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.) and Louis Weinstein. In vitro biological activity of cephalothin. J. Bacteriol. 85:1022-1027. 1963.-Cephalothin is a "broad-spectrum" antibiotic active, in low concentrations, against Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Shigella, Salmonella, and Proteus mirabilis were the most sensitive of the gram-negative organisms. Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes were suppressed to a lesser degree, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Herellea were highly resistant. Penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains of S. aureus were equally susceptible to cephalothin. Exposure to increasing concentrations of the drug very frequently led to the development of resistance in gram-negative organisms; this was observed less often with S. aureus. Cephalothin stimulated the production of penicillinase by staphylococci, which remained sensitive to the cephalosporanic acid derivatives despite repeated subculture in increasing concentrations of the agent. Cephalothin was not inhibited by penicillinase. This antibiotic was more toxic to cultures of human amnion and mouse embryo cells than benzyl penicillin G but was less injurious than oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and demethylchlortetracycline; tetracylcine produced about the same degree of cellular damage as cephalothin.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1964

RESISTANCE-ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF CULTURE FILTRATES OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

Hedgecock, Loyd W. (Veterans Administration Hsopital, St. Louis, Mo.). Resistance-enhancing activity of culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 88:1349-1355. 1964.-It was demonstrated that filtrates of cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit resistance-enhancing activity against infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Diplococcus pneumoniae. Resistance was demonstrable when the culture filtrate was injected 3 hr prior to challenge with K. pneumoniae, and reached the highest level when injected 24 hr before challenge. Protection was maximal when the filtrate and challenging organisms were injected by the same route. After infection with K. pneumoniae, the bacterial titers in the tissues of filtrate-treated animals were significantly lower than those of untreated susceptible controls. Mice injected with the filtrate 24 hr previously demonstrated significantly increased rates of clearance of injected carbon from the blood. In examination of a variety of mycobacteria, resistance-enhancing activity was found only in culture-filtrates of pathogenic mycobacteria, the highest concentration occurring in filtrates of virulent organisms. The injection of a relatively large amount of phenol-killed cells of all of the mycobacteria examined enhanced resistance to infection with K. pneumoniae.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

INDUCTION OF NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE BY ENDOTOXIN IN UNRESPONSIVE MICE.

Margherita, S. S. (Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.), and H. Friedmann. Induction of nonspecific resistance by endotoxin in unresponsive mice. J. Bacteriol. 89:277-280. 1965.-Serratia marcescens endotoxin was tested for protective effect in animals of varying immunological competence. A quantity of endotoxin capable of inducing resistance in mice to a standardized challenge of Diplococcus pneumoniae was equally effective in animals immunologically paralyzed with a high dose of homologous pneumococcal polysaccharide. Failure of the unresponsive state to influence the degree of resistance induced by endotoxin suggests that a specific humoral factor does not play a significant role in the nonspecific resistance.

Allergy and Immunology↗