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Results for “Cultural Evolution”

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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1966

Population genetics of haemoglobin variants, thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, with particular reference to the malaria hypothesis.

The authors report data on the genetic distribution of thalassaemia and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the populations of certain Sardinian villages, many of which are not only of great antiquity but have maintained isolation for very long periods and therefore possess the following three requirements for suitability for investigation of the possible interrelationships among malaria, thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency: a reasonable degree of ethnic homogeneity, availability of reliable demographic data, and availability of malaria-free populations of adequate size and of ethnic background and genetic isolation similar to those of the malarial populations.Investigations including more than 6000 observations in 52 villages demonstrated a positive correlation between the incidences of thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency. It is suggested that the genotype that carries thalassaemia and/or the enzyme deficiency may have a high adaptive value in a malarial environment.It is concluded that there is a need further to investigate human genetic structure and the biological fitness of the principal genotype combinations in both existing environments and those that will result from continued cultural evolution.

Genetics, Population↗
PubMed1982

Malaria ecology--the Trinidadian aspect.

Triad models serve as reference points for the examination of etiological factors and salient features in Trinidad's malaria control efforts. Adaptive mechanisms and 'role-switching' in biological and cultural evolution are highlighted as are the significance of environment and man-environment forces. A community model is presented which incorporates an inventory of somatic and psychological factors, risk-taking behaviours, and environmental and material resources pertaining to specific diseases which a particular habitat and population group maintain.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1995

[Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis adenitis in a shepherd].

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes suppurative lymphadenitis in sheep and other domestic animals. Human infection has been reported in few instances. We report on a case of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lymphadenitis in a human being. A 34-years old previously healthy shepherd was attended for presenting a painful lymph node in right groin with one year of evolution. Cultures of an aspirate and ganglionar tissue yielded growth of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in pure culture. Histological examination of the excised lymph node showed a suppurative granulomatous lymphadenitis with areas of necrosis in which there were clusters of bacillary organisms. After surgical excision and administration of erythromycin clinical signs disappeared without complications. We have carried out a review of the literature and we have found no case reported in Spain. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lymphadenitis in human beings is a rare entity that principally affects persons in contact with animals, principally sheep. Most cases have been reported in Australia. In accordance with the reviewed literature this is the first time this disease is reported in Spain. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of localized granulomatous lymphadenitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Human behavior between instinct, feelings and responsibility].

The paper deals with the fundamental problem: How does the brain (in the way it is and the way it functions) influence human experience, behaviour and social interaction? Deriving from this question, there's the matter of how all this influences people as road users. After some epistemological considerations the following subjects are dealt with the article: the human perception and human "reality", the limits of human imagination, the basis of human learning, the complexity of processes within the brain, the reaction to changes and the ability to concentrate as well as McLean's theory of the triune brain. The subjects are complemented by aspects of biological and socio-cultural evolution of man, starting from evolutionary ethics going right up to the problem of responsibility.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1995

[The borders of hysteria].

Medical writing dealing with the nosology of hysteria has evolved through successive national and international classifications, while in parallel the expression of hysteria has changed with time, with cultural evolution and with increased medical knowledge. Hysteria, by definition, is distinguished both by psychic or physical symptoms reported or voluntarily induced by patients (simulation or pathomimic behaviour) and by somatic disorders having an underlying, associated organic pathology, favoured by an emotional context or a conflictual situation (psychosomatic disorders). The divergence, but above all the analogies between hysterical symptoms and such limits are underlined, showing the frequency of succession with time, associations and transitional forms ("somatisation disorder" of the DSM III, psychogenic pain, and psychosomatic disorders termed "psychofunctional").

Humans↗
PubMed1996

[Geriatrics, a social medicine challenge].

The number of old people in our society is strongly increasing. In 1960 1.4 percent of the German population were older than 80 years, in 1993 this percentage was 3.8. 4000 persons older than 100 years are living in Germany today. A great number of these old people are ill and in need of help, often being multimorbid. It has to be the task of geriatrics to increase the number of symptom-free years and to relieve arising diseases.--Cardiovascular and cancer diseases--the leading diseases in our society--are for the most part caused and maintained by external factors. But genetic defects are also increasingly getting involved. About 5000 genetic defects in man have been described so far and results of the latest research suggest that every human being has four to eight pathologically changed genes. Which effects these genes have in the course of life is still the question. Environmental influences play an important role, also in genetically caused diseases.--The care insurance, recently established in Germany, involves considerable dangers. Most of the sick people who are in need of care are being nursed in families and households. These possibilities should be made use of also in the future. The number of people demanding care benefits will continuously rise in the coming years and the extent of necessary financial support is threatening to increase excessively. Bureaucratic selection procedures should be avoided. An important role will come up to the doctors in this field. It must be avoided letting the cultural evolution get out of control. This is also true for the field of geriatrics and gerontology.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Freud's presentation of 'the psychoanalytic mode of thought' in Totem and taboo and his technical papers.

Freud considered 'the psychoanalytic mode of thought' to be an instrument of research. In 'Totem and Taboo', he demonstrated his mode of thinking by applying it to the data of contemporary studies of totemism. While taking the reader along the paths of his selection and weighing of information, he also applied clinical discoveries about mental life in reconstructing 'primitive psychological situations' in the distant past. In the technical papers that appeared concurrently with his book, he applied to the clinical situation the ideas on transference, narcissism, primitive mental mechanisms and unconscious communication that he had explored in 'Totem and Taboo'. In this paper, the author presents material showing the structure of Freud's exposition as a model of analytic exploration. Some of the principles of mental organisation mentioned by Freud are discussed. Examples are given of the close parallels between 'Totem and Taboo' and two technical papers. The author suggests that 'Totem and Taboo' is an important step in Freud's development of his theory of object relations and his ideas about the intersubjectivity of unconscious mental life.

Cultural Evolution↗
PubMed2001

Cultural and genetic evolution in mountain white-crowned sparrows: song dialects are associated with population structure.

Bird song often varies geographically within a species; when this geographic variation has distinct boundaries, the shared song types are referred to as song dialects. How dialects are produced and their adaptive significance are longstanding problems in biology, with implications for the role of culture in the evolution and ecology of diverse organisms, including humans. Here we test the hypothesis that song dialect, a culturally transmitted trait, is related to the population genetic structure of mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha). To address this, we compared microsatellite allele frequencies from 18 sample sites representing eight dialect regions in the Sierra Nevada. Pairwise genetic distances were not significantly correlated with geographic distances either within or between dialects, nor did dialect groups form distinct genetic groups according to neighbor-joining or UPGMA analysis, and most variation in allele frequencies occurred among individuals rather than at higher levels. However, most of the remaining variation was attributable to differences among, rather than within, dialect regions, and this among-dialect component of variance was statistically significant. Moreover, when controlling for the effect of geographic distance, song dissimilarity and genetic distance between site pairs were significantly correlated. Thus, song dialects appear to be associated with reductions in, but not strict barriers to, gene flow among dialect regions.

Animals↗