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PubMed2003

Psychoses and creativity: is the missing link a biological mechanism related to phospholipids turnover?

Recent evidence suggests that genetic and biochemical factors associated with psychoses may also provide an increased propensity to think creatively. The evolutionary theories linking brain growth and diet to the appearance of creative endeavors have been made recently, but they lack a direct link to research on the biological correlates of divergent and creative thought. Expanding upon Horrobin's theory that changes in brain size and in neural microconnectivity came about as a result of changes in dietary fat and phospholipid incorporation of highly unsaturated fatty acids, we propose a theory relating phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity to the neuromodulatory effects of the noradrenergic system. This theory offers probable links between attention, divergent thinking, and arousal through a mechanism that emphasizes optimal individual functioning of the PLA2 and NE systems as they interact with structural and biochemical states of the brain. We hope that this theory will stimulate new research in the neural basis of creativity and its connection to psychoses.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on creativity and cognitive flexibility.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether vagus nerve stimulation influences cognitive flexibility and creativity. METHODS: Ten subjects, in whom vagus nerve stimulators had been implanted for the treatment of intractable seizures, performed tasks that assessed cognitive flexibility (solving anagrams), creativity (Torrance Test), and memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test) during actual and sham vagus nerve stimulation. RESULTS: Vagus nerve stimulation impaired cognitive flexibility and creativity, but these results could not be explained by the induction of a general encephalopathy because VNS did not impair learning and improved retention. CONCLUSIONS: The means by which vagus nerve stimulation impairs cognitive flexibility and creative thinking is probably related to increased activity of the locus coeruleus-central adrenergic system that increases the signal-to-noise ratio and improves the brain's ability to attend to sensory input, but decreases its ability to recruit large-scale networks.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Auto-sensuous shapes: prototypes for creative forms.

The author looks at some of the more normative, adaptive, and creative aspects of what have been called 'autistic' or 'auto-sensuous' shapes by Tustin and others. She explores the construct from several frameworks, including the literature on early sensory experience and that on the empathic attunement between infant and caretaker in which interpersonal rhythms and meanings are built. The views of Bion and Matte-Blanco are utilized to help explore the processes by which meaning is created from experience, while the works of Segal and Milner are used to focus more explicitly on the role of symbol formation in the creative process. Finally, it is suggested that these auto-sensuous shapes can become prototypes for creative endeavours, including the creative process we call psychoanalysis. The author uses examples from her own experience in deriving pattern from basic sensory experience, toward the creation of poetry, drawings, and the establishment of attunement and 'meaning-making' within the analytic setting.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Bipolar illness, creativity, and treatment.

There have been in recent years increasing claims in both popular and professional literature for a connection between bipolar illness and creativity. A review of studies supporting this claim reveals serious flaws in sampling, methodology, presentation of results, and conclusions. Although there is therefore no evidence for etiological or genetic linkages, it is still necessary to explain interrelationships in those creative persons suffering from the illness. Examples of the work in progress of artists with bipolar disorder, Jackson Pollock and Edvard Munch, illustrate the use of healthy and adaptive creative cognition--janusian and homospatial processes--in the former's breakthrough conception during an improvement phase in treatment leading to the development of the Abstract Expressionist Movement and in the latter's transformation of an hallucination into his famous artwork "The Scream." Treatment options that do not produce cognitive effects are important for creative persons with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1975

Sociocultural context of individual creativity: a transhistorical time-series analysis.

Hypotheses were stated which specify individual creativity as a function of developmental and productive period variables. It was then argued that these hypotheses could be better tested by examining generational fluctuations in creativity. Information from cultural and political archival sources was thus aggregated to form time series spanning 127 generations of European history. Data quality checks, control variables, data transformations, time-lagged comparisons, and trend analyses were used to improve the validity of the causal inferences. While the results varied according to the type of creativity (discursive or presentational) and the degree of achieved eminence, creative development was found to be affected by the following: (a) role model availability, (b) political fragmentation, (c) imperial instability, and (d) political instability.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

The fantasy-prone person: hypnosis, imagination, and creativity.

The present study evaluated the so-called fantasy prone personality by selecting subjects who ranged along the continuum of fantasy proneness and then administering measures designed to assess hypnotic susceptibility (Harvard Group Scale, HGSHS:A; Shor & Orne, 1962), absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale; Tellegen, 1976), vividness of mental imagery (QMI; Sheehan, 1967), response to waking suggestion (Creative Imagination Scale; Wilson & Barber, 1978), creativity (Barron Welsh Art Scale; Barron & Welsh, 1952), and social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). Fantasy-prone (N = 23; upper 4% of college population), medium range (N = 22), and nonfantasy-prone persons (N = 17; lower 4% of population), were selected using the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (Wilson & Barber, 1981). Strong support was secured for J. R. Hilgard's construct of imaginative involvement and Wilson and Barber's contention that fantasy prone persons can be distinguished from others in terms of fantasy and related cognitive processes. Fantasizers were found to outscore subjects in both comparison groups on all of the measures of fantasy, imagination, and creativity, with social desirability used as a covariate. Low fantasy-prone subjects were no less creative or less responsive to hypnosis than their medium fantasy-prone counterparts.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Decreased latent inhibition is associated with increased creative achievement in high-functioning individuals.

Reductions in latent inhibition (LI), the capacity to screen from conscious awareness stimuli previously experienced as irrelevant, have been generally associated with the tendency towards psychosis. However, "failure" to screen out previously irrelevant stimuli might also hypothetically contribute to original thinking, particularly in combination with high IQ. Meta-analysis of two studies, conducted on youthful high-IQ samples. demonstrated that high lifetime creative achievers had significantly lower LI scores than low creative achievers (r(effect size) = .31, p = .0003, one-tailed). Eminent creative achievers (participants under 21 years who reported unusually high scores in a single domain of creative achievement) were 7 times more likely to have low rather than high LI scores, chi2 (1, N = 25) = 10.69, phi = .47. p = .003.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Influence of TV on daydreaming and creative imagination: a review of research.

The research literature is reviewed on the influence of TV on daydreaming and creative imagination. The hypotheses proposed to explain why TV might influence children's and adults' daydreaming and creative imagination positively (stimulation hypothesis) or negatively (reduction hypothesis) are discussed. The hypotheses that propose that existing daydreaming patterns result in changes in viewing behavior are also discussed. The weight of the available evidence favors the hypotheses that TV viewing stimulates daydreaming and reduces creative imagination, although decisive evidence of a causal relationship is lacking. The assumptions that underlie the hypotheses about TV's relationship to daydreaming and creative imagination are analyzed and whether these assumptions have been supported by research is established.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of social judgments of creativity and intelligence.

Social judgment of creativity and intelligence was investigated by having subjects give trait ratings for stimulus profiles of actual art students based on abilities information alone, based on personality information alone, based on biographical information alone, and finally, based on the total set of all three types of cue information. Regression equations differed depending upon whether intelligence or creativity judgments were being predicted. For all types of information, there was a significant amount of variation unique to creativity judgments which could not be accounted for by intelligence judgments, and vice versa. However, the proposition of variation unique to each type of trait judgment was smallest when subjects had only abilities information available and was approximately four times larger when judgments were based on the total set of three types of cue information. Implications of this finding for the study of creativity are discussed.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1994

Nurses' creativity, tedium and burnout during 1 year of clinical supervision and implementation of individually planned nursing care: comparisons between a ward for severely demented patients and a similar control ward.

The aim of this study was to study creativity and innovative climate, tedium and burnout among the nurses on two wards during 1 year of systematic clinic supervision combined with the implementation of individualized care on an experimental ward (EW) for severely demented patients, as compared with a similar control ward (CW). EW nurses had systematic clinic supervision and each patient had his/her nursing care carefully planned, documented and evaluated. The intervention was evaluated by means of the Creative Climate Questionnaire, Burnout Measure and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Creativity and innovative climate improved significantly among the EW nurses (n = 19) in eight out of 10 factors during the year of intervention while there was no change on the control ward (n = 20). Tedium and burnout decreased significantly among the EW nurses while no change was seen in this respect among the CW nurses. It seems reasonable to assume that systematic clinical supervision and individualized planned care decreases the negative outcome of stress caused by the psychological burden imposed by nursing care. It also increases nurses' creativity, which, in turn, may benefit patient care. The findings of this study point to the necessity for a support system that focuses on the work itself, i.e. the nursing care. Individualized planned care and systematic clinical supervision may offer this kind of support.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

In the spirit of creativity: the learning and teaching of ethics in nursing.

AIM: This paper discusses the development of a pedagogy that nurtures not only the caring and the critical, but also the creative spirit of nursing. To explore the idea of creative pedagogy the learning/teaching of ethics in nursing is considered. BACKGROUND: Based on the understanding of ethics as a deeply personal process that is lived in the complexity and ambiguity of everyday nursing work I describe a pedagogy that seeks to support students to 'become' moral agents -- to see ethics as something they are, not merely as something they follow, and to develop the knowledge and ability to live in and navigate their way through the complex, ambiguous, and shifting terrain of ethical nursing practice. An example of one student's experience is used to illustrate how a pedagogy of creativity can promote the development of students' creative capacity in their everyday ethical practice.

Creativity↗
PubMed1999

Alfred Nobel's unusual creativity: an analysis.

Howard Gardner identified five different kinds of creative activity among eminent creators, namely, solving a well-defined problem, putting forth a general conceptual scheme, creating a product that embodies ideas, stylized innovation of an art form, and a 'high-stakes' performance in the socio-political arena. In this paper, I report that Alfred Nobel's creativity can be assigned to two mutually exclusive domains. In the scientific domain, he solved a well-defined problem of his time in the study of explosives, by patenting dynamite, creating blasting gelatin as an ideal explosive and developing a nearly smokeless blasting powder. In the socio-political domain, Nobel designed a 'unique instrument' (in the form of annual prizes, which later came to be known as Nobel prizes) to recognize merit among those who contributed to social welfare at the global scale. The influence of Nobel's mentors, Nikolai Zinin, Yuli Trapp, Theophile-Jules Pelouze, Ascanio Sobrero, John Ericcson and Immanuel Nobel in igniting Nobel's scientific creativity also deserves recognition. Personal traits that helped Nobel to sharpen his creativity include his business acumen and talent for information access using his multi-lingual skills.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1976

A factor analysis of creativity in fraternal and identical twins.

The relationship between intelligence and creativity and their factorial structure have been extensively discussed, with little empirical evidence and less agreement as to the meaning. A study of 117 pairs of like sexed fraternal and identical twins was undertaken, with each twin participating in an extensive battery of creativity tests.A factor analysis indicated three factors for the fraternal twins and two for the identical twins, the results supporting both (a) the notion that the common variance of creativity measures may be accounted for by a general intelligence factor, and (b) the division of creativity into a verbal and a figural domain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Masculinity-femininity in fathers of creative male adolescents.

This study investigated the relationship of paternal masculinity-femininity to filial creativity in a sample of high school students and their fathers. Thirty-one male high school students were identified as creative on the basis of teacher nominations and scores on the Remote Associates Test. An equal size control group of students matched on sex, educational level, grade point average, and geographical residence was formed. Fathers of both experimental and control students were administered a battery of tests which included a variety of masculinity-femininity measures. The results seem to support the general hypothesis that creativity is related to parental identification as a function of a less conventional sex-role stereotype, and the more specific hypothesis that there is a relation between paternal masculinity-femininity and filial creativity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Psychoticism and creativity.

Eysenck and Eysenck (1976) cited a number of studies showing that creativity and originality are associated with high scores on their Psychoticism factor, P. In this study, we examined the generality of this claim by using a different set of creativity measures, scales from the Comprehensive Ability Battery (Hakstian & Cattell, 1976) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), with a sample of 173 students. No appreciable overlap was found between the creativity scales and P. A number of possible explanations for this result are discussed, and we concluded that this finding may cast doubt on the generality of the link between creativity and P.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Cumulative and proximal influences on the social environment and children's creative potential.

The influences of socioeconomic status (SES), maturation, school, and sex on creative potential were examined by administering the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking to 1,445 children. Comparisons of means indicated that scores increased with SES, sixth-grade children scored slightly higher than fifth-grade children, and girls in general earned higher scores than boys. Additionally, the school setting and in particular the classroom atmosphere seemed to be far more important to creative potential than has been previously acknowledged. Implications for the concept of creativity and the adequacy of tests as indicators of divergent thinking are discussed.

Aptitude Tests↗
PubMed1995

Empathy as related to creativity, dogmatism, and expressiveness.

Empathy (affective sensitivity) was hypothesized to be positively related to creativity and expressiveness and inversely related to dogmatism, when gender and age were controlled. Participants were 56 graduate students enrolled in counseling and educational psychology courses at a large southwestern (U.S.) university. Participants were administered the Affective Sensitivity Scale (Kagan & Schneider, 1977) to measure empathy, the Statement of Past Creative Activities (Bull & Davis, 1980) to measure creativity, the Opinion Scale (Kleiber, Veldman, & Menaker, 1973) to measure dogmatism, and the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Holahan, 1979) to measure expressiveness. The results of multiple regressions provide support for the hypotheses that empathy is positively related to creativity and inversely related to dogmatism, but the results do not support the hypothesized positive relationship between empathy and expressiveness. Implications of these findings for persons serving as counselors and counselor educators are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Creative thinking in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A widened attentional focus, that is typically associated with ADHD, has been postulated to be accompanied by enhanced creative ability. However, creativity has been only limitedly examined in ADHD. Performance across several creativity measures were investigated in three groups: adolescents with ADHD, those with conduct disorder, and a healthy control sample. The ADHD group exhibited selective cognitive advantages and disadvantages by demonstrating an enhanced ability in overcoming the constraining influence of examples, but a reduced capacity to generate a functional invention during an imagery task. These findings are interpreted with reference to inhibitory control mechanisms and the contextual modulation of creative cognition.

Adolescent↗