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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

Optical errors in scanning stage absorbance cytophotometry. II. Application of correction factors for residual distributional error, glare and diffraction error in practical cytophotometry.

In a preceding article theoretical methods were derived for correcting the integrated absorbance values of microscopic objects determined with a scanning stage cytophotometer for the systematical erros due to residual distributional error, diffraction error, and glare error. For an experimental investigation of these results, the local apparant transmission at the center of an opaque particle was determined and this value used as a measure for the substage glare. By sufficient reduction of the size of the illuminated field, this substage glare could be kept below 1% in our scanning stage cytophotometer. The magnitude of the diffraction error was experimentally approached by comparing the values found for the integrated absorbance of the same amount of chromophore, dispersed over two different areas by crushing or centrifugation. After appropriate correction for the residual distributional error, the remaining difference was ascribed to the diffraction error, caused by diffraction at the edges of the object, and to the glare error, present all over the measured area. The local borderline corrections found necessary to obtain the best matching corrected integrated absorbance values were between 3 and 5%, in good agreement with the value derived theoretically. The importance of these corrections for the determination of the integrated absorbance of common biological objects is discussed.

Animals↗

Evaluation of a multicomponent worksite health promotion program for cardiovascular risk factors-correcting for the regression towards the mean effect.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the impact of a multicomponent worksite health promotion program for0 reducing cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) with short intervention, adjusting for regression towards the mean (RTM) affecting such nonexperimental study without control group. METHODS: A cohort of 4,198 workers (aged 42 +/- 10 years, range 16-76 years, 27% women) were analyzed at 3.7-year interval and stratified by each CVRF risk category (low/medium/high blood pressure [BP], total cholesterol [TC], body mass index [BMI], and smoking) with RTM and secular trend adjustments. Intervention consisted of 15 min CVRF screening and individualized counseling by health professionals to medium- and high-risk individuals, with eventual physician referral. RESULTS: High-risk groups participants improved diastolic BP (-3.4 mm Hg [95%CI: -5.1, -1.7]) in 190 hypertensive patients, TC (-0.58 mmol/l [-0.71, -0.44]) in 693 hypercholesterolemic patients, and smoking (-3.1 cig/day [-3.9, -2.3]) in 808 smokers, while systolic BP changes reflected RTM. Low-risk individuals without counseling deteriorated TC and BMI. Body weight increased uniformly in all risk groups (+0.35 kg/year). CONCLUSIONS: In real-world conditions, short intervention program participants in high-risk groups for diastolic BP, TC, and smoking improved their CVRF, whereas low-risk TC and BMI groups deteriorated. Future programs may include specific advises to low-risk groups to maintain a favorable CVRF profile.

Adolescent↗

The refractometer index as a correction factor for urinary estradiol in rhesus females.

Refractometer indexes were standardized and found to be highly correlated (r = 0.831) to actual creatinine levels. Urinary estradiol corrected by creatinine levels and refractometer indexes were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.857). Predicted ovulation was the same day in 86% of the ovulatory cycles predicted by creatinine and refractometer corrected estradiol levels. Refractometer indexes may be used in place of creatinine levels to correct for urine concentration fluctuations when predicting ovulation in the rhesus female.

Animals↗

The Bucharest multifactorial prevention trial of coronary heart disease. General methodology and risk factor correction after five year follow-up (1971-1977).

Both the intervention and the control group included each 5000 men aged 40-60 years, randomly selected by their home address in five districts of the city of Bucharest. The intervention group underwent an "at entry" examination for risk factor detection (high serum cholesterol, high blood pressure, overweight, diabetes, minor ECG abnormalities, family history) and subsequently a five-year multifactorial intervention aimed to reduce the risk factors. Both groups were followed up in this lapse of time for major end-points: myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden death. The qualitative analysis of the results used ten evolution indices based on a quantal counting and lead to a classification of risk factors which allowed the setting up of a strategy for their correction. The quantitative analysis showed the following decreases between the first and the last examination in the intervention group: for serum cholesterol greater than or equal to 250 mg/dl -17%; for cigarettes/day greater than or equal to 15-53%; for overweight greater than or equal to 30% - 13.57%; for high blood pressure -8%; for the overall risk computed by multiple regression -33.8%.

Adult↗

Colorimetric determination of urinary oxalate recovered as calcium oxalate. Application of a simple correction factor for incomplete preciptation.

A method is described for determination of oxalate in urine. Prior to the determination the oxalate is first precipitated from the urine as calcium oxalate. Correction for incomplete precipitation can be made by applying one simple correction formula. The extent of this correction has been established by determination of the recovery of added [14-C] oxalate. The determination of the precipitated oxalate was carried out by an automated version of the colorimetric reaction of oxalate with uranium and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol as originally described by Neas, R.E. and Guyon, J.C. in 1972 (Anal. Chem. 44, 799-805).

Autoanalysis↗

Evidence for using Monte Carlo calculated wall attenuation and scatter correction factors for three styles of graphite-walled ion chamber.

The basic equation for establishing a 60Co air-kerma standard based on a cavity ionization chamber includes a wall correction term that corrects for the attenuation and scatter of photons in the chamber wall. For over a decade, the validity of the wall correction terms determined by extrapolation methods (K(w)K(cep)) has been strongly challenged by Monte Carlo (MC) calculation methods (K(wall)). Using the linear extrapolation method with experimental data, K(w)K(cep) was determined in this study for three different styles of primary-standard-grade graphite ionization chamber: cylindrical, spherical and plane-parallel. For measurements taken with the same 60Co source, the air-kerma rates for these three chambers, determined using extrapolated K(w)K(cep) values, differed by up to 2%. The MC code 'EGSnrc' was used to calculate the values of K(wall) for these three chambers. Use of the calculated K(wall) values gave air-kerma rates that agreed within 0.3%. The accuracy of this code was affirmed by its reliability in modelling the complex structure of the response curve obtained by rotation of the non-rotationally symmetric plane-parallel chamber. These results demonstrate that the linear extrapolation technique leads to errors in the determination of air-kerma.

Algorithms↗

MMPI-2 interpretation and closed-head trauma: cross-validation of a correction factor.

A substantial body of research suggests that the MMPI-2 contains a number of items that are sensitive to closed-head trauma (CHT) and other neurologic conditions. A correction procedure was recommended by Gass (1991) using an index consisting of 14 neurologically sensitive items that were extracted from a predominantly male veteran sample of CHT patients. The generalizability of these correction items was assessed in the present study by investigating the MMPI-2 scoring characteristics of an outpatient referral sample of 54 CHT patients (28 male, 26 female) who had sustained recent and mild head trauma. Their frequency of endorsement of MMPI-2 was contrasted with that of the MMPI-2 normative sample (N = 2,600). Chi-square analyses identified the 15 MMPI-2 items that best differentiated this CHT sample from normal subjects. The results indicate that: (a) unlike those in an inpatient psychiatric sample (n = 524), the MMPI-2 items that best distinguished the CHT Ss from normals consisted of neurologic symptom content; (b) of these 15 items, 10 were included in the 14-item correction (Gass, 1991); and (c) 13 of the 14 correction items effectively discriminated the cross-validation sample of CHT Ss from normals. These findings offer empirical support for the application of the MMPI-2 correction with patients who have mild and recent head trauma.

Journal Article↗

Correction factors after having neglected the first exponential in the estimation of chromium-51 EDTA clearance: a reappraisal.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate two classical formulae allowing the correction for having neglected the first exponential in the slope-intercept method used for the determination of EDTA clearance, namely the Chantler's linear correction formula (CH) and the Bröchner-Mortensen's quadratic correction formula (BM). First, a comparison study was performed with the two correction formulae, in order to predict the behavior of the calculated clearance, for various levels of renal function. Second, using data obtained from 47 adult patients with normal renal function, the results obtained with the two correction formulae have been compared to the reference technique, namely the biexponential fit. The results of the comparison study indicated that for clearance values lower than 120 ml/min, the results obtained using CH were systematically lower than those of BM, whereas for clearance values between 120 and 140 ml/min, the reverse was observed. The differences however, never exceeded 8 ml/min. The results were quite different when the clearance was higher than 140 ml/min, when the difference between CH and BM results increased rapidly, and the BM provided values systematically lower than CH. The clinical study showed that, in the range of normal clearance values, both CH and BM clearances were slightly lower than the results obtained by means of the reference technique. Based on these results, a new specifically designed validation study involving patients with high clearance values is mandatory to determine which of these two correction methods is more accurate, or to devise a better correction formula.

Adolescent↗

Elevation correction factors for E-PERM radon monitors.

E-PERM radon monitors are based on the principle of electret ion chambers and are usually calibrated in a standard radon chamber located at sea level. Corrections are needed if the monitors are used at elevations other than sea level. These were experimentally determined for three models of commercially available electret ion chambers (E-PERM) as functions of elevation above sea level. These corrections are minor and should be applied for obtaining more accurate results.

Calibration↗

Basic fibroblast growth factor corrects proliferative derangement of bone marrow stroma and CD34(+) population following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Following stem cell transplantation (SCT), the integrity of the hematopoietic microenvironment is important for the recovery of bone marrow. We studied the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the proliferation of clonogenic progenitors and bone marrow stroma from patients receiving cytokine-mobilized allogeneic stem cell transplants (SCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient bone marrow mononuclear cells were studied at a minimum of 6 months after transplantation. Control and patient samples were divided into two fractions, one to establish the adherent stroma layers (SL) and the other to select for the progenitor population. SL from normal subjects or from patients were supplemented with 0 (control), 2, or 20 ng/mL bFGF in combination with heparan sulfate, and the resulting area of the dish covered by stroma was quantitated in each group. At 3 weeks of culture, a monocellular suspension was prepared by exposing SL to 0.1% trypsin. Cells then were cultured in the colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay, which was supplemented with 0 (control), 2, or 20 ng/mL bFGF. With the second fraction, CD34(+) cells were selected with paramagnetic beads, and 1 x 10(4) cells were incubated in cross-culture studies on preformed SL from patient or control origin (with or without the addition of bFGF). SL adherent CD34(+) cells were covered with agar and cultured for 6 days. Aggregates of >20 cells were scored as blastic colonies (CFU-bl). RESULTS: At 3 weeks of culture, the median surface area of dishes covered by monoloayers from 13 patients was 40% (range 10-50% vs normal 55%, range 30-60%; p = 0.00006) and improved significantly, matching control values, in dishes supplemented with bFGF. Addition of bFGF to stroma monolayers had no effect on the number of CFU-F in both patient and control samples. Selected CD34(+) cells from patients receiving transplants and cultured on normal stroma gave significantly fewer CFU-bl than control samples (median 36, range 3-121 vs 147, range 10-184; p = 0.006), but colony numbers corrected following exposure to bFGF. Normal CD34(+) cells proliferated poorly on stroma from patients (median CFU-bl 37.5, range 6-84; p = 0.02), but also expanded significantly following bFGF supplementation (104, range 6-117; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Following SCT, poor SL and CD34(+) proliferation can be corrected by addition of bFGF.

Adolescent↗

MMPI-2 interpretation and stroke: cross-validation of a correction factor.

Accumulating data indicate that the MMPI-2 contains items that may be sensitive to neurologic conditions independent of a patient's psychological status. Gass (1992) identified 21 stroke-related MMPI/MMPI-2 items which were recommended for use as a score-correction index. This study examined these items using a cross-validation sample of 50 VA stroke patients. Item endorsement rates were contrasted with those of the MMPI-2 normative sample. The following results were obtained: The MMPI-2 items that distinguished stroke patients from normals have neurologic symptom content, all 21 correction items were upheld as effective discriminators, and the 21 items were commonly endorsed by the CVA patients (mean = 52%, range: 22% to 75%). These findings support the composition of the MMPI-2 correction for stroke and the rationale on which its application is based.

Case-Control Studies↗

Determining Pion, the correction factor for recombination losses in an ionization chamber.

The 1983 AAPM protocol for the determination of absorbed dose from high-energy photon and electron beams recommends using Pion (the reciprocal of collection efficiency), as determined by the two-voltage technique, to correct for recombination losses in ionization chambers. Methods and data for the determination of ionization chamber collection efficiencies are scattered throughout the literature. The present work consolidates the available information, rectifies certain omissions, and provides several convenient and readily implemented methods for determining Pion. Computer programs, quadratic approximations, and data tables are presented to facilitate the determination of Pion for continuous, pulsed, and pulsed-swept beams.

Radiometry↗

A progesterone-induced blocking factor corrects high resorption rates in mice treated with antiprogesterone.

Earlier we showed that because of the presence of functional progesterone receptors, lymphocytes of healthy pregnant women produced an immunomodulatory protein in the presence of progesterone, whereas those of nonpregnant persons did not. Progesterone-treated murine pregnancy lymphocytes release a similar factor. The present study reveals the biologic significance of this finding. Treatment of BALB/c mice that were 8 days pregnant with a progesterone receptor blocker (RU 486) resulted in 100% resorption of the fetuses. Simultaneous administration of the supernatant from progesterone-treated murine pregnancy spleen cells restored the resorption rate to the original 6% observed in untreated control animals. These data suggest that functional lymphocytic progesterone binding sites are needed for the maintenance of normal pregnancy. Because of the blockage of progesterone receptors and the consequent inability of the lymphocytes to produce the progesterone-induced blocking factor, abortion is initiated by immune factors. The fact that administration of the preformed blocking factor counteracted the effect of antiprogesterone treatment suggests that progesterone-mediated immunosuppression is needed for the maintenance of normal gestation.

Abortion, Induced↗

Correction factors for the diphenylamine test for deoxyribonucleic acid in yeasts.

The diphenylamine assay for DNA content of yeast is unsatisfactory due to the presence of a yeast component which inhibits the colour reaction. The inhibitor is found in a wide range of yeast species and has not been identified. The relationships between the degree of inhibition and cell concentration, temperature and time of hydrolysis and extraction have been described. A formula for correction of the inhibition has been derived.

Aniline Compounds↗

A theoretical study of cavity chamber correction factors for photon beam absorbed dose determination.

Theoretical expressions have been derived for the contributions to ionisation density in cavity chambers from secondary electrons arising from photon absorption in wall, build-up cap and surrounding medium. The method allows the derivation of C lambda and displacement factors, which are evaluated for the Farmer graphite chamber for a range of photon beams. Differences between C lambda values calculated for air-walled and water-walled chambers are found to be consistent with those determined by Nahum and Greening. The currently recommended displacement factor for the Farmer chamber with cap, however, is found to be in error by about 0.8%. On the basis of a comparison between theoretically predicted air doses in cavities and the experimental results of Fregene it is proposed that no further correction to C lambda is required for the chamber 'effective point of measurement'.

Elementary Particles↗

Simultaneous blockade of NFkappaB, JNK, and p38 MAPK by a kinase-inactive mutant of the protein kinase TAK1 sensitizes cells to apoptosis and affects a distinct spectrum of tumor necrosis factor [corrected] target genes.

The inflammatory response is characterized by the induction (or repression) of hundreds of genes. The activity of many of these genes is controlled by MAPKs and the IkappaB kinase-NFkappaB pathway. To reveal the effects of blocking these pathways simultaneously, fibroblasts were infected with retroviruses encoding TAK1K63W, an inactive mutant of the protein kinase TAK1. Expression of this protein inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NFkappaB, JNK, and p38 MAPK and sensitized the cells to TNF-induced apoptosis. 23 different microarray experiments were used to analyze the expression of >7000 genes in these cells. We identified 518 genes that were regulated by TNF in both TAK1K63W-expressing cells and control cells, 37 genes induced by TNF only when TAK1K63W was present, and 48 TNF-induced genes that were suppressed by TAK1K63W. The TNF-inducible genes that were most strongly suppressed by TAK1K63W, ccl2, ccl7, ccl5, cxcl1, cxcl5, cxcl10, saa3, and slpi also had much lower basal levels of expression, indicating that TAK1 also played a role in their normal expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies on four of these genes suggested that inactivation of TAK1 activity led to direct suppression of expression at the transcriptional level because of impaired recruitment of RNA polymerase II to their promoters. ccl2 induction by TNF or interleukin-1 was also suppressed in cells that expressed TAK1 antisense RNA or that were genetically deficient in JNK1/2 or p65 NFkappaB. These data suggest that regulation of the expression of a selected group of inflammation-related genes is funneled through TAK1, making it a potentially useful target for more specific anti-inflammatory drug development.

Animals↗

New equations to calculate temperature correction factors for PO2 in human blood.

Effects of hemoglobin concentration (Hb), pH, and body temperature (T) on the relationships between delta log PO2/delta T and PO2 were studied by means of a mathematical model using a Newton-Raphson iteration method. The functions between delta log PO2/delta T and PO2 were affected by the above three factors. New equations considering the effects of Hb, pH, and T were proposed by modifying the equation reported by Severinghaus: delta log PO2/delta T = (L +(U-L)/(A(vPO237)B + 1))(10(-2) where U = 3.15-0.45(7.4-pH37) L = 0.68-0.09(7.4-pH37) A = 5.86(exp10(0.074(T)-0.294(7.4-pH37)-11))((Hb)0.913) B = 6.33(exp10(-0.0051(T)))((Hb)-0.113) + 0.24(7.4-pH37) and vPO237 is virtual PO237 which may exist when PO237 is corrected to standard conditions (pH = 7.4, BE = 0) by the following equations: vPO237 = PO237(exp10(fB(7.4-pH37)-0.0013(BE))) fB = (PO237/26.6)0.08-1.52 where fB is the Bohr factor. The above equations provided values of delta log PO2/delta T which fit closely to those obtained by the complex iteration method with maximum differences of less than 1.3 X 10(-3) at T = 27, indicating that maximum % errors for PO2 at T (PO2T) are less than 3.0% at T = 27 and that our equations can be applied over a wide range of Hb, pH37 and T.

Bicarbonates↗