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PubMed1970

Mode of action of alpha-methylnoradrenaline on temperature and oxygen consumption in young chickens.

1. Temperature, oxygen consumption, electromyographic activity, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and blood sugar were estimated in conscious unrestrained young chickens under conditions of thermoneutrality (31 degrees C) and below thermoneutrality (16 degrees C). In some chickens carotid arterial pressure was also recorded.2. At thermoneutrality, alpha-methylnoradrenaline lowered temperature and oxygen consumption in intact or chronically vagotomized chicks. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline was ineffective on temperature in chicks with transection of the brain-stem posterior to the hypothalamus but anterior to the respiratory centre. Hypothermia due to alpha-methylnoradrenaline was associated with a significant reduction of plasma non-esterified fatty acids but blood sugar was not significantly altered. Lowering of temperature by alpha-methylnoradrenaline occurred despite vasoconstriction which would hinder heat loss.3. Temperature and oxygen consumption were reduced by alpha-methylnoradrenaline in chronically thyroidectomized chicks to the same extent as in intact chicks but recovery did not occur unless the chicks were taken from the metabolism chamber and warmed artificially. In contrast, chronically thyroidectomized chicks given replacement thyroxine were relatively resistant to alpha-methylnoradrenaline.4. Oxygen consumption of tissue slices from different parts of the chick's brain, including the diencephalon, was not altered by alpha-methylnoradrenaline over an extensive dose range. The effects of alpha-methylnoradrenaline on temperature and oxygen consumption in intact chickens were unlikely, therefore, to be due to depressed metabolism of neurones.5. In an environment below thermoneutrality (16 degrees C) temperature was considerably reduced and carotid arterial pressure fell 40-50 mmHg. In contrast, electromyographic activity, oxygen consumption and plasma non-esterified fatty acids were markedly raised whereas blood sugar was insignificantly elevated.6. In experiments at 16 degrees C, alpha-methylnoradrenaline markedly reduced oxygen consumption although values were still higher than those at thermoneutrality. Temperature fell further, but whereas the reductions in oxygen consumption and temperature were long-lasting, electromyographic activity (shivering) was only transiently diminished. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids were reduced after alpha-methylnoradrenaline but not significantly so; blood sugar was not significantly altered. The time-course for recovery of oxygen consumption following a-methylnoradrenaline paralleled recovery from its blood pressure effects but the effect on oxygen consumption was not a consequence of the blood pressure changes. The effects of a-methylnoradrenaline on temperature, oxygen consumption and electromyographic activity were similar to those of another central depressant, pentobarbitone.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Effect of the severity of liver disease on renal hemodynamics and renal oxygen consumption in patients with cirrhosis].

In patients with cirrhosis, it has been shown that abnormal systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics and systemic oxygen (O2) consumption are related to the severity of liver disease. Little is known on the relationship between the severity of cirrhosis, on one hand, and renal hemodynamics and O2 consumption, on the other. We measured renal hemodynamics and renal O2 consumption in 31 patients Pugh's grade A and B and in 13 patients grade C. Systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics as well as systemic O2 consumption were studied. Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renal O2 consumption were not significantly different between grades A and B and grade C patients. The renal fraction of systemic O2 consumption was higher (11.4 +/- 5.9 vs 7.9 +/- 4.1 percent respectively; P less than 0.05) and the systemic O2 consumption (111 +/- 23 vs 128 +/- 26 ml.min-1.m-2 respectively; P less than 0.05) lower in patients with grade C than in grades A and B patients. The degree of systemic hyperkineticism and portal hypertension was related to the severity of cirrhosis. In our patients, renal hemodynamics and renal O2 consumption were not related to the severity of cirrhosis. However, liver failure was associated with an increased renal fraction of systemic O2 consumption due to unchanged renal O2 consumption and decreased systemic O2 consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Determination of optimal perfusion flow rate for deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in the adult based on distributions of blood flow and oxygen consumption.

To determine the optimal perfusion flow in deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at 20 degrees C in human beings, we studied the relationship of perfusion flow to the whole body and to regional oxygen consumption. In adult patients (n = 11, average age 54 years) with valvular or coronary heart disease, the distributions of perfusion flow rate and oxygen consumption were analyzed by dividing into the superior and inferior vena caval areas. Measurements (n = 39) were made at various perfusion flow rates (perfusion flow rate in the superior vena caval area plus that in the inferior vena caval area equals whole-body perfusion flow rate: 0.4 to 2.2 L/min/m2) in a setting of average hemoglobin levels of 8.1 gm/dl. Between whole-body perfusion flow rate and oxygen consumption (total oxygen consumption equals superior plus inferior vena caval oxygen consumption), there was a hyperbolic correlation (r = 0.73; p less than 0.001; asymptote = 29.0 ml/min/m2). A positive linear correlation was found between whole-body perfusion flow rate and inferior vena caval oxygen consumption (r = 0.75; p less than 0.001), whereas no significant relation was seen between whole-body perfusion flow rate and superior vena caval oxygen consumption. For distributional changes in inferior vena caval perfusion flow rate/whole body perfusion flow rate and inferior vena caval oxygen consumption/whole body oxygen consumption, the broken-line regression analysis showed respective critical points where both parameters started to drop when whole-body perfusion flow rate was gradually reduced: 1.2 L/min/m2 for inferior vena caval perfusion flow rate/whole-body perfusion flow rate and 0.8 L/min/m2 for inferior vena caval oxygen consumption/whole-body oxygen consumption. The results indicate that (1) the oxygen consumption to the superior vena caval area was maintained independent of the perfusion in a relatively wide range in contrast to that for the inferior vena caval area and (2) when the redistribution of oxygen consumption is considered as undesirable under low-flow perfusion, the optimal perfusion flow for 20 degrees C deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass appeared to be 0.8 L/min/m2.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Effects of bathing, passive range-of-motion exercises, and turning on oxygen consumption in healthy men and women.

BACKGROUND: Baseline data are needed to provide a foundation for future studies investigating the effects of various nursing interventions on the oxygen requirements of critically ill patients. OBJECTIVES: To establish reference values for the oxygen requirements of adults in response to three common patient events: a nurse-administered bed bath, passive range-of-motion exercises, and turning from side to side; and to determine whether the order in which the interventions were administered had an effect on oxygen consumption. METHODS: A convenience sample of 30 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, for which the order in which interventions were to be administered had previously been designated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the mean oxygen consumption among activities, as well as between men and women, with men having a significantly higher mean oxygen consumption than that of the women. For both men and women, the mean oxygen consumption during unassisted turning and back care was significantly higher than at baseline. The oxygen consumption for men averaged 4.25 mL/kg per minute, SD = .71 at baseline, 5.08 mL/kg per minute, SD = .98 for turning, and 4.72 mL/kg per minute, SD = .90 during back care. Women averaged 3.74 mL/kg per minute, SD = .49 at baseline, 4.48 mL/kg per minute, SD = .85 for turning, and 3.89 mL/kg per minute, SD = 1.15 during back care. Changes in oxygen consumption for other interventions were nonsignificant and negligible. Oxygen consumption returned to near baseline within 15 minutes of cessation of activity. The order in which interventions were administered did not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior bath and passive range of motion exercises have minimal effect on oxygen consumption. Turning and back care significantly increase oxygen consumption from the baseline value. The order in which interventions are administered does not have any appreciable effect on oxygen consumption.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher coffee consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and related outcomes. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: We searched MEDLINE through January 2005 and examined the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Because this review focuses on studies of habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, we excluded studies of type 1 diabetes, animal studies, and studies of short-term exposure to coffee or caffeine, leaving 15 epidemiological studies (cohort or cross-sectional). DATA EXTRACTION: Information on study design, participant characteristics, measurement of coffee consumption and outcomes, adjustment for potential confounders, and estimates of associations was abstracted independently by 2 investigators. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified 9 cohort studies of coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, including 193 473 participants and 8394 incident cases of type 2 diabetes, and calculated summary relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model. The RR of type 2 diabetes was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.78) for the highest (>or=6 or >or=7 cups per day) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.83) for the second highest (4-6 cups per day) category of coffee consumption compared with the lowest consumption category (0 or <or=2 cups per day). These associations did not differ substantially by sex, obesity, or region (United States and Europe). In the cross-sectional studies conducted in northern Europe, southern Europe, and Japan, higher coffee consumption was consistently associated with a lower prevalence of newly detected hyperglycemia, particularly postprandial hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review supports the hypothesis that habitual coffee consumption is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Longer-term intervention studies of coffee consumption and glucose metabolism are warranted to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes.

Coffee↗

PubMed1990

Effects of dopaminergic agents on alcohol consumption by rats in a limited access paradigm.

The effects of several dopaminergic drugs on alcohol consumption were studied in free-feeding rats using a limited access paradigm. Ascending doses of amphetamine (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg), SKF 38393 (a D1 receptor agonist - 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg), quinpirole (LY 171555, a D2 receptor agonist - 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg), SCH 23,390 (a D1 receptor blocker, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg) and spiperone (a D2 receptor blocker, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg) were administered IP to rats approximately 30 min prior to their 1-h per day access to alcohol. Each dose was administered for 5 successive days, and the effects of the drugs were compared to those of respective saline or 0.4% lactic acid solution controls. Although there was an overall significant dose effect of amphetamine on alcohol consumption, no single dose altered alcohol consumption significantly from baseline. SKF 38,393 specifically decreased alcohol consumption at the highest dose of 3 mg/kg. Quinpirole significantly increased water consumption at the highest dose but had no effect on alcohol consumption. The antagonist haloperidol decreased alcohol consumption but only at doses that also reduced water consumption. The specific antagonists SCH 23,390 and spiperone decreased water consumption at the highest doses tested without modifying alcohol consumption. Taken together, these data suggest that dopamine does not play as critical a role in mediating the reinforcing effects of alcohol (insofar as they are reflected by alcohol consumption) as it does in relation to other psychoactive drugs, particularly the psychomotor stimulants.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗

PubMed2001

Alcohol consumption and blood pressure in Japanese men.

In a study of Japanese men, a nonlinear association of alcohol consumption and blood pressure was not observed. This cross-sectional study was conducted to clarify the effect of infrequent or light alcohol consumption on blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men. The subjects were 2,179 male workers ranging in age from 40 to 54 years. Drinking habits were represented by three indices: episodic alcohol consumption, frequency of drinking, and monthly alcohol consumption. Seven items were analyzed as covariates: age, body mass index, salt intake, physical activity, and levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, uric acid, and plasma glucose. The association between drinking habits and blood pressure was evaluated by using analysis of covariance. Both episodic alcohol consumption and frequency of drinking were significantly associated with blood pressure in subjects aged 45 to 54 years. In those aged 40 to 44 years, there was a significant association between frequency of drinking and diastolic blood pressure. Significant associations of monthly alcohol consumption with blood pressure in every age group also were found. In subjects aged 45 to 54 years, linear associations between episodic alcohol consumption, frequency of drinking, monthly alcohol consumption, and adjusted blood pressure were observed. In those aged 40 to 44 years, nonlinear associations of monthly alcohol consumption and frequency of drinking with adjusted blood pressure were observed, and threshold effects of 540 ml of alcohol per month and a frequency of 1 to 12 days per month were found. In conclusion, habitual alcohol consumption increases blood pressure linearly in normotensive workers aged 45 to 54 years, although light consumption does not affect blood pressure in those aged 40 to 44 years.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Longitudinal trends in consumption of vegetables and fruit in Finnish children in an atherosclerosis prevention study (STRIP).

OBJECTIVE: To assess prospectively the consumption of fruit and vegetables and its' correlation to the parental consumption in boys and girls taking part in an atherosclerosis prevention study (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children (STRIP) study). HYPOTHESIS: Nutrition counselling focused on cardiovascular health effects vegetable and fruit consumption. DESIGN: A prospective, randomised, clinical trial. SUBJECTS: Children were recruited to the STRIP study between 1989 and 1992. At the age of 7 months, children were randomised to the intervention (n = 540) or the control group (n = 522) and were followed up until the age of 11 years. INTERVENTION: Families in the intervention group have, since randomisation, received biannual individualised dietary counselling aimed at reduction of cardiovascular risk factors, especially saturated fat intake. Food records were used to assess fruit and vegetable consumption of children and parents. RESULTS: The percentage of total energy intake provided by fruit and vegetables decreased when the children grew older (P for age <0.001). The 1- to 10-year-old intervention boys consumed more vegetables (mean difference 3.18 g/day; CI 1.48-4.86; P < 0.001) and fruit (mean difference 10.1 g/day; CI 5.28-14.94; P < 0.001) than did the control. Mother's consumption correlated with the consumption of their daughters and sons, whereas father's consumption correlated only with the consumption of their sons. CONCLUSIONS: Finnish children taking part in the atherosclerosis prevention study had a remarkably low fruit and vegetable consumption, which furthermore decreased with age. The children's consumption correlated with the parental consumption, except between boys and mothers. A slight intervention effect was present only among boys.

Atherosclerosis↗

PubMed2003

Complex correlation structure in consumption rates of major food groups: implications for the assessment of radiation exposure.

OBJECTIVE: An extensive dataset on individual food consumption was analysed in order to study all pairwise correlations between the consumption rates of 11 major food groups. Additionally, the project aimed to examine and quantify the accuracy of a recently proposed estimator of total food consumption to be used for the estimation of radiation exposure by food. Such an inquiry seems justified, because the proposed estimator implicitly presumes an essentially positive correlation structure in food consumption rates. DESIGN: Statistical analysis using representative data gathered in Germany in a nation-wide food consumption survey. SETTING: Germany. SUBJECTS: Individuals aged between 4 and 94 years namely 10,901 males and 12,308 females. RESULTS: The consumption rates of 11 major food categories showed several significantly positive, but also a number of significantly negative, correlations. Negative associations between cereal and potato products persisted consistently over all age groups, independent of sex. Other significantly negative correlations were limited to certain age groups. Reflecting these negative correlations, a subsequent analysis of relative ranks of consumption revealed that no person in the sample had the highest consumption rates in all food groups simultaneously. Based on representative samples, overestimations of 34 to 53% were obtained if--as recently suggested in the context of radiation exposure prediction--the 95th percentiles of total food consumption were determined as sums of the corresponding percentiles of the food groups. CONCLUSIONS: The complex correlation structure of food group consumption rates, as identified in this study, bears important implications for various health-related issues. Ignoring them could lead to overly conservative estimations of radiation exposure due to food ingestion or to confounding effects in epidemiological studies on nutritional risk factors of diseases. The results also indicate that a distinction into different dietary patterns might be useful in characterising different consumption habits.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Socioeconomic differences in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and fruit juices. The influence of psychosocial factors.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate whether social network and social support factors can explain socioeconomic differences in the risk of consuming low amounts of vegetables, fruit and fruit juices. METHODS: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study was a prospective cohort study. The present cross-sectional study examined data from a subpopulation of 11,837 individuals that completed baseline examinations in 1992-1994. Dietary habits were assessed using a modified diet history method, and socioeconomic and social network factors were measured with a structured questionnaire. Low consumption was defined as the lowest consumption quartile for vegetables and fruit, while fruit juice consumption was dichotomized to separate users from non-users. RESULTS: Socioeconomic differences were most pronounced regarding the consumption of vegetables and fruit juices. For both sexes, unskilled manual workers had a twice as high risk of low vegetable and fruit juice consumption as higher non-manual employees. No socioeconomic differences in fruit consumption were observed for men, and only moderate differences for women with a higher consumption in higher socioeconomic groups. When the psychosocial variables were introduced in the multivariate model, social participation moderately reduced the socioeconomic differences in vegetable consumption, and the female socioeconomic differences in fruit consumption, but had no effect on the socioeconomic differences in fruit juice consumption. The other psychosocial variables had no effect on the socioeconomic differences. CONCLUSION: Considerable socioeconomic differences in vegetable, fruit and fruit juice consumption were observed. Social participation seemed to be a strong determinant for these food choices. However, this effect was largely independent of the socioeconomic differences.

Beverages↗

PubMed1996

The influence of alcohol consumption on worldwide trends in mortality from upper aerodigestive tract cancers in men.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess current trends in male mortality from cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, oesophagus, and larynx (upper aerodigestive tract cancers), and relate these to past national consumption of alcohol and smoking of cigarettes. To assess the impact of current trends in alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on likely future rates of these cancers. DESIGN: Mortality data for cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, oesophagus, and larynx were obtained for the years 1955-89 in 25 countries located in North America, Australasia, Europe, and Japan. Information on past and current alcohol consumption was also obtained for these countries, while current national lung cancer rates were used as a proxy measure of past smoking levels. SETTING: The World Health Organization mortality database. MAIN RESULTS: National death rates from cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, oesophagus, and larynx (considered together) are currently increasing among men and are most strongly associated with the level of per capita consumption of alcohol 20 years previously. They were less strongly associated with the level of alcohol consumption 10 years ago, and only very weakly associated with the current level of lung cancer mortality (a marker of past smoking habits). Regression analysis showed that the national rate of upper aerodigestive tract cancer could be estimated using information on past alcohol consumption and an interaction term between alcohol consumption and current lung cancer rates. Assuming stability in rates of lung cancer, the sizeable increase in alcohol consumption from 5 to 10 litres per capita each year that occurred in some countries during the 1960s and 70s means that increases of around 5 per 100,000 in the death rate from these cancers can be expected in these countries in the next decades. CONCLUSIONS: Previous alcohol consumption in a country is a strong predictor of deaths from cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in men, and current increases in death rates can probably be related to increases in consumption which took place during the 1960s and 70s. Combined with a reduction in tobacco smoking, which is already taking place in some countries, reversing the trend of increases in consumption of alcohol has the potential for a sizeable impact on the burden of these cancers.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2000

Specific inspiratory muscle training in patients with mild asthma with high consumption of inhaled beta(2)-agonists.

BACKGROUND: It has been known for many years that there are variations between asthmatic patients in terms of their perception of breathlessness during airway obstruction. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between beta(2)-agonist consumption and the score of perception of dyspnea, in mild asthmatics, and the relationship between the effect of specific inspiratory muscle training (SIMT) on the score of perception of dyspnea and beta(2)-agonist consumption in "high perceivers." METHODS: Daily beta(2)-agonist consumption was assessed during a 4-week run-in period in 82 patients with mild asthma. Patients with a mean beta(2)-agonist consumption of > 1 puff/d ("high consumers") then were randomized into two groups: one group of patients received SIMT for 3 months; the other group of patients was assigned as a control group and received sham training. Inspiratory muscle strength and perception of dyspnea were assessed before patients entered the study, following the 4-week run-in period, and after completing the training period. RESULTS: Following the 4-week run-in period, 23 high-consumer patients (mean [+/- SEM] beta(2)-agonist consumption, 2.7 +/- 0.4 puffs/d) were detected. The mean Borg score during breathing against resistance was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the patients with high beta(2)-agonist consumption than in the subjects with low mean beta(2)-agonist consumption. Following SIMT, the mean maximal inspiratory pressure increased significantly from 94.1 +/- 5.1 to 109.7 +/- 5.2 cm H(2)O (p < 0.005) in the training group. The increase in inspiratory muscle strength was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the mean Borg score during breathing against resistance (p < 0.05) as well as in the mean daily beta(2)-agonist consumption. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that patients with mild asthma, who have a high beta(2)-agonist consumption, have a higher perception of dyspnea than those with normal consumption. In addition, SIMT was associated with a decrease in perception of dyspnea and a decrease in beta(2)-agonist consumption.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1997

Evidence that systemic relaxin promotes moderate water consumption during late pregnancy in rats.

The protein hormone relaxin is secreted by the ovaries throughtout the second half of the 23 day pregnancy in the rat. We recently reported that neutralization of endogenous relaxin with monoclonal antibodies for rat relaxin decreases water consumption during the daily light period during the second half of pregnancy in rats. The apparent effects of relaxin on water consumption, however, were extremely modest. One explanation for the failure to observe a greater relaxin-dependent effect on water consumption is failure of the monoclonal antibody for rat relaxin to neutralize all circulating relaxin. A second explanation is that circulating relaxin has only slight effects on water consumption. This investigation was conducted with an experimental model in which circulating relaxin was removed in order to re-examine the effects of relaxin on water consumption during the daily light period in late pregnancy in rats. On day 9 (D9) of pregnancy, before the presence of relaxin (R) in the circulation, primiparious pregnant rats were ovariectomized (O) or sham ovariectomized (C). Throughout the remainder of pregnancy, rats were treated with combinations of either progesterone (P) and estrogen (E, group OPE) or progesterone, estrogen and porcine relaxin (group OPER) in doses that restore physiological parameters to values similar to those that occur during the second half of pregnancy in intact rats. Progesterone and estrogen were administered by Silastic tubing implants and porcine relaxin was administered via miniature osmotic pump. Sham-ovariectomized animals received either the hormone vehicles (group SC) or no implants (group IC). Water consumption was measured daily from D4 to D20 at both 0700 and 2100 h which was when the lights went on and off respectively. Water consumption increased as pregnancy continued from D10 to D20 during the daily 10 h dark periods (P < 0.01), but not during the 14 h light periods for all four groups. Daily water consumed by rats in group OPE was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that consumed by shamovariectomized rats from D17 to D20 and lower than that consumed by rats in group OPER on D20. During the dark period there was no difference in water consumption among groups. During the light period, however, group OPE consumed significantly less water (P < 0.05) than group C from D18 to D22. Moreover, there was a consistent tendency (P < 0.13) for the water consumption to be greater in rats in group OPER than in those in the relaxin-deficient group OPE during the daily light period from D11 to D20 of pregnancy. We conclude that the increase in water consumption that occurs during the daily dark periods during the second half of pregnancy is not attributable to circulating relaxin. Circulating relaxin promotes only modest increases in water consumption during the daily light periods during late pregnancy in the rat.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Longitudinal patterns and predictors of alcohol consumption in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: We examined demographic predictors of longitudinal patterns in alcohol consumption. METHODS: We used mixed-effects models to describe individual alcohol consumption and change in consumption with age, as well as the associations between consumption and birth year, national alcohol consumption, and demographic factors, among 14 105 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption declined with increasing age, and individual consumption mirrored national consumption. Higher consumption was associated with male gender, being White, being married, having a higher educational level, having a higher income, being employed, and being a smoker. Faster age-related decline in consumption was associated with earlier cohorts, being male, being married, having a lower educational level, and being a smoker. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with alcohol consumption among earlier cohorts, that among recent cohorts declined more slowly with increasing age, suggesting that negative health effects of alcohol could increase in the future.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Alcohol consumption in pupils of Compulsory Secondary Education].

BACKGROUND: The consumption of addictive substances by adolescents is a growing problem with a considerable social and health impact, with alcohol being the drug of greatest consumption. The aim of this paper is to analyse the consumption of alcohol in pupils attending Compulsory Secondary Education in our health care milieu in order to understand the dimension of the problem in our context. METHODS: Randomized distribution, stratified by school year, of a semi-quantitative questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of alcoholic drinks. Distributed to 406 pupils in Compulsory Secondary Education: 194 males and 212 females, with ages between 13 and 16 years. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption increased with school year (p<0.05), with differences existing between the two sexes. From figures for consumption in the 1st year of Compulsory Secondary Education of 27.8% in males and 11.4% in females (p<0.05), figures were reached in the 4th school year of 81.5% in males and 54.7% in females (p<0.05). The regular consumption of alcohol (at least once a week) in males rose from 8.4% (1st school year) to 53.7% (4th school year); and in females from 5.8% (1st school year) to 24.6% (4th school year). In the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, amongst the males who consumed alcohol, 18.2% did so on a daily basis, 47.7% at the weekend, and the remaining 34.1% occasionally; and amongst the females, 6.9% did so on a daily basis, 37.9% at the weekend, and the remaining 55.2% occasionally. In the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, the average quantity of alcohol ingested by the males at the weekend was 130.7 grams, and by the females 98.8 grams. In both sexes, the proportional contribution to the total ingestion of alcohol was in the majority of cases by consumption of spirits (46.1% in males and 55.4% in females) and beer (30.9% in males and 31.6% in females). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of alcohol consumption amongst Secondary School pupils is very high, especially starting in the 3rd year of Compulsory Secondary Education in males and the 4th school year in females. On the completion of studies in Compulsory Secondary Education, there is a generalised consumption of alcohol amongst our adolescents that is mainly circumscribed to the weekend, although there is an important and relevant number of pupils who refer to daily consumption.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2002

Variation in consumption of cow milk proteins and lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Iceland vs the other 4 Nordic countries.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of Type 1 diabetes is lower in Iceland than in the other 4 Nordic Countries. Earlier studies have showed that the cow milk proteins A1 and B beta-casein, suggested to be diabetogenic, are in lower amount in Icelandic cow milk than in milk from the other 4 Nordic Countries, and the per capita consumption of these proteins correlates with the incidence of Type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether lower consumption of the cow milk protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) (suggested to be diabetogenic) or higher consumption of immunoglobulin (Ig) or lactoferrin (LF) (suggested to be protective) is related to the lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Iceland. METHODS: The per capita consumption of milk proteins was calculated from an international database on consumption of milk and milk products and from the analysis of cow's milk samples. The samples were randomly collected from the largest consumption areas in Iceland and in the other 4 Nordic Countries. RESULTS: The per capita consumption of BSA was higher in Iceland (0.79 +/- 0.02 g/person per day) (mean +/- SEM) than in the other 4 Nordic Countries (0.43 +/- 0.05 g/person per day) (p = 0.025). The per capita consumption of Ig was also higher in Iceland than in the other 4 Nordic Countries (p = 0.025), while the consumption of LF was similar. Consumption of these 3 individual milk proteins did not correlate with the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in the 5 countries studied. CONCLUSION: Consumption of BSA, Ig or LF does not seem to explain the lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Iceland, compared with the other 4 Nordic Countries, while A1 and B beta-casein may contribute to varying diabetogenicity of cow's milk and explain the difference in incidence of Type 1 diabetes.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Relation of food consumption to cancer mortality in Japan, with special reference to international figures.

The present study was designed to examine the epidemiological association of food consumption with cancer mortality in Japan, if any, in comparison with similar examinations in developed countries including Japan, in a search for dietary factors in cancer etiology. Whereas food consumption patterns in Japan was believed to be specific among developed countries, this study revealed that the correlation matrix among major foods both for international and Japanese data made it possible to categorize these foods into two groups with some similar patterns, since there should be observed a positive or negative correlation for each pair of foods. The patterns for correlation of food consumption to cancer mortality in Japan were found to be considerably different from those in developed countries, and this suggested that the epidemiological association between the two in Japan, if any, could be specifically evaluated from that in develop countries. The urban-type region for food consumption in Japan, however, indicated a possible westernization for the relation of food consumption to cancer mortality as well as for food consumption patterns, whereas the traditional Japanese region for food consumption did not indicate any similarity with westernization for the relationship between food consumption and cancer mortality, as well as for food consumption patterns. The above findings also suggested that there might be a possible significance for the regionalization of Japan in such studies, and that the urbanization of food consumption patterns in Japan would show that this country has a similar pattern of association between food consumption and cancer mortality as observed among developed countries in Europe and/or North America.

Dairy Products↗

PubMed1996

Fruit and vegetable consumption and cancer mortality in the Caerphilly Study.

We investigated whether the consumption of fruit and vegetables lowered cancer mortality in a cohort of 2112 Welsh men ages 45-69 years (The Caerphilly Study), which was followed-up for 13.8 years. At baseline (between 1979 and 1983), participants completed a 56-item food frequency questionnaire from which the consumption of fruit and vegetables was calculated. Relative risks (RR) were estimated with Cox proportional hazard analysis, with death from various types of cancer as a dependent variable, and fruit, vegetables, vitamin C, beta-carotene, dietary fiber, and potential confounders as independent variables. Mean consumption of vegetables and fruit at baseline was 118 g/day and 83 g/day, respectively. During follow-up 114 men died from cancer, including 51 men who died from respiratory tract cancer and 45 men who died from digestive tract cancer. Fruit consumption and the intake of dietary fiber were inversely related to respiratory tract cancer, but after adjustment for potential confounders including age, smoking, and social class, the association with fruit consumption became nonsignificant. Vegetable and fruit consumption was, independently from other risk factors, inversely related to mortality from cancer of the digestive tract (P for trend = 0.021), mainly due to an inverse association with fruit consumption (RR for the highest quartile versus the lowest was 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8). Vitamin C, beta-carotene, and dietary fiber were not significantly associated with cancers of the digestive tract. Vegetable and fruit consumption was also inversely related to all-cause cancer mortality, and the strongest association was observed for fruit consumption (RR in the highest versus lowest quartile was 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-1.0). Consumption of vegetables and particularly the consumption of fruit could considerably lower the risk of dying from cancer in middle-aged men.

Age Factors↗