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PubMed1979

Contrast effects in the rat: a developmental study.

Two experiments investigated and development of positive and negative contrast effects in the consummatory behavior of juvenile and adult rats. Over a 4-day session, animals were given alternating 30-sec presentations of 2 bottles containing either 32 or 4% sucrose solutions. In Experiment I, different groups of rats were tested both cross-sectionally and longitudinally using a cohort-sequential design. Cross-sectionally, animals at all ages exhibited both types of contrast and demonstrated increasing positive contrast effects with greater age. Discrepancies between the longitudinal and cross-sectional samples were found to be due to the repeated testing procedure of the former design. Experiment II replicated the positive and negative contrast effects in the juvenile animals, indicating that the processes responsible for contrast effects are operating in the rat at a very early age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Sapid savvy in sucklings: the effect of quinine hydrochloride on intraoral negative pressure and intake by 11-13-day-old rat pups.

Three experiments describe the consummatory behavior of 11-13-day-old rat pups during and following experience with a model aversive taste, quinine hydrochloride. Pups were observed while away from the dam and while suckling. Results show that pups actively reject quinine adulterated solutions in both situations. They do so by spitting the solution from the mouth when away from the nipple and by leaving the nipple and/or decreasing their sucking effort when with the dam.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Serotonin uptake blockers and voluntary alcohol consumption. A review of recent studies.

Previous research demonstrated that serotonin uptake blockers (e.g., zimeldine, sertraline, fluoxetine) reduce voluntary ethanol consumption in rats and humans. However, the mechanism of action of these compounds is not well understood. It has been suggested, for example, that serotonin uptake blockade interferes with the processes that mediate the reinforcement derived from ethanol ingestion. On the other hand, there is considerable experimental evidence that suggests that the effects on alcohol intake may be an expression of a more general inhibitory role that serotonin plays in consummatory behavior. This chapter presents evidence that suggests that serotonin uptake blockers may affect ethanol intake, in part via a reduction of food intake. Current issues concerning the central versus peripheral mediation of these effects, receptor specificity, as well as alternate mechanisms of action are considered.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacological characterization of performance on a concurrent lever pressing/feeding choice procedure: effects of dopamine antagonist, cholinomimetic, sedative and stimulant drugs.

This experiment was undertaken to provide a pharmacological characterization of performance on a task involving food-related instrumental and consummatory behavior. Rats were tested in an operant chamber in which there was a choice between pressing a lever to receive a preferred food (Bioserve pellets) or approaching and consuming a less-preferred food (Lab Chow). The lever pressing schedule was a fixed ratio 5 (FR5). Rats usually pressed the lever at high rates to obtain the preferred food, and typically ate little of the lab chow even though it was freely available in the chamber concurrently with the lever pressing schedule. Previous work has shown that injection of dopamine (DA) antagonists, or depletion of DA in the nucleus accumbens, caused a substantial shift in behavior such that lever pressing was reduced but chow consumption increased. In the present study it was shown that the DA antagonist haloperidol decreased lever pressing and increased chow consumption at doses of 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg. The D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg) and the non-selective DA antagonist cis-flupenthixol (0.3 and 0.45 mg/kg) decreased lever pressing and produced substantial increases in chow consumption. The D2 antagonist sulpiride decreased lever pressing, but produced only slight increases in chow intake at the highest dose. Pentobarbital reduced lever pressing and increased chow consumption at 10.0 mg/kg. The muscarinic agonist pilocarpine produced dose-related decreases in lever pressing, but failed to increase chow consumption. Amphetamine produced dose-related decreases in both lever pressing and chow consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A laboratory animal model of human shift work.

The purpose of this study was to develop a laboratory animal model of human shift work. Two methods of monitoring circadian rhythms in rats were employed: an activity wheel cage, where number of wheel revolutions (WR) were counted, and an internal radio transmitter, which recorded gross motor activity (GMA) and body temperature (BT). Rats were implanted with biotelemetry transmitters that detected GMA and BT and were placed in activity wheel cages. A 12 hour/12 hour light/dark cycle was maintained. Subjects were subdivided into two groups: control and experimental. Following a habituation period of 15 days, in which animals had ad-libitum access to food and water and unlimited access to the running wheel, the experimental period ensued for 22 days. Control animals were food restricted and their activity wheels were locked during the light; experimental animals were food restricted and their activity wheels were locked during the dark. At the end of the experimental period, animals were returned to the habituation paradigm for 15 days. Recordings of WR, GMA and BT, as well as daily monitoring of body weight and food intake, indicated that experimental animals resembled humans employed in a shift work schedule. In the experiment, the light entrainable oscillator and the food entrainable oscillator were uncoupled in experimental animals, producing alterations in activity/rest cycles, consummatory behavior, and overt behavior. Since similar alterations occur in shift workers, it is proposed that the experimental paradigm presented in this manuscript is a useful model of shift work and provides a framework upon which future experiments may be conducted.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Electrophysiological concomitants of eating induced from neocortex and hippocampus by electrical stimulation and injection of KC1 or norepinephrine.

EEG and DC activity were recorded from the hippocampus and neocortex in freely moving rats during consummatory behavior elicited by electrical stimulation and application of KC1 or norepinephrine to these structures. Eating induced by KC1 application or electrical stimulation of the neocortex or hippocampus was accompanied by single or multiple waves of spreading depression (SD), i.e., by traveling slow potential change. An analysis of single vs. multiple cortical SD waves indicated that when multiple waves occurred, feeding was elicited by the first wave. Injection of norepinephrine into the hippocampus resulted in a significantly larger and qualitatively different feeding response compared to KC1 injections. No apparent changes in the EEG or DC activity occurred upon norepinephrine injections.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1980

Handling in infancy, taste aversion, and brain laterality in rats.

Rats were handled for the first 20 days of life or were not disturbed. When adults, they were trained to approach and drink from a bottle containing sweetened milk and were then given an injection of lithium chloride to induce a taste aversion conditioned emotional response. Others were injected with physiological saline. Rats within each of the treatment groups were then randomly assigned to 4 surgical procedures: removal of the right or left neocortex; sham surgery; or no surgery. Postoperatively, they were tested for retention of taste aversion by presenting the sweetened milk and recording the amount consumed. The initial consummatory behavior was very low (showing retention of the aversion) and increased over time. There were no differences in the reacquisition curves of the non-handled groups which had received lithium chloride. The curves of the handled groups did differ: thos with an intact right hemisphere (left neocortical lesion) had the lowest asymptote, followed by the group with an intact left brain, while those with intact whole brains consumed the greatest amount of milk. In the groups given an injection of physiological saline, those with a left hemisphere lesion consumed less milk than the other groups, regardless of their early handling experience. The data show: (1) that the rat's brain is lateralized, with the right hemisphere being preferentially involved in conditioned emotional behavior; and (2) that handling in infancy makes the left hemisphere less suceptible to conditioned fear.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Dissociation of hunger and self-stimulation by trigeminal deafferentation in the rat.

Section of trigeminal orosensory or oromotor nerves reduces food intake and disrupts performance of a food-reinforced lever pressing response but increases the rate of an identical level pressing response reinforced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Our findings suggest that trigeminal orosensation plays a critical role in the neural control of hunger in the rat. The results also fail to support a response-oriented theory of intracranial self-stimulation where the latter is thought to involve selective facilitation of sensorimotor circuits underlying species-typical consummatory behavior.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1983

Short-term effects of intrahypothalamic colchicine.

Colchicine was injected in the vicinity of the medial forebrain bundle to cause an accumulation of catecholamines in the lateral hypothalamus proximal to the injection site. Such injections caused severe deficits in consummatory behavior and motor performance within a few hours after injection, which were accompanied by the accumulation of catecholamines in the hypothalamus. Behavioural deficits occurring within 24 h after colchicine injection cannot be attributed to reduced synaptic transmission in the striatum or to dopamine depletion because these events do not commence until 24-48 h after colchicine administration. This study demonstrates the importance of considering all neurochemical changes which accompany catecholamine depletion when assessing the role of the catecholamine-containing system in the regulation of behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Site-dependent central effects of aldosterone in rats.

A relationship between the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the adrenal glands has long been suspected. This report provides further information about the effects of a continuous D-aldosterone infusion into the SCO area of conscious, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. A 6-day aldosterone infusion (5 ng/h) increased urinary sodium excretion, decreased adrenal medullary cross-sectional area, elevated adrenal corticosterone content and terminal plasma epinephrine concentration. Mineralocorticoid infusions directly into a lateral cerebral ventricle did not affect these parameters but, unlike SCO area infusions, decreased consummatory behavior. Infusions of tritiated aldosterone into the SCO area revealed that radioactivity was mainly confined to dorsomedial portions of the brain near the SCO, whereas the pineal body contained only background radioactivity. The data support the concept that the SCO area interacts with physiological systems related to both the adrenal cortex and medulla.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1975

Pallidal and entopeduncular single unit activity in cats during drinking.

It has been shown that pallidal units display changes in firing rate during food seeking and consummatory behavior. The purpose of the present work was to determine which properties of the ingested material or ingestive behavior were most potent in altering unit activity. Single unit activity was recorded in the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus of awake restrained cats during introduction of fluid into the mouth. A very high proportion of pallidal and entopeduncular neurons showed changes in firing rate during fluid injection. Two patterns of response were observed. Typically, responses were phasic and time-locked to the occurrence of fluid presentation. Less frequently, a long lasting change in firing occurred which persisted throughout the period of fluid introduction. Additional observations indicated that both of these changes in firing rate seemed to be related to the sensory rather than the motor aspects of ingestion.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Stress-induced consumption of ethanol by rats.

Rats were maintained in a continuous choice situation for consumption of either 0.1% aqueous saccharin or 10% ethanol- 0.1% saccharin with daily tube position reversal and 24 hour fluid consumption measurement. After a stabilized baseline was achieved, groups were exposed to either no stress, or to an unpredictable schedule of isolation or immobilization stress for 14 days. During baseline and stress-exposure periods, the rats consumed predominantly the saccharin solution. Upon cessation of the stress exposures the isolation and immobilization groups markedly increased their consumption of the ethanol solution, reaching intakes as high as 9.1 g/kg/24 hours in 2-3 weeks. In addition, after 3 weeks of ethanol consumption, placement of saccharin in both tubes resulted in the stressed animals preferentially consuming from the tube that should have contained ethanol. The results suggest that unpredictable exposure to stressful stimuli can, upon cessation of exposure, induce an alcohol consummatory behavior in rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

The effect of Hoe-427 (an ACTH4-9 analog) on free-choice ethanol consumption in male and female rats.

Ethanol consummatory patterns of individual male and female rats and the effects of Hoe-427 (Ebiratide), an ACTH4-9 analog, thereon, were studied in a test system using 24 hour, two-bottle free choice consumption between 0.2% saccharin and 10% ethanol in 0.2% saccharin. Single, daily i.p. doses (0.03mg/rat) of either ACTH4-10 or its analog resulted in a significant reduction of daily ethanol consumption with no effects on saccharin consumption. After 4 days of treatment, male rats consistently exhibited a rebound increase in ethanol consumption; this effect was not seen in females. The daily ethanol consummatory patterns of the female animals seemed to exhibit a 4-6 day cyclic rhythymicity, suggesting an interaction with estrous cycles. These results support a role for ACTH4-10 in the initiation of ethanol consummatory behavior in rats and suggests the existence of sex differences in this phenomenon.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1975

Hypothalamic influences on sensory reinforcement.

Rats were tested in a darkened chamber containing two levers, one of which turned on a dim light when depressed. Rats receiving non-contingent electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus made many more lever presses than did unstimulated controls and made more presses on the light producing lever than on the inactive one. Pretests had shown that the electrical stimulation elicited consummatory behavior in the presence of appropriate goal objects. Dynamic hyperphagic rats maintained on a restricted diet made more total responses early in testing than did their controls which also received the same restricted diet. They also preferred the light producing lever, but not reliably more than did their controls. Static hyperphagic rats made fewer total responses than did their controls, both groups receiving food ad lib. Neither group showed any preference between the two levers.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Target biting associated with a gustatory avoidance response.

Gustatory avoidance studies normally focus on the diminished occurrence of a consummatory behavior as the primary dependent variable. Several reports have described behaviors which accompany this gustatory avoidance response but no attempt has been made to automate collection of such data. In the following studies lithium chloride (LiCl) was administered to rats following saccharin consumption in a standard gustatory avoidance paradigm. The rats also had the opportunity to make noncontingent target biting responses on an inanimate target. It was observed that there was a significant decrease in saccharin intake following its pairing with LiCl. High target biting rates were associated with this avoidance response and, to a lesser degree, with initial target exposure. These observations are discussed in terms of paradigm contingencies.

Aggression↗