Safer sex maintenance among gay men: are we moving in the right direction?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
HIV Infections↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Consensual Union”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Female partners of AIDS patients in Uganda: reported knowledge, perceptions and plans.
OBJECTIVE: To assess reported knowledge of a partner's AIDS diagnosis, perceived risk of HIV infection, need for HIV testing and future support plans among women partners of male Ugandan AIDS patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted at New Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. The subjects were women partners of consecutive male AIDS patients admitted to medical wards. RESULTS: Only 12% reported their partner's AIDS diagnosis; women who reported knowing were less likely to be financially dependent on the partner. Most women (76%) reported being at risk of HIV; in general, these women were older, in a newer relationship, had less children and were in customary rather than civil or cohabiting marriages. More than half (56%) of the women reported a need for HIV testing, though few (5%) had been tested. Those who stated the need for HIV testing were in a newer relationship, had less children and were more financially independent of their husbands; women in a cohabiting type marriage were less likely to report their need for testing than those in a civil or customary marriage. About half (56%) reported plans for future support if their husbands did not recover; these women were more likely to be in an older relationship and to have more children. CONCLUSIONS: Most women partners of AIDS patients in New Mulago Hospital reported no knowledge of their husbands' diagnosis. Over half perceived a need to be tested but very few reported having been tested, and only half reported having planned for the future of their families. Interventions are urgently needed to address barriers to knowledge and to acknowledgement of a partner's AIDS diagnosis, to HIV testing and to planning for the future.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Understanding U.S. fertility: continuity and change in the National Survey of Family Growth, 1988-1995.
About 50 studies based on the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and a telephone reinterview conducted with the same women two years later provide continuing information about the fertility and health of American women. Among the findings of these studies are that black women have almost twice as many pregnancies as do white women (5.1 vs. 2.8), with nearly all of the difference being unintended pregnancies. Unwanted births increased between 1982 and 1988, particularly among less-educated, poor and minority women. This increase in the proportion of unwanted births may have prompted the increase in female sterilization among these groups. Concern with the AIDS epidemic led to increases in condom use between 1982 and 1990, especially among the partners of teenagers and college-educated women. Rates of teenage pregnancy were fairly stable during the period 1980-1988, as increases in the proportion of teenagers having intercourse were offset by increases in condom use. Rates of infertility did not change significantly in the 1980s, but because of delayed childbearing and the aging of the baby-boom cohort, the number of older childless women increased substantially. The 1995 NSFG was redesigned in a number of ways in order to answer a new generation of questions about fertility and women's health in the United States.
Adolescent↗
Double jeopardy: women and leprosy in India.
This article presents evidence from two states of India, Bihar and Maharashtra, on the process of "dehabilitation" among male and female leprosy patients, and suggests gender-sensitive interventions to address existing problems in leprosy control. While the study investigated a wide range of gender differences in the impact of leprosy, this article focuses on only two-marriage and family reactions. Important gender differences were apparent in the impact of the disease. While both men and women were negatively affected in terms of their family and marital lives, women suffered more isolation and rejection. Psychologically, women appeared more vulnerable because they were deprived of personal contact with others in the domestic environment where they were accustomed to receiving their greatest emotional rewards. Women reported that indifference to them by other family members, or seeming negation of their presence, caused them the greatest suffering. This underscores the importance of providing information to both leprosy patients and their families about the disease and its treatment, including the possibility of cure with MDT (multi-drug therapy) and of counselling family members about their crucial role in helping patients cope and recover. This support is even more critical for women, who often lack access to the variety of outside advice and assistance available to men. The evidence presented in the article demonstrates the importance of analysing leprosy from a gender perspective, not only because this approach helps to inform our understanding of the determinants and consequences of the disease, but also because it provides new insights for improved disease control.
Adolescent↗
Repeat abortions in Canada, 1975-1993.
In Canada, 20% of women who obtained an abortion between 1975 and 1993 had had at least one previous abortion. An analysis of data on 1.2 million abortions shows that the proportion of abortion patients undergoing repeat procedures increased from 9% to 29% over the 19-year period. The proportion was above average (22-28% for all years combined) among women who were in common-law marriages, those aged 25-39 and those who had previously had children. In 1993, 27 women per 1,000 who had ever had an abortion underwent another one, while 13 women per 1,000 who had never had an abortion obtained their first one; among teenagers, the repeat rate was four times the rate of first abortions (81 per 1,000 vs. 19 per 1,000). During the study period, the repeat rate rose sharply among women younger than 25 but fell among those aged 30 and older. In 1993, fewer than 2% of abortions were obtained by women who had had three or more previous procedures, suggesting that abortion is not widely used as a primary method of birth control.
Abortion, Legal↗
Contraceptive practices and trends in France.
CONTEXT: Contraceptive use has been legal in France for the past 30 years, and patterns of use changed substantially from the 1960s to the 1980s. Given the rapidity with which use patterns change and the possible impact of rising concern about infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, it is important to determine trends of contraceptive practice into the 1990s. METHODS: A total of 5,900 French households were selected in 1994 for inclusion in the Fertility and Family Survey. Respondents were questioned about their contraceptive use patterns and family formation status. The results were compared with those of comparable surveys conducted in 1978 and 1988. RESULTS: Two-thirds of French women used some form of reversible contraceptive method in 1994. Oral contraceptive use has grown steadily in France: About 40% of women aged 20-44 reported using the pill alone or combined with another method in 1994, compared with 34% in 1988 and 28% in 1978. Condom use has also been on the rise: Nearly 8% of women were using condoms alone or combined with another method in 1994, up from 5% in 1988 and 6% in 1978. IUD use has declined from 19% in 1988 to 16% in 1994, and both male and female sterilizations remain rare. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive behavior in France appears unique among developed countries, with fairly high levels of oral contraceptive use--even among older women--relatively high levels of IUD use and little reliance on either male or female sterilization. As with other countries, however, condom use has climbed in recent years, and is especially common at first intercourse.
Adult↗
Coital frequency among married and cohabiting couples in the United States. A comment.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Early childbearing in Guatemala: a continuing challenge.
(1) Guatemala has the third highest adolescent birthrate in Central America-114 births for every 1,000 women aged 15-19 each year. (2) Only two-fifths of 20-24-year-old women have completed primary school. The proportion is one in four in rural areas and one in 10 among indigenous women. (3) One-half of young women enter into a union (formal or consensual) before their 20th birthday. Three-quarters of those with no schooling do so, compared with one-quarter of those with a primary education or more. (4) Forty-four percent of 20-24-year-olds were mothers by age 20; the proportion is highest among young women with no education (68%) and among indigenous women (54%). (5) The great majority of 15-19-year-old women in union-83%, with little variation by residence or ethnicity-do not want to have a child in the next two years. However, only 18% are using an effective contraceptive. (6) Although 70% of 15-24-year-olds who recently gave birth made at least one prenatal care visit, roughly half of the least educated and of indigenous women made none. Moreover, only half of 15-24-year-old mothers had professional medical care at their most recent delivery; the proportion is even lower among the least educated and indigenous women (one-quarter).
Adolescent↗
Two key factors that belong in a macroergonomic analysis of electronic monitoring: Employee perceptions of fairness and the climate of organizational trust or distrust.
Two microergonomic elements not usually discussed in treatments of electronic monitoring of VDT clerical work are employee perceptions of fairness (in work standards and measurement process) and the overall climate of employee trust in management. The author's field studies found these factors serving as major mitigating or intensifying elements in the stress that clerical employees can experience when they perform intensive heavy-duty VDT applications, and as central variables in distinguishing beneficial from harmful monitoring programmes. A case study involving change in supervisory monitoring policies for 200 customer service agents at one of Federal Express Corporation's telecommunication call centres in the USA in 1985-86 demonstrates how a Unit Head at a non-union company long known for its positive employee relations policies installed monitoring practices that the call agents considered unfair and a breach of the company's traditional climate of employee-employer trust. Employee protests, when communicated to top management, led to discarding the unilaterally-instituted and quantity-oriented monitoring policy and replacing it with a consensually-developed supervisory monitoring system balancing quality and quantity elements in a way that satisfied both employees and management. The present system of supervisory monitoring of customer service work at Federal Express (1991) enjoys broad employee support, suggesting that a fair system of monitoring, applied in an environment of earned trust between employees and employer, can meet critical productivity and quality interests of employers in clerical VDT work without creating harmful employee stress and discontent. It also suggests that empirical investigation of the fairness and trust factors represents an important and practical area of research in a macroergonomic analysis of employee monitoring programs and impacts.
Journal Article↗
Restrictions on workplace romance and consensual relationship policies.
The workplace is frequently the site of romantic and consensual relationships. These relations may sometimes be deemed by employers to infringe on the proper conduct of business and prompt them to adopt rules that limit such interactions. This article explores some of the rights of employees and the possible policies that employers may realistically adopt within the confines of federal and state constitutional statutes, in light of court precedent and in keeping with possible union contract.
Confidentiality↗