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PubMed1986

Influence of common cold and of parenteral administration of influenza virus antigens on bronchoalveolar lavage cells.

We investigated in a pilot study on healthy young subjects whether a common cold or a vaccination with influenza virus antigens within 10 days influenced the number and subsets of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The total number of BAL-cells was about doubled in the common cold group, yet no consistent changes in overall cell distribution was found. Among BAL-lymphocytes the ratio of helper-inducer over suppressor-cytotoxic lymphocytes (THI/TCS) tended to be increased in both groups, due to a lower percentage of TCS-cells, which was significant in the vaccination group only. In the blood, on the contrary, the THI/TCS ratio was significantly decreased in both groups due to a drop in THI-cells; in addition, the proportions of E-Rosette (+) T-cells and of activated (Ia+) T-cells were slightly increased. In conclusion, only minor changes in inflammatory BAL-cells were observed, which, however, may interfere with the effects of other diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of ipratropium bromide nasal spray versus placebo in patients with the common cold.

Ipratropium bromide (IB) has been found to reduce secretions in the upper respiratory tract; this is accomplished through competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors that control rhinorrhea production. This study compared the safety and efficacy of IB with placebo in the symptomatic relief of rhinorrhea in patients with the common cold. Human subjects with symptoms of a common cold, primarily rhinorrhea, were enrolled and treated with either IB (84 micrograms/nostril) or placebo; each was administered as two sprays per nostril, four times a day, for 4 days. Primary efficacy analyses were in-clinic measurements of nasal discharge weights over a 3-hour period after administration on days 1 and 2 and assessment of rhinorrhea symptoms by use of a subjective patient-completed visual analog rating scale. IB significantly reduced rhinorrhea an average of 18% over placebo for days 1 and 2 (p = 0.01). Visual analog scale scores showed an average improvement in rhinorrhea of 22% over placebo (p = 0.001). When patients with relatively minor rhinorrhea (baseline weight of nasal discharge < or = 1.0 gm) were excluded, IB produced an average reduction in nasal discharge of 23% over placebo for days 1 and 2 (p = 0.003).

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Appropriate use of antibiotics for URIs in children: Part II. Cough, pharyngitis and the common cold. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team.

This article summarizes the principles of judicious antimicrobial therapy for three of the five conditions--cough, pharyngitis, the common cold--that account for most of the outpatient use of these drugs in the United States. The principles governing the other two conditions, otitis media and acute sinusitis, were presented in the previous issue. This article summarizes evidence against the use of antibiotic treatment for illness with cough or bronchitis in children, unless the cough is prolonged. Although empiric treatment may be started in patients with pharyngitis when streptococcal infection is suspected, the authors recommend withholding antibiotic treatment until antigen testing or culture is positive. There is never any indication for antibiotic treatment of the common cold; it is important to understand the natural history of colds, because symptoms such as mucopurulent rhinitis or cough, even when they persist for up to two weeks, do not necessarily indicate bacterial infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Effects of rhinovirus-induced common colds on granulocyte activity in allergic rhinitis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the activities of mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils in patients with allergic rhinitis developing common colds and increased responsiveness to allergen following nasal rhinovirus inoculation. METHODS: We have revisited a nasal lavage material obtained from 17 patients who were successfully inoculated with rhinovirus outside the pollen season and received nasal allergen challenges before and after inoculation. We have examined indices of mast cell activity (tryptase), eosinophil degranulation (eosinophil peroxidase; EPO), and neutrophil activation (myeloperoxidase; MPO). RESULTS: Allergen challenges performed before rhinovirus inoculation increased the nasal output of EPO. Notably, this response was significantly greater after rhinovirus inoculation (cf. before inoculation). The output of MPO was also increased following allergen challenge after, but not before, rhinovirus inoculation. Nasal lavage fluid levels of tryptase were increased following allergen challenge similarly before and after rhinovirus inoculation. Also, the viral infection did not affect the baseline levels of tryptase. CONCLUSIONS: The present data demonstrate that rhinovirus infections activate both eosinophils and neutrophils, but that they may not affect mast cell activity. We suggest that common colds in part through stimulation of granulocyte activity potentiate the airway inflammation in allergic diseases.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1963

[Current advances in studies on the common cold].

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Common Cold↗

PubMed1977

A trial of ascorbic acid in the treatment of the common cold.

A randomised controlled trial was carried out to study the effect of 10 g of ascorbic acid taken during the first 2 1/2 days on the symptoms of the common cold. Altogether 1524 volunteers were recruited from a number of working groups in different parts of the country; 482 developed colds. There was no evidence that upper respiratory or general constitutional symptoms were alleviated by ascorbic acid. Among the men who had any colds at all, significantly fewer on active than on placebo treatment had two or more colds; however, this effect was not seen in women. Ascorbic acid is of no value in the treatment of the common cold; its preventive effect, if any, is not such as to justify advising its general use as a prophylactic measure.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1995

[Is medical care adequate in cases of the common cold? The result of an evaluation in 8 health centers].

BACKGROUND: In this study the quality of health care provided in cases of the common cold and similar was studied. These diseases were selected to seek opportunities for improvement for health care professionals by the nominal group technique. METHODS: A retrospective study of the health care procedures was carried out in randomized sample of cases attended in one month in eight health care centers randomly selected from among the centers in the Autonomic Community of Murcia. A total of 400 cases (50 per center) were studied with the variability among centers with regard to the fulfillment of consensus criteria (physical examination, treatment registration, and appropriate prescription) and the relationship with certain characteristics of the center (university, urban) and the health care staff (general physicians, or pediatricians) being analyzed. RESULTS: Great variability was found from one center to another regarding the criteria of physical examination and prescription, the simultaneous low fulfillment of the three criteria of quality (from 2 to 60%), the positive association between physical examination and the correct prescription (p < 0.01) and a higher level of quality in urban centers (OR: 7.5, p < 0.00001). Antibiotics were prescribed in 89% (CI 95%: +/- 4.6) of the cases with inappropriate prescription in 47% of the total (CI 95%: +/- 4.9; range among centers: from 4.1 to 75.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of health care towards the common cold may be markedly improved in most of the centers studied. The frequency of the use of antibiotics and the lack of physical examination are the basis of problematic and ineffective performance, being more frequently observed in rural and semirural centers.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2006

Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial.

To investigate the effect of long-term consumption of probiotic bacteria on viral respiratory tract infections (common cold, influenza), a randomized, double blind, controlled intervention study was performed during two winter/spring periods (3 and 5 month). Four hundred and seventy-nine healthy adults were supplemented daily with vitamins plus minerals with or without probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The intake of the probiotic had no effect on the incidence of common cold infections (verum=158, control=153 episodes, influenza was not observed), but significantly shortened duration of episodes by almost 2 days (7.0+/-0.5 versus 8.9+/-1.0 days, p=0.045), reduced the severity of symptoms and led to larger increases in cytotoxic T plus T suppressor cell counts and in T helper cell counts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Adults and children in the United States get two to six colds per year. Evidence that zinc is effective therapy for colds is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of zinc acetate lozenges in reducing the duration of symptoms of the common cold. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan. PATIENTS: 50 ambulatory volunteers recruited within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold. INTERVENTION: Participants took one lozenge containing 12.8 mg of zinc acetate or placebo every 2 to 3 hours while awake as long as they had cold symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: Subjective symptom scores for sore throat, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, scratchy throat, hoarseness, muscle ache, fever, and headache were recorded daily for 12 days. Plasma zinc and proinflammatory cytokine levels were measured on day 1 and after participants were well. RESULTS: Forty-eight participants completed the study (25 in the zinc group and 23 in the placebo group). Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 [95% CI, 2.1 to 4.1] vs. 6.3 [CI, 4.9 to 7.7] days), and nasal discharge (4.1 [CI, 3.3 to 4.9] vs. 5.8 [CI, 4.3 to 7.3] days) and decreased total severity scores for all symptoms (P < 0.002, test for treatment x time interaction). Mean changes in soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist level differed nonsignificantly between the zinc group and the placebo group (difference between changes, -89.4 pg/mL [CI, -243.6 to -64.8 pg/mL]). CONCLUSION: Administration of zinc lozenges was associated with reduced duration and severity of cold symptoms, especially cough. Improvement in clinical symptoms with zinc treatment may be related to a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine levels; however, in this study, the observed differences between changes in cytokine levels in zinc and placebo recipients were not significant.

Adult↗

PubMed1954