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PubMed2005

[Color vision in glaucoma].

This article is a general view of evaluated acquired color vision defects in the early stages of primary glaucoma and in patients at risk for glaucoma. The articles published until now indicates a decrease in color discriminating sensitivity in the short wavelength part of the visible spectrum in patients with glaucoma as well as in patients with ocular hypertension. It has been found a positive correlation between the blue-yellow color vision defects and the perimetric changes in the glaucomatous eyes. Blue-yellow color vision testing with the anomaloscope may serve as an additional test in the early diagnosis of glaucoma but the absence of dyschromatopsia does not exclude the disease.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1992

Absence of blue-yellow color vision loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at levels below occupational exposure limits.

Possible color vision loss was examined with Lanthony's new color test and Ishihara's color vision test in 261 solvent workers and 120 controls (48 men and 72 women). The solvent workers were exposed to either predominantly toluene [46 ppm as geometric mean (GM); 63 men and 111 women], tetrachloroethylene alone (13 ppm; 30 men and 34 women), or a mixture (14 men and 9 women) of tetrachloroethylene (12 ppm) and trichloroethylene (7 ppm). The only instances of color vision loss that were detected in either the exposed workers or the controls were six cases of red-green loss (all in men). These six cases of red-green loss showed an unbiased distribution between the exposed workers and the nonexposed controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Cool white, Ultralume, and Vita-Lite fluorescent lamps for use in color vision testing.

Thirty-one normal and 20 color vision-deficient persons were tested with the Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) Pseudoisochromatic Plates, Farnsworth's D-15 and 100-Hue tests, and the Davidson & Hemmendinger (D & H) Color Rule using Vita-Lite, Ultralume, and Cool White fluorescent lamps to determine their usefulness for color vision measurement. The persons with deficient color vision were classified with a Nagel anomaloscope. The Macbeth Easel lamp was the reference for determining relative lamp performance. No normal was misclassified with any of the lamps. Scores with the Vita-Lite lamp were qualitatively and quantitatively most similar to those with the Macbeth lamp. The Ultralume gave intermediate results, and the Cool White was the least satisfactory substitute. Norms for the metameric D & H Color Rule for each lamp were different, which prevented intercomparisons. Best separation of the scores of deficient from normal persons with the D & H Rule occurred with the Macbeth and Vita-Lite lamps. Better performance with the Vita-Lite and Ultralume lamps can be expected from protans with the HRR and 100-Hue Tests and poorer performances from deutans on the HRR tests than with the standard Macbeth Lamp. The Cool White lamp was judged an unsuitable substitute for color vision testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Color vision after laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on color vision. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. METHOD: This prospective study comprised consecutive patients having LASIK. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had a best corrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better and a normal color vision test preoperatively and an uncorrected near visual acuity of 20/40 or better postoperatively. Color vision was tested using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test (FM 100 test) preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS: Twenty-nine eyes of 15 patients having LASIK were enrolled in the study. The mean patient age was 29.2 years +/- 2.9 (SD). The mean preoperative spherical equivalent refractive error was -5.6 +/- 1.8 diopters, and the mean preoperative error score of the FM 100 test was 3.79 +/- 1.55. After surgery, no significant change in the error score was observed at 1 day (4.30 +/- 1.07, P =.1039, paired t test), 1 week (3.72 +/- 1.25, P =.8125, paired t test), or 1 month (3.97 +/- 1.29, P =.6149, paired t test). CONCLUSION: Laser in situ keratomileusis did not affect color vision evaluated by the FM 100 test.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of an updated HRR color vision test.

The HRR pseudoisochromatic plate (pip) test was originally designed as a screening and diagnostic test for color vision deficiencies. The original HRR test is now long out of print. We evaluate here the new 4th edition of the HRR test, produced in 2002 by Richmond Products. The 2002 edition was compared to the original 1955 edition for a group of subjects with normal color vision and a group who had been previously diagnosed as having color vision deficiencies. The color deficient subjects spanned the range of severity among people with red-green deficiencies except for one individual who had a mild congenital tritan deficiency. The new test compared favorably with the original and in at least two areas, outperformed it. Among subjects with deutan defects the classification of severity correlated better with the anomaloscope results than the original; all the subjects who were classified as dichromats on the anomaloscope were rated as "severe" on the new HRR, while those diagnosed as anomalous trichromats were rated as mild or medium on the new test. Among those with moderate and severe defects the new test was highly accurate in correctly categorizing subjects as protan or deutan. In addition, a mild tritan subject made a tritan error on the new test whereas he was misdiagnosed as normal on the original.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Shift of equiluminance in congenital color vision deficiencies: pattern-ERG, VEP and psychophysical findings.

We compared electrophysiological responses [pattern-ERG (PERG) and VEP] and psychophysical measures to color stimuli to separate different forms of anomalous color vision. PERG and VEP were recorded from seven normals and 14 subjects with congenital color vision deficiencies. Stimuli were color checkerboards with 0.5 deg check size, phase reversing at 34 rev/sec. The luminances of the red and green parts were varied in opposite direction from 0 to 30 cd/m2, while the hue of individual squares and space-averaged luminance were held constant. This allowed for one equiluminance condition where flicker appeared fused. In the seven normals, the subjective equiluminance was reached at a luminance ratio red/(red + green) = 0.50-0.53. At that point, the PERG amplitude was moderately, and the VEP amplitude sharply reduced. In 14 color anomalous subjects both the PERG and VEP were sharply reduced at equiluminance. These dips were shifted compared to normals and the dip position corresponded to the predicted luminance ratios obtained by calculations from L- and M-cone activation using the Smith-Pokorny transformation. As we found a close correlation of the VEP-dip position and the anomalous quotient, these electrophysiological measures may allow objective assessment of color vision deficiencies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Explantation of an AcrySof Natural intraocular lens because of a color vision disturbance.

PURPOSE: To describe a patient who complained of color vision disturbance after implantation of a clear intraocular lens (IOL) in one eye and a yellow IOL in the other. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 50-year-old woman complained of binocular imbalance and "yellow vision" in her left eye after implantation of a visible blue light-filtering yellow IOL. A clear IOL had been implanted in her right eye 1 month before. She requested explantation of the yellow IOL. RESULTS: The yellow IOL was exchanged for a clear one, which resolved the unbalanced color vision. CONCLUSIONS: Patients may be intolerant of the color disturbance that results when dissimilarly colored IOLs are implanted. It is advisable to avoid this practice.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Color naming and categorization in inherited color vision deficiencies.

Dichromatic subjects can name colors accurately, even though they cannot discriminate among red-green hues (Jameson & Hurvich, 1978). This result is attributed to a normative language system that dichromatic observers developed by learning subtle visual cues to compensate for their impoverished color system. The present study used multidimensional scaling techniques to compare color categorization spaces of color-vision deficient (CVD) subjects to those of normal trichromat (NT) subjects, and consensus analysis estimated the normative effect of language on categorization. Subjects sorted 140 Munsell color samples in three different ways: a free sorting task (unlimited number of categories), a constrained sorting task (number of categories limited to eight), and a constrained naming task (limited to eight basic color terms). CVD color categories were comparable to those of NT subjects. For both CVD and NT subjects, a common color categorization space derived from the three tasks was well described by a three-dimensional model, with the first two dimensions corresponding to reddish-greenish and yellowish-bluish axes. However, the third axis, which was associated with an achromatic dimension in NTs, was not identified in the CVD model. Individual differences multidimensional scaling failed to reveal group differences in the sorting tasks. In contrast, the personal color naming spaces of CVD subjects exhibited a relative compression of the yellowish-bluish dimension that is inconsistent with the typical deutan-type color spaces derived from more direct measures of perceptual color judgments. As expected, the highest consensus among CVDs (77%) and NTs (82%) occurred in the naming task. The categorization behaviors studied in this experiment seemed to rely more on learning factors, and may reveal little about CVD perceptual representation of colors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Contrast sensitivity and color vision with a yellow intraocular len.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate contrast sensitivity and color vision of yellow ultraviolet (UV) intraocular len (IOL) in cataract patients. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Extracapsular cataract extraction was performed in 60 senile cataract patients. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 30 yellow UV IOLs and 30 ordinary UV IOLs. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color vision were examined up to 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The yellow UV IOLs showed statistically significantly higher spatial contrast sensitivity than ordinary UV IOLs in the low and middle frequencies. There was no significant difference between yellow and ordinary UV IOL in color vision. Incidences of photophobia and cyanopsia were less in patients who received the yellow UV IOLs. CONCLUSIONS: Yellow UV IOLs are preferable to ordinary UV IOLs in preserving spatial contrast sensitivity and cause less photophobia and cyanopsia in the early postoperative period.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Color vision assessment: fail rates of two versions of the Farnsworth lantern test.

INTRODUCTION: The Farnsworth lantern test has long been used to assess the color vision of those seeking to enter the aviation industry and other occupations that require recognition of signal lights. A new version of the Farnsworth lantern, the Optec 900, is now produced because the original version is no longer manufactured. This paper reports the pass/ fail rates of a production model of the new version compared with an original one. METHODS: There were 100 male subjects with abnormal color vision who were given 3 runs with each lantern test. Their color vision deficiency was diagnosed using a battery of tests including the D15 test and the Nagel anomaloscope. RESULTS: A total of 19% passed the new lantern test compared with 24% for the original Farnsworth using the usual fail criteria. The pass rates become 17% and 21%, respectively, when adjusted for the expected proportions of the types of abnormal color vision. There was agreement between the two lantern tests for 89% of subjects: 8% passed the old Farnsworth and failed the new version, and 3% failed the original Farnsworth and passed the new. There was a practice effect: when one lantern was passed and the other failed, the lantern passed was, with one exception, given second. Both lantern tests passed subjects who made no errors on the first run who subsequently made many errors when given further runs. Only 4% of subjects made no errors on all runs. CONCLUSION: The Optec 900 can be considered equivalent to the Farnsworth lantern and might be preferred because it is slightly more stringent, reducing the risk of passing those who will make errors with signal lights. The practice of passing applicants who make no errors on the first run should be abandoned since 10% of those who pass in this way make many errors when additional runs are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Pigment method to train color vision in the rehabilitation of railway workers with congenital disorders of color perception].

The authors elaborated an effective method to master color vision through pigment tables. The method enables subnormal trichromats to normalize or improve colors perception and relieve existing disorders. The training course for deuteranomalopia "C" patients should comprise 8-10 procedures, that for deuteranomalopia "B" and protanopia "C" patients-11-13 procedures, that for protanopia B" patients--under 20 procedures. The effects remain at least 1 year after the course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Color vision in honeybees.

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the color vision system in honeybees are reviewed. Grassmann's model and receptor models of color vision are discussed with respect to the problem of color difference. A recent analysis of the bee's color opponent coding system is presented in brief. Predictions for the spectral sensitivity of color opponent coding neurons derived directly from the color opponent coding (COC) model and predictions for the Bezold-Brücke color shift and the spectral discrimination function derived from the model via color difference formula are presented. The predictions are compared with electrophysiological data and with choice proportions of behavioral experiments, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Color vision measured with pseudoisochromatic plates at five-and-a-half years in eyes of children from the CRYO-ROP study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of color deficits at age 5 1/2 years in preterm children with birth weights of less than 1251 g who participated in the multicenter Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. METHODS: Two cohorts of CRYO-ROP participants served as subjects: 1055 children who participated in a long-term study of the natural history of ROP at 5 of the 23 CRYO-ROP centers, and 187 children (from all 23 study centers) who had threshold ROP in both eyes and who were randomized to receive cryotherapy in 1 eye. Monocular color vision was tested at age 5 1/2 years, using the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates, part 2 (SPP2) for acquired color vision defects. RESULTS: In the Natural History cohort, prevalence of red-green (R-G) color deficits was 6.6% for males and 1.0% for females, similar to that of the general adult population. Prevalence of blue-yellow (B-Y) color deficits was 2.8% for males and 2.2% for females, more than 200 times that in the general adult population. Prevalence of B-Y deficits was not related to birth weight, gestational age, acute-phase ROP, optic atrophy, or retinal residua of ROP, but was related to visual acuity. In the Threshold ROP cohort, color vision deficits were no more likely in eyes that had received cryotherapy than in control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm an increased prevalence of B-Y deficits in children born before term, and provide evidence that the increased prevalence is not related to birth weight, gestational age, or severity of ROP within this group of preterm children. No evidence was found to indicate that cryotherapy increased the rate of color vision deficits in eyes with threshold ROP.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blue color vision as a sign of digitalis poisoning].

The paper deals with the course of the illness in a 66 years old male, who had taken an amount of 0.2 mg of medigoxin for an unknown period of time, because of chronic heart failure due to atherosclerotic heart disease and chronic atrial fibrillation. He have had a cholelithiasis also and reduced renal reserve. He was admitted by an emergency admittance because of nausea, vomiting, color vision disturbances: blue colored vision, and with other signs of digitalis toxicity: diffuse abdominal pain, an absolute arrhythmia with a slow ventricular rate, and with a short corrected Q-T interval in an electrocardiogram of 0.315 seconds and with high serum digoxin level reacted 3.8 nmol/L. After stopping of a digitalis treatment, in a period of time of four days, all signs of digitalis toxicity including blue color vision disturbances disappeared. In the paper that rare sign of digitalis toxicity is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Note on color preference and color vision test performance.

The incidence of color deficient vision was investigated using the Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates on a relatively large and representative group. In the sample of 112 adults aged 20 to 80 yr. and comprised of 53% women and 12% minorities, 8% of men and 3% of women were color deficient. Over-all performance indicated no effects for sex or race. Nearly half of the plates were nondiscriminating among sex, minority/majority, and "normal" and "defective" color vision groups. Named color preferences within the "normal" group strongly favored blues and reflected no sex differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Variations in normal color vision. I. Cone-opponent axes.

Early postreceptoral color vision is thought to be organized in terms of two principal axes corresponding to opposing L- and M-cone signals (LvsM) or to S-cone signals opposed by a combination of L- and M-cone signals (SvsLM). These cone-opponent axes are now widely used in studies of color vision, but in most cases the corresponding stimulus variations are defined only theoretically, based on a standard observer. We examined the range and implications of interobserver variations in the cone-opponent axes. We used chromatic adaptation to empirically define the LvsM and SvsLM axes and used both thresholds and color contrast adaptation to determine sensitivity to the axes. We also examined the axis variations implied by individual differences in the color matching data of Stiles and Burch [Opt. Acta 6, 1 (1959)]. The axes estimated for individuals can differ measurably from the nominal standard-observer axes and can influence the interpretation of postreceptoral color organization (e.g., regarding interactions between the two axes). Thus, like luminance sensitivity, individual differences in chromatic sensitivity may be important to consider in studies of the cone-opponent axes.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1990

[Congenital large field color vision defects].

To investigate changes in the way of seeing colors due to expansion of the visual angle in patients with congenital color vision defects, an anomaloscope which can alter the visual angle to 2 degrees, 6 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees and 20 degrees was prepared using three colored light emission diodes, and 28 patients with congenital color vision defects were examined. The results showed that the patients could be categorized into two groups: one with no change in the equation range and one in which the equation range was contracted. Contraction of the equation range was marked when the visual angle was 10 degrees or more.

Color Perception Tests↗