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PubMed1988

Color vision defects in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Quantification with a computer-driven color television system.

In order to detect early defects of color vision caused by increased intraocular pressure, a computer graphics device and color monitor system were used to measure color contrast sensitivity. The system determines the threshold chrominance of a colored grating in which there is no change in luminance. The study included 13 control subjects aged 10 to 57 years and 19 patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma aged 20 to 58 years. In the 13 eyes with visual field loss, color contrast sensitivity was profoundly reduced when the grating colors fell on a tritan color confusion line. In the eyes without visual field loss, tritan color contrast sensitivity was reduced to an average level considerably below the extreme limits of the control group. These results were compared with those of other color vision tests and diagnostic criteria for glaucoma. The findings suggest that among the tests used, color contrast sensitivity testing was able to discriminate most effectively between patients who had retinal damage and the normal population.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

Colour contrast sensitivity changes caused by peripheral retinal laser photocoagulation.

Macular phototoxicity is known to occur with laser use, and there is evidence that the wavelength of the light used influences this effect. In this study, a computer based colour contrast sensitivity test was used to assess the immediate macular effects of photocoagulation of peripheral flat retinal holes in otherwise normal retinas, using blue-green (488 and 514 nm), yellow (577 nm), orange (595 nm) or red (647 nm) laser light. The laser aiming beam was not allowed to traverse the macula at any stage during treatment. No protan or deutan axis threshold changes were noted in the 17 patients tested irrespective of the laser wavelength used. Tritan axis sensitivity was significantly reduced one hour after treatment with the blue-green laser, but no tritan axis change was found after treatment with longer wavelength lasers. The effect was no longer present the day after treatment in the subjects tested. The results show that even peripheral retinal treatment with blue-green laser can cause acute macular phototoxicity.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1988

A new test for screening color vision: concurrent validity and utility.

Recognizing the need for an effective test for screening color vision in young children, we have developed a new pseudoisochromatic (PIC) plate test which is useful for a wide variety of observers at different ages. The test consists of four plates and responses can be used to categorize color vision as normal or as either red-green or blue-yellow defective. Results of this validation study with adults, both color normal and red-green defective, show a high degree of correlation between the new test and the Nagel anomaloscope: there were no false positives and only a few false negatives, which occurred with mild deuteranomalous observers. The validity of the test compares favorably to the Ishihara, F-2, and the AO-HRR screening plates. Results with toddlers (3 to 6 years) indicate that the task demands of the test are well suited for testing young children. The percentage of color defectives identified in the toddler sample using the new test is closer to the adult prevalence than results obtained with the F-2 and AO-HRR screening plates, which gave dramatically higher failure rates. The new test is culture-free and can be administered rapidly to both verbal and nonverbal observers using pointing or preferential looking.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormal color vision and reliable self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Color vision was assessed in 103 insulin-dependent diabetic patients using the Farnsworth-Münsell 100-Hue Test. All showed color vision impairment. Thirty-four had true dyschromatopsia while 22 suffered from tritanopia or other axial defects. We evaluated how accurately diabetic patients could monitor their own blood glucose by asking them to read a series of 30 precalibrated BM Test Glycemic Strips (Chemstrip, Boehringer, Mannheim, West Germany) without a meter. Patients with axial defects performed least well regardless of 100-Hue scores. Reading accuracy of patients with no axial defects was strongly correlated to 100-Hue scores, although patients having dyschromatopsia were consistently hesitant about their readings. Our results suggest that self-monitoring of blood glucose without a meter is indicated only after color vision has been examined by the 100-Hue Test. Self-monitoring should be voided with patients suffering from axial defects or having unsatisfactory 100-Hue scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Colour vision testing in pre-school-aged children.

84 children aged from 2 to 6 years were tested with three different pseudo-isochromatic plates: Velhagen Pflügertrident test, Lanthony Tritan Album and Ishihara test. The Velhagen test was correctly interpreted by all of the 6- and 5-year olds, by 80% of the 4-year olds and by 20% of the 3-year olds. The Lanthony Tritan Album was well performed by all of the 6-, 5- and 4-year olds, and by 80% of the 3-year olds. The Ishihara test was acceptably performed by all of the 6- and 5-year olds, by 90% of the 4-year olds and by 40% of the 3-year olds. None of the 2-year olds could understand any of these tests. In the Ishihara test, the winding lines in the plates No. 30 and 32 were difficult for children; the incomplete interpreting of them must be accepted for a correct answer.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Deuteranomalous color matching in the deuteranopic eye.

Two observers were classified as deuteranopes by standard tests including two-degree anomaloscope matches. Color matching similar to the Rayleigh type was then carried out for a 10-degree field size at retinal illuminance ranging from 1 to more than 3000 trolands (td). The results show that at the larger field size and higher levels of retinal illuminance, a third independent color-mediating mechanism with the sensitivity of the deuteranomalous cone is participating in the color match. The results also confirm participation of a different third mechanism with rod sensitivity at levels below about 100 td. There is a range of transition between the two as the level increases above 100 td. Therefore large-field color matching in these deuteranopes is trichromatic at the levels tested, not dichromatic, and a third cone system is found to operate at typical photopic light levels under static viewing conditions in a dichromatic eye.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1988

A new perimetric color vision analyzer.

A new apparatus was developed for mapping the extrafoveal color vision, the perimetric color vision analyzer. A yellow test object with varying degrees of saturation is presented on a cathode ray tube color display in a random sequence at one of 10 points around the fixation spot. The background is a mosaic pattern consisting of gray spots of the same size and shape as the test object, with various luminances. Background patterns with or without a test object are presented alternately. The subject is instructed to press a key when he detects a yellow object in the background pattern. The luminance of the test object is in the same range as the background gray spots. Since the luminance of background spots is changed synchronously at random when the test object appears, the subject can detect the test object only by the difference in color saturation. The results show the color contrast sensitivity at every designated point in the central visual field. The clinical application of the perimetric color vision analyzer revealed extrafoveal color defects which could not be evaluated with conventional color vision tests. It also showed that in some chorioretinal and optic nerve disorders the topographic pattern of color contrast sensitivity disagrees with that of luminance contrast sensitivity measured with automated static perimetry.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A new screening method for detecting colour vision deficiencies.

Diagnostic colour vision examinations are generally administered with the anomaloscope. But this instrument requires a lot of time and experience for the tests as well as for the interpretation of the results. In practical use, it will be sufficient in most cases to know whether normal colour vision is present or not, and it is not necessary to use sophisticated devices. So it was considered desirable during the TCU conference on colour vision defects held in London in March 1973 [1] to have a testing method for practical use which is both accurate and time saving. At the time when this demand was brought up, a new colour vision test was being developed by Rodenstock [2]. It enables semi-skilled personnel to perform the test independently of ambient light condition in only 20-30 sec and to effect a classification of the type of colour vision at the same time [3].

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1983

Pseudoisochromatic plate design--Macbeth or tungsten illumination?

Three sets of pseudoisochromatic plates were evaluated by photometry and colorimetry. The luminance contrast between the figure and background was measured and compared with a contrast detection threshold. The chromaticity coordinates of the figure and background were evaluated on the basis of how closely they approached a dichromatic line of confusion. The separation of the coordinates of the figure and background are a measure of the severity of the defect for which the plate tests. The plates were evaluated under both Macbeth (C) and tungsten (A) illuminants; two sets of plates were found to be better designed for tungsten illumination.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Color vision in diabetic school children.

The color vision of 64 diabetic school children was studied. Acquired color vision defects due to diabetes could not be found in any of the children. Two of the children had a congenital red-green color vision defect. In the examination, three different pseudoisochromatic plate tests (Isihara, Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2, and Lanthony Tritan Album) were used as well as the Nagel anomaloscope and three different cap arrangement tests (Panel D 15, Lanthony Desaturated Panel, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue). The plate tests and the anomaloscope examination were fast, reliable, and well accepted by the children. The cap arrangement tests took more time, and many of the children neither liked nor properly performed these tests. Twelve color dependent glucose strip tests for diabetes care at home were also studied. A few of the youngest school children made mistakes in interpreting the colors of these strips, although their color vision was normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Fourier analysis and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.

A mathematical method based on Fourier analysis devised for the assessment of score charts for the Farnsworth--Munsell 100-Hue test is described. The method facilitates the analysis of features of the shape of the score chart in an objective and quantitative manner. The calculations are easily performed by a microcomputer.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Computer-assisted testing of the sense of color].

The authors used the discrimination method--pseudoisochromatic phases and the comparison-assortment method for the chromatic sense examination in a group of subjects working in the motor transport and chemical textile dying. Computer programs were devised for examination data processing and for diagnosis display. After each testing, the data of each subject are added to the patient's card to be subsequently looked up and used for statistics.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1978

Dichromatic color language: "reds" and "greens" don't look alike but their colors do.

When protanopes or deuteranopes arrange the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test colors in order of similarity, they reveal their lack of red/green hue discriminations by alternating chips that the normal trichromat sees as reddish and greenish test colors. The dichromatic orderings follow a systematic variation in saturation of blue hues through neutral and into yellow hues as described by theory for each of the two types. Some dichromats who show the typical test behavior nevertheless use reddish and greenish hue terms appropriately when instructed to name the same test colors. Lightness cues are probably used by these dichromats in the naming task but ignored in the perceptual similarity task. Thus, unlike normal trichromats, who use similar names for perceptually similar colors, dichromats may use dissimilar names for perceptually similar colors. In this way they can achieve concordance with the normative language system despite its discordance with their impoverished color perceptions.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1985

Performance of air traffic control tasks by protanopic color defectives.

Air traffic controllers perform a number of tasks which involve color identification, color discrimination, and color naming. Normal color vision is required for air traffic controllers, although the requirement is currently under review. The most critical task involving color is the distinction of red and black on flight strips; the distinction must be made reliably, quickly, and routinely for flight safety. In this study of four protanopes and three normals, all the protanopes were unable to make this distinction reliably under the lighting levels encountered at air traffic control (ATC) centers, whereas none of the normals had any difficulty. Protanopes also made numerous errors with other ATC tasks involving color. The use of a red filter, often recommended to aid color defectives, actually made performance worse and additionally compounded the usual protanopic loss of brightness for red light. When Snellen visual acuity was tested using the red filters, protanopes needed up to four times larger letters than the color normals. It is concluded that protanopes have inadequate vision for safe performance of some current ATC tasks.

Aviation↗
PubMed1983

Visual fields: simplified screening and recording procedures.

In some cases, visual field screening must be greatly simplified in order to obtain clinically useful information. This becomes possible when specific techniques are used for anomalies such as relative central scotoma, hemianopsia, and glaucomatous field defects. A working knowledge of visual pathway anatomy and function enables the optometrist to efficiently screen for these disorders by confrontation with red test objects, with pseudoisochromatic plates, and with the tangent screen. After the type of field defect has been determined by initial screening, recording its parameters with the tangent screen follows easily.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1990

[Color vision defects in chronic open angle glaucoma].

Glaucomatous optic nerve atrophy is associated with morphological and psychophysical changes. Using Roth's Besancon anomalometer, the Farnsworth 100 hue test and Nagel's anomaloscope, we examined color vision in 86 eyes of 51 patients suffering from chronic open-angle glaucoma and 57 eyes of 41 normal subjects. In the normal control group, blue und green sensitivity decreased and, accordingly, the anomaly quotient tested with Nagel's anomaloscope increased significantly (p less than 0.00001) with age. If the glaucoma and control groups were matched for age, refractive error and central visual acuity, decreasing blue sensitivity significantly (p less than 0.05) correlated with diminished visibility of the retinal nerve fiber bundles, a higher morphological glaucoma stage and larger perimetric defects. The presence and depth of localized defects of the retinal nerve fiber layer were not significantly different in glaucoma subgroups with lower and higher blue sensitivity, respectively, when the subgroups were matched for age, refractive error and visual acuity. No papillomorphologic marker for the cyanodyschromatopsia was detected. Red-green color vision was not significantly different between the normal and glaucoma eyes. Testing of blue color vision as an additional method is useful in the differential diagnosis of beginning glaucomatous optic nerve damage in patients with clear optic media and lack of macular changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Color plates to help identify patients with blue cone monochromatism.

A new color vision test distinguishes patients with X-chromosome-linked blue cone monochromatism from those with autosomal recessive rod monochromatism. The test consists of two instructional and four test plates. Each test plate has three identical blue-green arrows and one purple-blue arrow; test plates differ from one another only with respect to the chroma of the purple-blue arrow. All five patients with blue cone monochromatism, aged 5 to 31 years, easily distinguished the purple-blue arrow on all four test plates, whereas none of the seven patients with rod monochromatism, aged 6 to 60 years, could distinguish the purple-blue arrow on all four plates. If a boy has a reduced visual acuity, normal rod electroretinograms, and 30-Hz cone electroretinograms reduced more than 97% below normal, this test can be used to determine whether his condition is an X-chromosome-linked one or an autosomal recessive one.

Adolescent↗